today’s apodapod read chapter 7 – survey of the ss homework 6 – impact craters, due on...
TRANSCRIPT
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Today’s APOD
Read Chapter 7 – Survey of the SSHomework 6 – Impact Craters, due on
FridayKirkwood Obs. open WednesdayThis week’s Quiz via Oncourse T&S
The Sun Today
A100 Survey of the Solar System
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EARLY VOTING WHERE? Curry Building (7th & Morton, one block
west of College Ave) EVERY day until November 3rd
Monday – Saturday: 8:30am – 6:00pm Sunday: 1:00pm – 5:30pm November 3rd: 8:30am – 12:00
TRANSPORTATION: Students may take a free early vote shuttle any weekday between the hours of 11:00am – 5:30pm. The shuttle leaves every 15 minutes from the IMU circle drive and the 10th street side of the Wells library.
Voters MUST present their Indiana drivers license, student id, or passport when they go to vote.
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Another possible activity:
Close Encounters at Ivy Tech Bloomington
An academic panel discussion will explore how different academic disciplines might aid in welcoming extraterrestrial visitors
Thursday, Oct. 30, 6 PM, Ivy Tech 4th floor Auditorium, Room 438
Use general activity worksheet
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The Solar System
A diversity of objects – The Sun, planets, dwarf planets, asteroids, comets, dust, gas
An underlying order in the dynamics of their movements
Two main families of planets: solid rocky inner planetsgaseous/liquid outer planets
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The Sun
The Sun is a starA ball of hot,
incandescent gas Energy comes from
nuclear reactions in its core
Composed mainly of hydrogen (71%)helium (27%)
Plus traces of nearly all the other chemical elements
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The SunThe Sun is the
most massive object in the Solar System
700 times the mass of the rest of the Solar System combined
The Sun’s mass provides the gravitational force to hold all the Solar System bodies in their orbits around the Sun
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The PlanetsOrbits are almost
circular and lie in nearly the same plane
Plutoids do not lie in the plane of the planets’ orbitsPluto’s orbit has an
inclination of 17°Rotational axes
are not lined up
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Revolution
andRotationAll of the planets travel counterclockwise
around the Sun (as seen from high above the Earth’s north pole)
Six planets rotate counterclockwise; Venus rotates clockwise (retrograde rotation), and Uranus and Pluto appear to rotate on their sides
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Small “rocky” bodies Differentiated crust, mantle, core
Mainly silicon and oxygen crust and mantle Iron/nickel cores
Relatively thin or no atmospheres Large differences in surface structures and processes
Inner (“Terrestrial”) Planets
Mercury Venus Earth Mars
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Outer“Gas
Giant”“Jovian” Planets
Jovian planets are much larger than terrestrial planetsJupiter’s radius is 11 times larger than Earth’s
No well-defined surfaceGaseous, liquid, or “icy” (H2O, CO2, CH4, NH3)
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What is a surface?
Terrestrial planets – the surface is the hard boundary between the crust and the atmosphere
Jovian planets (and the Sun!) – the “surface” is the top layer we can see
Jovian planets don’t have a real surface – we see the tops of the clouds
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Dwarf Planets
& Plutoids
Pluto and similar objects don’t fit either planet family Astronomers have discovered more than 200 objects
like Pluto orbiting the Sun In 2006, a new family was introduced – the dwarf
planets Massive enough to pull themselves spherical Orbits have not been swept clear of debris
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Lots of Moons!
More and more moons of the outer planets are still being discovered!
Jupiter > 62 Saturn > 31 Uranus > 27 Neptune > 13 Mars - 2 Earth - 1 Mercury, Venus have
no (known) moons Plutoids and asteroids
have moons
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Comets and Asteroids Comets are icy bodies about 10 km or less
across Comets can grow very long tails of gas and dust as they
near the Sun and are vaporized by its heat
Asteroids are rocky or metallic bodies ranging in size from a few meters to 1000 km across (about 1/10 the Earth’s diameter)
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Where are Asteroids
Found?
Asteroids may be the failed building-blocks of a planet
Some asteroids lead or trail Jupiter around its orbit known as “Trojan Asteroids”
Most asteroids orbit the Sun in a band between Mars and Jupiter
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Where Are Comets Found?
Most comets orbit the Sun far beyond Pluto in the Oort cloud, a spherical shell extending from 40,000 to 100,000 AU from the Sun
Some comets may also come from a disk-like swarm of icy objects that lies beyond Neptune and extends to perhaps 1000 AU, a region called the Kuiper Belt
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How Do We Determine
the Composition
of the Planets?
Since the inner and outer planets differ dramatically in composition, it is important to understand how composition is determined
A planet’s reflection spectrum can reveal a planet’s atmospheric contents and the nature of surface rocks
Seismic activity has only been measured on Earth for the purposes of determining interior composition
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Density tells us about composition
A planet’s average density is determined by dividing a planet’s mass by its volumeMass determined from the planet’s moons
using Kepler’s modified third lawVolume derived from a planet’s measured
radius
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Composition from
Density Once average density known, the following factors
are taken into account to determine a planet’s interior composition and structure: Densities of abundant, candidate materials Variation of these densities as a result of compression
due to gravity Surface composition determined from reflection spectra Material separation by density differentiation Mathematical analysis of equatorial bulges
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Densities of Terrestrial Planets
Average densities ranging from 3.9 to 5.5 g/cm3
Largely rock and ironIron coresRelative element ratios similar to the Sun except for
deficiencies in lightweight gasses (hydrogen and helium)
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Densities of Jovian PlanetsAverage densities from 0.71 to 1.67 g/cm3
Compositions similar to the Sun – with hydrogen and helium
Contain Earth-sized rocky cores
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Atmospheres
Interiors
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ASSIGNMENTSthis week
Chapter 7 Homework and quiz on
Friday Kirkwood Obs. open on
Weds.
Dates to Remember