tohoku university new industry creation hatchery center (niche) 1 july 2013 noriko behling

Tohoku University

New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe)

1 July 2013

Noriko Behling

Overview of Global Fuel Cell R&D

Some Background on Today’s Talk

Conducted research on worldwide fuel cell policies in 2000Led to White House sponsoring FreedomCar Initiative and the

Hydrogen Fuel Initiative in 2002 and 2003.Designed to promote the development of fuel cell cars Encouraged construction of hydrogen fuel supply infrastructure.

But progress disappointingCommercially viable fuel cell vehicles no closer than when the

programs had started. Began research in 2007 to find out whyFive years later, results are published. This talk summarizes that work

Copyright 2013 by Noriko Behling

Why Fuel Cells?Fuel cells have broad applications, including centralized,

distributed, and residential applications, transport applications, and portable applications.

Fuel cells are inherently efficient; they conserve fossil fuels and preserve fossil fuels longer.

In the long term, when fossil fuel is depleted or becomes very costly to obtain, the world will be left with only three energy conversion options.Nuclear fission, Nuclear fusion, or Renewable energyThe best option for renewable energy will be, without doubt, the

fuel cell.


Global Overview of Fuel Cell R&D

Brief Overview

1. Global government and industry fuel cell R&D investment totals more than $22 billion from 1995 to 2012

2. Investment has been applied across all fuel cell types—more than 180 companies and laboratories

3. Implications: No fuel cells commercially profitable--current strategy to support applied research and product development not working

4. New approach needed to achieve breakthroughs in longevity, efficiency, and cost competitiveness


Total Government and Industry Fuel Cell R&D Investment: Europe, Japan, and the United States

Combined Public and Private-Sector Fuel Cell R&D Investment exceeded $22 billion, estimated for 1995-2012

Private-sector investment = $14 billion; Government Budget = $8.2 billion; Total = $22.2 billion

($ billion)

If investments made prior to this period are considered, the total amount would be far greater, perhaps double or triple this amount.


Japan United States Europe

Government Budget 3.4 2.4 2.4

Private-Sector Investment 6.8 2.4 4.8

1

3

5

7

9

11

Major Government Fuel Cell R&D Budgets: Japan, the United States, and Europe


1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Japanese Fuel Cell Budget 51 58 55 47 43 94 117 220 307 329 354 340 306 289 230 175 169 209

2575

125175225275325375Japan

(Total = ¥339.3billion or $3.4billion)

(Hundred Million¥)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

DOE/Fossil Fuel Fuel Cell Budget

47 53 50 40 44 43 51 57 62 67 75 60 62 54 56 49 49 25

DOE/EERE Fuel Cell Budget NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 76 92 144 167 153 190 206 196 174 98 104

25

75

125

175

225

275United States

(Total = $2.5 Billion less $133Million in earmarksor $2.4 billion)

(Million $)

FP3 (1990-1994)

FP4 (1994-1998)

FP5 (1998-2002)

FP6 (2002-2006)

FP7 (2006-2013)

FP Fund-ing

32 58 145 314 470

Member State Funding

32 58 145 314 470

50

150

250

350

450

550

650

750

850

950


Major Government Fuel Cell R&D Budgets: Japan, the United States, and Europe (Continued)

Europe

(Total = €2.038 billion between 1990 and 2013, €1.8106 billion or $2.4billion) from 1995 thru 2012)

(Million €)

The fuel cell R&D budget here includes only that of the primary agency’s fuel cell and hydrogen R&D. For example, the US budget includes only the DOE fuel cell budget and not the Department of Defense or the Department of Commerce.

Estimated Private-Sector Fuel Cell R&D Investment amounts to at least $14 billion, 1995-2012

Global Private Sector Fuel Cell R&D Investment: Japan, United States, and Europe


Japan United States Europe

Private-Sector Investment 6.8 2.4 4.8

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

5.5

6.5

7.5

($ billion)

Current Industry Status: Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs)

In 1839, William Grove invented the first fuel cell. In 1939, first AFC was built by British engineer Francis T. Bacon, used to

power a forklift and welding equipment in the1950s In late 1950s UCC and Allis Chalmers started AFC development In 1962, United Technologies Corporation (UTC) licensed Bacon’s AFC

technology, Developed for onboard power for Apollo and space shuttle missions until 2011

In the 1960s, many European, Japanese, and Russian companies engaged in AFC development.

During the 1970s and 1980s, most companies ended AFC effortsBut a few still remain:

AFC Energy continues to develop AFCs. Japanese automaker Daihatsu has started to develop hydrazine-fueled AFC

vehicles.


