Today’s Topics

-review (inflections vs. categories) -Lith. problem (pers. inflecs.) -grammatical case inflections -word formation

Review

Inflectional morphemes vs. inflectional categories

Infl. categories: conceptional categories

that have an inflectional paradigm (Eng: past tense, noun sg-pl)

Inflectional paradigms

paradigm: related set of conceptual categories (tense: pres-past-future; number: sg-pl

inflectional paradigm: pres-past-fut tense: PAST -(e)d is an inflectional morpheme: added to the verb stem

Inflectional morphemes

inflectional morpheme -(e)d: walk-walked what about sing-sang, speak-spoke?

no inflectional MORPHEME here: two different roots (ablaut)

Class Problem #2

Lithuanian: ‘dream’ (Class Problem #2)

PRESENT PAST FUTURE 1PSg sapnúoju sapnavaũ sapnúosiu

2PSg sapnúoji sapnavaĩ sapnúosi 3Sg sapnúoja sapnãvo sapnuõs 1PPl sapnúojame sapnãvome sapnúosime 2PPl sapnúojate sapnãvote sapnúosite 3Pl sapnúoja sapnãvo sapnuõs

Class Problem #2, cont. Answers:

PRESENT PAST FUTURE

1PSg (sap-n)-úoj-u (sap-n)-av-aũ (sap-n)-úo-s-iu 2PSg -i -aĩ -i 3Sg -a -o -Ø 1PPl -ame -ome -ime 2PPl -ate -ote -ite 3Pl -a -o -Ø

Inflections, cont.

Inflectional paradigm: well-defined set of inflectional morphemes

Kinds covered so far? tense, number, person, gender

Inflections, cont.

4. Grammatical case Clicker Q #1: Does English have grammatical case? A=Yes, B=No, C=Depends

Grammatical Case, cont.

Answer: All lgs have grammatical case. Clicker Q #2: Is grammatical case a conceptual

category for English? A=Yes, B=No, C=Depends

Grammatical case, cont.

Answer: A or C.

Pronouns: Nominative—NonNominative I me they them...

(to, at, for, from) me

Grammatical case, cont. Lithuanian case paradigm: 1st and 2nd declensions

tree bread –  Nominative mìs˘k-as dúon-a Subject –  Genitive mìs˘k -o dúon-os ‘of’ –  Dative mìs˘k-ui dúon -ai ‘to,

for’ –  Accusative mìs˘k -a˛ dúon-a˛

DirObj –  Instrumental mis˘k -ù dúon-a

‘with, by’ –  Locative mìs˘k -è duo`n-oje ‘in,

on, at’

II. Word Formation

•  Payne’s ‘Big Ten’ morphological processes

•  (PREFIX)-ROOT-(SUFFIX)-(INFLEC. suffix) = stem

re- writ- ing -s

A. Prefixation

Eng.: re-write (*re-happy) un-happy, un-do anti-social (*anti-do)

Clicker Q #3: Do any English prefixes have a

grammatical function? A =Yes, B =No

Prefixation, cont.

Answer: No. Cf. grammatical prefixes:

ASPECTUAL prefixes (Slavic lgs) Verbal ASPECT vs. Tense

Aspect

Example: PERFECTIVE vs. IMPERFECTIVE (completion, result) (anything else) Some languages (but not English) mark this opposition morphologically.

Aspect, cont.

Clicker Q #4: A=1, B=2, C=3, D=4 How many of the following sentences is in the Imperfective aspect? ‘I wrote a poem today.’ ‘I wrote a poem painstakingly.’ ‘I was writing a poem when you called.’ ‘I wrote a poem every day.’

Aspect, cont.

Clicker Q #5: Does English mark for aspect

morphologically? A = Yes, B = No

Aspect, cont.

Answer: Yes. PROGRESSIVE vs. HABITUAL I am swimming. I swim for exercise. PROGRES. vs. PF and IMPF I was swimming. I swam a mile.

I swam for hours.

Aspect, cont.

Clicker Q #6: What aspect(s) does the present tense

have? A = Perfective. B = Imperfective. C = Both.

Aspect, cont.

Answer: Imperfective. Back to prefixation: PERFECTIVIZING prefixes (Slavic) Most unprefixed verbs in Slavic are

Imperfective: Russ. pisat’ ‘write’

Perfectivizing prefixes, cont.

na-pisat’ ‘write-PF’ za-pisat’ ‘write down-PF’ pere-pisat’ ‘rewrite-PF’ pod-pisat’ ‘sign-PF’ do-pisat’ ‘finish writing-PF’ Aktionsarten

B. Suffixation

English:

Nominalizing: happi-ness from Adj. edit-ion from Verb edit-or Agentive, from Verb

Suffixation, cont.

