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Today:   Formation of Spectral Lines                   Properties of Spectral Lines                   Applications of Spectroscopy Astronomy 101                                           Lecture # 10

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Page 1: Today: Formation of Spectral Lines Properties of Spectral ... · Applications of Spectroscopy Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10. Image Credit: Wallace Sargent Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10

Today:   Formation of Spectral Lines

                  Properties of Spectral Lines

                  Applications of Spectroscopy

Astronomy 101                                           Lecture # 10

Page 2: Today: Formation of Spectral Lines Properties of Spectral ... · Applications of Spectroscopy Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10. Image Credit: Wallace Sargent Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10

Image Credit: Wallace Sargent

Astronomy 101                                           Lecture # 10

Page 3: Today: Formation of Spectral Lines Properties of Spectral ... · Applications of Spectroscopy Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10. Image Credit: Wallace Sargent Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10

Image Credit: Magrini et al. 2005

Astronomy 101                                           Lecture # 10

Page 4: Today: Formation of Spectral Lines Properties of Spectral ... · Applications of Spectroscopy Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10. Image Credit: Wallace Sargent Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10

   

σ

Astronomy  101                                             Lecture #10

   

Photon – Electron “Collisions”

Page 5: Today: Formation of Spectral Lines Properties of Spectral ... · Applications of Spectroscopy Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10. Image Credit: Wallace Sargent Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10

   

σ

Photon – Electron “Collisions”

ct

Page 6: Today: Formation of Spectral Lines Properties of Spectral ... · Applications of Spectroscopy Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10. Image Credit: Wallace Sargent Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10

   

  Iλ()

d =−n

ds

0

Iλ(0)

Astronomy 101                                             Lecture #10

n,λ, j

λ

Radiative Transfer Equation with Absorption + Emission  

d I

d

=I−S

S=j

n

Page 7: Today: Formation of Spectral Lines Properties of Spectral ... · Applications of Spectroscopy Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10. Image Credit: Wallace Sargent Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10

   

Astronomy 101                                             Lecture #10

I0= I

e−S

1−e−

Solution to the Radiative Transfer Equation  

Page 8: Today: Formation of Spectral Lines Properties of Spectral ... · Applications of Spectroscopy Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10. Image Credit: Wallace Sargent Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10

   

Proportion of H atoms in the first excited state as a function of temperature

H  is  ionized

H  is in its ground state

Page 9: Today: Formation of Spectral Lines Properties of Spectral ... · Applications of Spectroscopy Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10. Image Credit: Wallace Sargent Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10

   

The dependence of spectral line strength on temperature

Credit & Copyright: C&O, figure 8.11

Page 10: Today: Formation of Spectral Lines Properties of Spectral ... · Applications of Spectroscopy Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10. Image Credit: Wallace Sargent Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10

Spectral Types of Stars

Page 11: Today: Formation of Spectral Lines Properties of Spectral ... · Applications of Spectroscopy Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10. Image Credit: Wallace Sargent Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10

Zeeman splitting near sunspots

●Image Credit: odin.physastro.mnsu.edu

Astronomy 101                                           Lecture # 10

Page 12: Today: Formation of Spectral Lines Properties of Spectral ... · Applications of Spectroscopy Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10. Image Credit: Wallace Sargent Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10

2­D spectrum of a spiral galaxy  

●Image Credit:  Nicole Vogt NMSU

Astronomy 101                                           Lecture # 10

Page 13: Today: Formation of Spectral Lines Properties of Spectral ... · Applications of Spectroscopy Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10. Image Credit: Wallace Sargent Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10

Super­Massive Black Holes 

Astronomy 101                                           Lecture # 10

Image scale: 1”=17 pc 

MBH = 2x108Msun

Page 14: Today: Formation of Spectral Lines Properties of Spectral ... · Applications of Spectroscopy Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10. Image Credit: Wallace Sargent Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10

Astronomy 101                                           Lecture # 10

V = 400 km/sd = 8 pcM > 1.5x109M

sun

Stellar rotation in the vicinity of a Black Hole

[N II] λ6583

λ

Page 15: Today: Formation of Spectral Lines Properties of Spectral ... · Applications of Spectroscopy Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10. Image Credit: Wallace Sargent Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10

NGC 4258 is a spiral galaxy with a central black hole of mass:

●Image courtesy of ●NRAO/AUI and ●L Greenhill (CfA)

M≃5×107 Msun

Page 16: Today: Formation of Spectral Lines Properties of Spectral ... · Applications of Spectroscopy Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10. Image Credit: Wallace Sargent Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10

Narrow and Broad Emission Lines

Astronomy 101                                           Lecture # 10

Image scale: 1”=17 pc 

MBH = 2x108Msun

Image Credit:  Donald Osterbrock (Lick Observatory)

The spectrum of a broad­line radio galaxy PKS 2349­01.  The forbidden lines are narrow, while the Balmer recombination lines are extremely broad. 

Page 17: Today: Formation of Spectral Lines Properties of Spectral ... · Applications of Spectroscopy Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10. Image Credit: Wallace Sargent Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10

AGN Unification Theory 

Astronomy 101                                           Lecture # 10

Page 18: Today: Formation of Spectral Lines Properties of Spectral ... · Applications of Spectroscopy Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10. Image Credit: Wallace Sargent Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10

Black Hole Accretion Disk

●Image credit: www.jca.umbc.edu

Simulated Spectrum of line Fe K  (n=2 to n=1 transition) 

Image credit: NASA

Astronomy 101                                           Lecture # 10

Page 19: Today: Formation of Spectral Lines Properties of Spectral ... · Applications of Spectroscopy Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10. Image Credit: Wallace Sargent Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10

Astronomy 101                                           Lecture # 10

The average X­ray spectrum of active galaxies in the X­ray background with the continuum subtracted.Image Credit: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics

X­Ray spectrum of Serpens X­1Image Credit: Sudip Bhattacharyya and                        Tod Strohmayer

Page 20: Today: Formation of Spectral Lines Properties of Spectral ... · Applications of Spectroscopy Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10. Image Credit: Wallace Sargent Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10

Equivalent Width

Astronomy 101                                           Lecture # 10

Page 21: Today: Formation of Spectral Lines Properties of Spectral ... · Applications of Spectroscopy Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10. Image Credit: Wallace Sargent Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10

   

Lα Forest 

Page 22: Today: Formation of Spectral Lines Properties of Spectral ... · Applications of Spectroscopy Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10. Image Credit: Wallace Sargent Astronomy 101 Lecture # 10

Forbidden Lines

Astronomy 101                                           Lecture # 10