Current Industry Status: Phosphoric Acid fuel cells (PAFCs)

In 1961, US researchers G. V. Elmore and H. A. Tanner built the first PAFC.

In 1976, DOE launched a PAFC R&D program, primarily providing support to UTC until 1992. In 1992, UTC began commercialization

In 1981, Japan launched a PAFC R&D program In 1998, Fuji launched commercialization

As of 2012, neither of them report making profits


Current Industry Status: Phosphoric Acid fuel cells (PAFCs) (Continued)


1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

PAFC Installation

5 7 3 1 17 7 0 13 18 11 10 9 9 17 2 6 16 6 8 9 2

13579

1113151719UTC Power

units installedin the US

(Total = at least 176)

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Fuji PAFCs in Japan 16 11 4 3 3 4 1 1 3 4 2 3 2 0 7 1 0 0 0 5 2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

15

17Fuji Electric units installed in Japan

(Total = at Least 72)

Current Industry Status: Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells

In 1960, Dutch scientists G. H. J. Broers and J. A. A. Ketelaar operated first MCFC prototype –they ended their R&D in 1969

In the mid-1960s, US Army, the Gas Research Institute (GRI), and Electric Power Research Institute (ERPI) supported MCFC development

Starting in 1976, the US DOE funded MCFC R&D and supported GE, FuelCell Energy (then ERC), UTC, and M-C power

In 2000, FuelCell Energy launched commercialization. In 1981, Japan’s METI launched an MCFC development program and funded Fuji,

IHI, and MELCO. No Japanese companies began commercialization. In 1986, Italy started funding Ansaldo Ricerche, which is still in demonstration In 1988, Germany Started MCFC Development and supported MBB (later CFC

Solutions). In 2010, CFC Solutions ended its MCFC effort. FuelCell Energy continues marketing activities but has achieved no profits.


Behling

Current Industry Status: Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs) (Continued)


2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

FCE Sales by MW

0.25

NaN

NaN

3.75

6.75

2.5 5.1 10.45

16.2

29.6

13 5.85

15.1

2.5

7.5

12.5

17.5

22.5

27.5

32.5

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Net Loss -74.3 -84.2 -71.9 -96.57 -68.67 -56.33 -45.97 -35.91

-110

-90

-70

-50

-30

-10

2007 2008 2009 2011 2012

FCE sales in South Korea (MW)

12.6 25.6 30.8 70 121.8

10

30

50

70

90

110

130

FCE salesin SouthKorea

Total = 260.8MW

FCE salesin the US

Total =108.55MW

INSERT TITLE

Current Industry Status: Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) In 1899, Walther Hermann Nernst discovered first solid state oxygen ion conductor

(the Nernst mass) The prototype for the electrolyte in the present-day SOFC

In 1962, J. Weissbart and R. Ruka of Westinghouse built first modern SOFCs from a calcia stabilized zirconia electrolyte and two porous platinum electrodes.

In 1977, US DOE launched SOFC R&D and funded SWPC’s tubular SOFC. After more than 20 years of DOE support, SWPC was unable to commercialize

the technology. In 1974 Japan launched a basic SOFC R&D program and an industrial SOFC R&D

program in 1989 In 1986, several European countries launched SOFC R&D, followed subsequently

by Australia, Canada, and others. In 2001, DOE initiated another SOFC program, the Solid Energy Conversion

Alliance (SECA), to develop planar SOFCs Some SOFC manufacturers launched commercial activities.


Current Industry Status: Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) (Continued)


Jul 2008-Feb 2010 Feb-Dec 2010 2011 2012

Bloom Energy Installations (49.2MW) 11 4.6 9.6 24

Pending in court (30MW) NaN NaN NaN 30

2.57.5

12.517.522.527.532.5

o Bloom Energy has raised significant venture capital since its establishment in 2001. It raised another $130 million in May 2013. Bloom Energy has now collected over $1.1 billion in venture capital funding over its eleven-year lifetime.

o Bloom’s retained earnings through Q3 2012 stood at negative $873 million, with $113 million left in the bank.

o Bloom has a goal to be profitable in 2013.

Current Industry Status: Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

In 1955, GE invented PEMFCs

In 1983, Ballard started to improve GE’s PEMFC and developed a fuel cell bus in 1990

Since then, many governments have launched PEMFC R&D, and about 60 companies have engaged in PEMFC R&D worldwide.