Adjectival suffixes: from verbs read-able ed-able

from nouns child-like child-ish bratt-y

Suffixation, cont.

Adverbial: from adjs.: slow-ly from nouns: hour-ly from verbs? swimming-ly?

Suffixation, cont.

IMPERFECTIVIZING suffixes (Slavic) pisat-IMPF’ — za-pisat’-PF (Russ.) ‘write’ ‘write down’ IMPF of za-pisat’? za-pis-iva(j)-t’

C. Infixation

Bontoc (Austronesian): fikas > fumikas 'strong' 'strength'

ADJ NOUN

D. Stem Modification

Example? Ablaut: Eng/Ger sing-sang-(ge)sung(en) Eng take-took-taken Eng write-writ

E. Autosegmental Variation

English examples? re-córd vs. réc-ord con-vért cón-vert per-mít pér-mit Function? Rule? Limitations?

III. Word Formation Rules

Notation systems for showing these:

position-class diagramming vs. process rules

Position-Class Diagramming

1.  Isolate root 2.  Identify affixes 3.  Estimate the order of the morphemes 4.  Analyze any prefixes 5.  Analyze any suffixes

Class Problem #3 Russian: pisat' to write, be writing

pisal(a) he(she) wrote/was writing pisanie a writing pis˘u I write/am writing pis˘es you write/are writing perepisat’ to rewrite (once) perepisal(a) he(she) rewrote (once) perepis˘u I will rewrite (once) perepis˘es˘ you will rewrite (once) perepisanie a rewrite perepisivaju I rewrite, am rewriting perepisivajes˘ you rewrite, are rewriting perepisivat' to be rewriting, rewrite a lot perepisival(a) he(she) was rewriting, rewrote a lot perepisivanie the process of rewriting

Clicker Q #7

Which suffix is the Present Tense suffix in the forms of Russian pisat’?

A. -a- B. -s˘- C. -u and -es˘ D. -ivaj- E. none of the above

Answer

E. None

Answer Prefix ROOT Suffix1 Suffix2 (Suffix3) pere- pis- -a- -nie (noun) -ivaj- -t' (inf) -l Past -Ø MascSg -u 1Sg -a FemSg -es˘ 2Sg

PfPrefix ROOT ImpfSuffix Nominalizing Suffix (Gender Suffix)

Infinitive Suffix Past Tense Suffix Masc, Fem Sg 1PSg Suffix 2PSg Suffix

Morphophonemic changes: Process Rules

In 1-2Sg Non-Past, where no Imperfectivizing suffix:

(pere-) pis-a-t’ Inf (pere-) pis-a-l-a Past (pere-) pis˘-u 1PSg (pere-) pis˘-es˘ 2PSg BUT: (pere-) pis-ivaj-u Derived Impf

Consonant mutation

(pere-) pis-a-u -es˘ > (pere-) pis˘-u -es˘

V > Ø / ___ -V C > C’ (palatalized) Note rule ordering here

Consonant truncation

pere-pis-ivaj-u NonPast 1PSg -es˘ NonPast 2PSg

BUT: pere-pis-iva-t’ INF

-l(a) PAST RULE: j > Ø /____-C

Process Rules, cont. METATHESIS: reordering of sounds in a morpheme or across a morpheme boundary Bg: NonPast — Imperative

du˘rz˘-a dru˘z˘-Ø I hold/am holding hold (it)!

Clicker Q #6: What is the root? A. du˘rz˘ B. dru˘z˘ C. neither D. both

Methathesis answer:

4. Both (or 3. neither) More data: du˘rz˘-a NonPast1PSg dru˘z˘-Ø Imperative 2Sg

-es˘ “ 2PSg -te “ 2Pl -ex PastImperfect1PSg -ka Noun ‘a handle’ -es˘e “ 2PSg

Rule

If postulate two roots: du˘rz˘ and dru˘z Cu˘rC-V Cru˘C-C

-Ø

If postulate one root: drz˘ CrC > Cu˘rC /___-V, Cru˘C /___-C

-Ø

One-root solution:

Similar to non-concatenative morphology Biblical Hebrew ktb root 'write'

kəәtob Imperative katob Infinitive etc.

Cf. Serbian/Croatian: drz˘! ‘hold it!’

grl-o ‘throat’