today’s goal: reinforce your knowledge of cellular transport, energy and genetics. 1. locate your...
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Inning 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total
OutsOuts
Today’s Goal:
• Reinforce your knowledge of cellular transport, energy and genetics.
1. Locate your Final Exam Study Guide and laptop.
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Visitor
Home
Inning 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total
OutsOuts
• Bring ALL 10 Ch. Tests for 5 Extra Credit points.
OR
• Bring ≤ 10 Unit Guides
OR
• Bring BOTH for 8 points.
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Learning Goal:
Demonstrate your knowledge of cellular transport, energy and
genetics.
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Ch. 3 Cell Structure and FunctionCell Membrane = homeostasis Active vs Passive Osmosis vs diffusion
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Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane
???
- Requires Energy (ATP)
– Uses Transport Protein
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Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane
???– Does not require energy– Particles move from _____ concentration to
_______concentration.
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???????
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Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane
Passive Transport Movement of water through a semi-
permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.
?????
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Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane
Passive Transport
–??? Movement of particles through a cell membrane by
means of a transport protein. Down the concentration gradient Does NOT require energy.
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Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane
???– “Cell eating”– A cell takes in macromolecules or other
substances when regions of the plasma membrane surround the substance, pinch off, and form a vesicle within the cell.
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Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane
??????????????????– A cell secretes macromolecules –waste,
hormones, neurotransmitters, etc.
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Ch. 4 Cells and EnergyChemical energy and ATP
(structure and energy creation)
Distinguish between photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Lactic acid Fermentation relative to the amount of ATP produced
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Respiration and Photosynthesis ???
–C6H12O6 +6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP
–Occurs in ____________
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Respiration
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???
Occurs in Cytoplasm
Steps 1-3- A glucose molecule is energized,using ATP.
GlucoseStep
Glucose-6-phosphate
Fructose-6-phosphate
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) PGAL
Step 4 A six-carbonintermediate splits into two three-carbon PGAL molecules
Step 5 A redoxreaction generatesNADH. 1,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid
(2 molecules)Step 6-9 Two ATP and 2 molecules of pyruvic acidare produced.
3-Phosphoglyceric acid(2 molecules)
2-Phosphoglyceric acid(2 molecules)
2-Phosphoglyceric acid(2 molecules)
(2 moleculesper glucose molecule)
Pyruvic acid
Fructose-1,6-diphosphate
Energy In: 2 ATP
Energy Out: 4 ATP
NET 2 ATP
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???
Intermembranespace
Innermitochondrialmembrane
Mitochondrialmatrix
Proteincomplex
Electroncarrier
Electronflow
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
ATP
SYNTHASE
For each glucose molecule that enters cellular respiration, this produces up to 32 ATP molecules
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Respiration and Photosynthesis
???– Process of using energy from the sun to
produce sugars (glucose)
– 6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy C6H12O6 +6O2
– Occurs in ____?_______of plants and some algae
– Part 1 and Part 2 ?
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Photosynthesis
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???
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???
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How are photosynthesis and respiration related?
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Respiration and Photosynthesis
Where and how are excess sugars stored in plants?
Excess sugars are stored as ?????? in the roots.
This is a polymer of glucose.
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Where and how are excess sugars stored in animals?
Excess sugars are stored as glycogen in the liver of animals.
Glycogen is a polymer of glucose.
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Ch. 5 Cell Growth and Division
Define the phases of the cell cycle.What factors regulate the cell cycle?Binary Fission compared to Mitosis Mitosis compared to Meiosis e.g. haploid and diploid
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5.4 Asexual Reproduction
Multicellular organisms depend on interactions among different cell types.
• Cells• Tissues• Organs• Organ systems
CELL TISSUE ORGAN vascular tissue
leaf
stem
lateralroots primary
root
SYSTEMS
roo
t sy
stem
sho
ot
syst
em
1 2 3
4
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5.4 Asexual Reproduction
Some eukaryotes reproduce through mitosis.
• ??? forms a new organism from a small projection growing on the surface of the parent.
bud
Hydra
Yeast
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Cell Division
Mitosis–Purpose–Types of Cells–What is produced?
Characteristics?
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Cell Division
A B
C D E
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Steps of Mitosis– Prophase
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Steps of Mitosis
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Steps of Mitosis
– Anaphase
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Steps of MitosisTelophase
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Meiosis
Why is meiosis required for sexual reproduction?