Current Industry Status: Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (Continued)

Fuel Cell Cars (1993-2012)


1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Global FCV Development

5 1 NaN 1 4 6 10 13 26 15 12 14 17 5 14 14 11 9 8 4

2.5

7.5

12.5

17.5

22.5

27.5Fuel Cell CarDevelopmentTotal = 189



1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

BMW NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 1 NaN NaN

China NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 3 2 1 2 3 NaN 4 3 1 4 1 NaN

Chryler NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 1 NaN NaN NaN NaN

Daimler NaN 1 NaN 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 2 NaN 2 1 NaN NaN 3 1 2 1

Ford NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 1 3 1 1 NaN NaN NaN 1 2 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN

GM NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 3 NaN 2 3 4 NaN NaN 1 1 1 2 NaN NaN NaN NaN

Honda NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2 NaN 2 1 1 1 NaN 1 2 1 NaN NaN NaN NaN

Hydrogenics NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 1 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN

Hyundai/Kia NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 1 NaN 1 NaN 2 NaN NaN 1 1 NaN 1 1 NaN

Mazda NaN NaN NaN NaN 1 NaN 1 NaN 1 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN

Mitsubishi NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 1 NaN 1 NaN 1 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN

Nissan NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 1 2 NaN 1 2 1 1 NaN NaN NaN 1 NaN NaN 1

PSA Peugeot NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2 1 NaN 1 NaN 1 1 1 1 NaN NaN NaN

Renault NaN NaN NaN NaN 1 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 1 NaN NaN NaN 1

Suzuki NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 3 1 1 NaN 1 2 1 NaN NaN NaN

Toyota NaN NaN NaN NaN 1 1 NaN NaN 3 1 1 NaN 1 NaN NaN 1 NaN NaN 1 NaN

Daihatsu 1 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 1 NaN 1 NaN NaN NaN 1 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 1 NaN

VW NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 2 NaN 1 NaN 1 NaN NaN 1 NaN 1 1 NaN NaN

Audi NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 1 NaN NaN NaN NaN 1 NaN 1 NaN

Miscellaneous 4 NaN NaN NaN NaN 1 2 1 5 1 1 3 7 NaN 1 1 2 1 1 1

2.5

7.5

12.5

17.5

22.5

27.5



Fuel Cell Buses (1993-2013)

Developmentof New FuelCell Buses

(Total = 94)

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

New FC Bus 1 NaN 1 NaN 3 1 2 3 7 4 5 4 4 13 8 7 11 17 2 1

13579

11131517

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Battery/Smaller FC (26)

NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 1 1 5 4 3 5 6 1 NaN

Battery/FC Hy-brid (57)

NaN NaN NaN NaN 1 1 1 2 7 2 4 2 2 8 4 4 6 11 1 1

Primarily Fuel Cell-Powered Bus (11)

1 NaN 1 NaN 2 NaN 1 1 NaN 2 1 1 1 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

15

17



Forklifts (2001-2013)

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Forklifts 5 26 80 27 47 158 362 578 623 1999 1985 2457

250

750

1250

1750

2250

2750

ForkliftsDeployment

Total = 8347 units

Oorja5%

Plug Power27%

Nuvera0%

Hydrogenics0%

Ballard67%



2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Net Loss

-86.98 -181.1

4

-57.3 -31.46 -3.258 -34.94 -33.4 -42.1

-190

-170

-150

-130

-110

-90

-70

-50

-30

-10

Forklifts

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Net Loss

-51.7 -50.3

1

-60.5

7

-121.

7

-40.7 -47 -27.5 -31.9

-130

-110

-90

-70

-50

-30

-10

Plug Power (Million $) Ballard Power Systems (Million $)

No company has made a profit as yet.


Backup Power (About 2000-2012)


Prior to 2000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Backup Power 11 112 1 2 8 14 9 21 203 722 1601 1728 1256 3633

250

750

1250

1750

2250

2750

3250

3750BackupPower

Total = 9321units

ReliOn1%

Hydrogenics0%

Altergy36%

IdaTech2%

Ballard62%UNITS?


Backup Power

Ballard continues to have a net loss.

IdaTech was acquired by Ballard in 2012.

(Thousand US$) (Thousand US$)


2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011*

Net Loss -18.9 -16.3 -21.9 -33.5 -23.7 -11

-37.5

-32.5

-27.5

-22.5

-17.5

-12.5

-7.5

-2.5IdaTech

Loss for the first 6-month of FY2011

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Net Loss

-3737

4

-1307

59

-2806

8

-1431

9

-9375

-6545

-9788

-1267

9

-130000

-110000

-90000

-70000

-50000

-30000

-10000Hydro-genics



2009 2010 2011 2012

Residential CHP Units 5030 4985 18067 14806

1000

3000

5000

7000

9000

11000

13000

15000

17000

19000

Residential CHP

Three Japanese companies, Panasonic, Toshiba, and JX Nippon Oil & Energy, are marketing 0.7kW residential CHP units.

Japaneseresidential CHP

Toy and Educational Systems

Cumulative toys and educational kits shipments, 2005-2010. These fuel cells currently ship more than 200,000 units per annum with steady growth of

approximately 15–25% year-on-year.



2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

Unit

s S

hip

ped

Current Industry Status: Direct Methanol Fuel Cells

Portable Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) or Backup Charger Applications

A company sold over 24,000 APU systems between 2004 to May 2012.

The most popular APU delivers 40 to 105 W, enabling batteries to operate electrical equipment for daily use onboard mobile homes for auxiliary heating, lighting, TV

The APU could operate for four entire days with only one 2.2 kg methanol fuel cartridge.


Toys and Educational Systems Portable APU/battery charger

Heliocentris SFC Energy

(Thousands of €) (Thousands of €)



2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Net Loss -237 5 -480 -1392 -2293 -2806 -2998 -5592 -7663

-8500

-7500

-6500

-5500

-4500

-3500

-2500

-1500

-500

500 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Net Loss -2524 -2355 -3785 -4123 -6218 -426

-6500

-5500

-4500

-3500

-2500

-1500

-500

After More than 170 Years Since its Invention, Why Hasn’t the Fuel Cell Become a Viable Product?

What is Needed to be Done?


A Vital Question

Behling

Sciences Have Advanced Enough to Meet the Challenges Posed by Fuel Cells!

Entering the 21st century, a remarkable collection of advanced research tools have been assembled, such as electron microscopy, X-ray synchrotron light sources, linear accelerators , and computational chemistry

These tools now can be used to discover the basic science of fuel cell electro-chemistry and quantum physics

Recently, scientists have started to employ sophisticated microscopy instruments for advancing theoretical research and problem solving


Recent Scientific Advances

Advancing computational chemistry/problem solving: Ai Sukuzi, Mark C. Williams, et al., “Evaluation for sintering of electrocatalysts and its effect on voltage drops in high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFC),” Hydrogen Energy, 28 September 2012.

Problem solving: In May 2010, Dr. Adzic of Brookhaven succeeded in achieving layers of platinum a few atoms thick, and other platinum group metals, on nanoparticles. In September 2012, Tiva Sharifi, Guangzhi Hu, et al. showed the way to manipulate carbon atoms and nitrogen atoms that would lead to desired catalytic properties.


Recent Scientific Advances (Continued)

Researchers at Yamanashi University and Waseda University, working with others at Shimadzu Corporation, Fuji Electric, and Hitachi, have succeeded in imaging the oxygen distribution within a fuel cell stack for the first time.

They used a chemical reagent that absorbs light and emits light of a specific wavelength when oxygen is present and captured an image of oxygen distribution with a charge-coupled device camera.

The visualization of the inner working of a fuel cell stack could reveal mechanisms of fuel cell deterioration.



Researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory have used a novel microscopy method called electrochemical strain microscopy to successfully examine the dynamics of oxygen reduction/evolution reactions in fuel cell materials

This may reveal ways to redesign or cut the costs of the energy devices.



Researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory have developed nonprecious-metal catalysts using carbon, iron, and cobalt to avoid the use of expensive platinum catalysts in hydrogen fuel cells.

The team says its next step will be to better understand the mechanism underlying the carbon-iron-cobalt catalyst.

This could lead to improvements in nonprecious-metal catalysts, further increasing their efficiency and lifespan.


Policy Recommendation:

Any effort would be centered on basic research to achieve breakthroughs in fuel cell challenges.

Basic research should be kept unencumbered from applied research and product development.

At the same time, the effort should focus on comprehensive basic research, applied research, and product development project.

Participants would include:National research laboratoriesAcademic institutionsFuel cell industry


Recommended Solutions (Continued)National Fuel Cell Development Project (NFCDP)


Source, Noriko Behling, “Making Fuel Cells Work,” Issues in Science and Technology, National Academy of Sciences, Spring 2013.

Recommended Solutions


One critically important effort that is ongoing is the New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe) at Tokuku University

Source, “Partnership between Industry and Academia, TOHOKU UNIVERSITY,” by Prof. Fumihiko Hasegawa, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), 2010.

Thank you!

Noriko [email protected]


mailto:[email protected]

http://www.norikobehling.com/

tohoku university new industry creation hatchery center (niche) 1 july 2013 noriko behling

Documents