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Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis:
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Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis:
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Genetics/ DNA
Heredity and Mendelian Genetics– Genetics: The study of heredity (the passing of
traits from parents to offspring)
– ???????: The father of genetics.
– DNA: Consists of many ???
– ???: Alternate version of a gene
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????????– Make up most of the
body’s tissues and organs
– 2 of each chromosome for a total of 46
????????– Sperm cell (male) or
egg cell (female)– Only 1 kind of each
chromosome; – Half #
chromosomes in body cells (23)
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Genetics/ DNA
Dominant and Recessive Traits ?????? Allele
– Gene that is fully expressed.– Masks/ “speaks louder than” a recessive allele.
?????? Allele– Masked/not expressed if dominant allele is
present.– Only expressed if dominant allele is absent.
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Genotype
The genetic makeup of an organism– ??? : having two of the same allele BB bb– ??? : having two different alleles. Bb
_____ ______: having two dominant alleles BB_____ ______: : having two recessive alleles bb______ : having one of each allele Bb
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?????
The physical and physiological traits of an organism
How the genes are expressed What you would see in a photograph
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Example:
In peas, Y is a dominant allele that instructs for yellow seeds; y is a recessive allele that produces green seeds.
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DNA/ Genetics A __________ can be used to predict the
genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring produced by a given genetic cross.
Generations– ??? (P): The organisms involved in the initial cross– ????? (F1): The offspring of the Parental Generation– ???(F2): The offspring of First Filial Generation
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Example: A chicken and a rooster mate. The chicken has
white feathers and the rooster has brown feathers. Brown is dominant, and white is recessive. Assuming the rooster is heterozygous, predict the frequency of each genotype and phenotype in their offspring.
What is the cellular process that determines which alleles an offspring will receive from their parents? Meiosis
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Practice: 1. A plant that is homozygous dominant for height
is crossed with a plant that is homozygous recessive. (T = tall; t = short).
Use a Punnett Square to predict the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the F1 generation.
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Practice:
2. Using question number 1, what would be the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of a cross of two F1 individuals?
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DNA/ Genetics
Determining Sex
Human male: ?? Human female: ??
Which parent determines the
sex of a human offspring? ????
What is the probability of having a boy? A girl? ???
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DNA/ Genetics
Sex linked traits
Typically carried on the X chromosome
Example: hemophilia, color blindness.
Disorders occur more often in males than females. Why?
Males have one X chromosome, so if one is defective, they do not have a backup copy as do females.
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DNA/ GeneticsMutation Definition?
A change in DNA can lead to a change in the __?____ coded for by that gene.
A change in the protein structure can lead to certain disorders, for example, sickle cell anemia.
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Genetic Exceptions to the rules!
???Both alleles contribute to
the phenotype
Example: A red cow crossed with a white cow results red cows with white blotches.
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Genetic Exceptions to the rules!???
A gene has more than one alleleThe result is various expressions of the gene.Example: various hair colors in mice.
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Genetic Exceptions to the rules!???
Traits controlled by more than one geneEx. Human skin color
More than 4 different genes control this trait, which is why we all look so different!
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7.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
• An ??? gene can interfere with other genes.
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7.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance
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Learning Goal:
Demonstrate your knowledge on the nature of biology, chemistry of life,
cellular division and energy.
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Semester Final ExamCh 1 Biology in the 21st Centurybiodiversity scientific methodindependent variable dependent variablecharacteristics of life homeostasis Ch 2 Chemistry of LifeDescribe the properties of water4 Organic compound that make up life. Enzymes and chemical reactions
Ch 3 Cell Structure and Function3 parts of the cell theoryIdentify the structure and function of organelles in both plant and animal cellsHow does the cell membrane maintain homeostasis? Active vs Passive and osmosis vs diffusion Ch 4 Cells and EnergyChemical energy and ATP (structure and process of energy creation)Distinguish between the chemical reaction of photosynthesis and cellular respirationLactic acid Fermentation relative to the amount of ATP produced. Ch 5 Cell Growth and DivisionDefine the phases and characteristics of the cell cycle.What factors regulate the cell cycle?Binary Fission compared to Mitosis Mitosis compared to Meiosis e.g haploid and diploid