toll booth - report
TRANSCRIPT
A
PROJECT
REPORT ON
AUTOMATION OF TOLL BOOTH
SUBMITTED BY:
ARCHANA.A.N DEEPA.B.R PRANAV.P PREETHA.P.L RAHUL.A.R RAJI.K SAJIN SANKER.S.C
VISHNU.V.S
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost we thank almighty for his divine grace and blessing in making this possible. May He continue to lead me in the years to come.
We are thankful to our respected Deputy Director, IHRD, RC for his guidance and support. We extend our deepest gratitude to our project coordinators Ms.Archana manoj, Mr.Rony.B.Chandran, Manoj.SS, Maneksh and we would also like to thank our department head Mr.MS.Stanly John MTECH, lectureres Mrs.Parvathy Bhasker BTECH, Ms.CV.Ahila BTECH, our parents and friends who supported us with their love and encouragement for the completion of this project.
ABSTRACT
Automation of toll tax project is designed by using PIC 16F877A microcontroller and discrete components. When the vehicle reach into the toll booth the length is measured by the PWM ultra sound sensor and weight is measured by the weight sensor. In our suggestion depending upon the length and weight the corresponding toll rate is displayed on the display. When the rate is pay, then the toll operator press on the switch and the gate is opened.
By using this method the toll contractor can prevent the loss of collection. Thus we cab avoid the mal practice in this field. The advantage of our suggestion is for particular weight and length we can get the particular profit. Thus the government can achieve profit.
The presentation shows automation of the toll tax system by just the concept of frequency, the automation talked in this presentation will take the help of PIC 16f877a, motor driver L293D,7805 voltage regulator, sensors to automate the toll systems which runs the software program that deduces the money from the owner’s (i.e. of the vehicle) account and the vehicle will be allowed to pass through the gate. This presentation about the automation has many limitations but it is a step which can be used in the automation of the present day toll tax systems.
WORKING In this project consist of PIC IC 16F877A, ultrasound sensor for length measurement, and load cell for weight measurement, DC motor, motor driver to isolate DC motor with the PIC and LCD to display the rate. When the vehicle entered into the toll booth platform its length and weight is measured. Weight is measured by the load cell sensor placed under the platform. It measures the weight of the vehicle. The input of the weight sensor is connected pin no: 2(RA0/AN0) of the PIC. The weight is displayed. The length is measured by the ultrasonic sensor. It is connected on the motor. The motor is configured with PIC through motor driver IC L293D. DC motor is used. The input pin of the motor driver IC is 2&7 it is connected to the pin no: 15&16 with the PIC. The output pin of the motor driver IC is pin no: 3&6, it is connected to the DC motor. Two voltages are applied on the motor driver IC, they are +5V and +12V. The motor driver IC works under three states, they are
When the vehicle entered into the platform its weight is sensed. At that time the motor driver IC gets low and high signal through 2&7 pins respectively. Therefore the motor moves toward front. The ultrasonic sensor produces ultrasound. When the motor reach the same position of the vehicle the echo is return back to the sensor. The time delay of the echo measured and length is calculated. The motor moves at a particular distance. After that distance the motor driver IC gets low and high signal through pin no: 2&7 respectively. So the motor move back. After that particular distance the motor driver IC get low signal and motor stop the movement. The length of the vehicle is taken in two directions. The average measurement is taken. The measurement is taken in two directions, its accuracy is increased. In our project for a particular length and weight a rate is fixed. It is displayed on the LCD display. It is see both toll booth worker and vehicle owner. When the vehicle owner pays the rate, the toll booth worker press on the switch, the gate is opened.
Input pin Output pin State
2 7 3 6
High Low +12V GND Forward movement
Low High GND +12V Reverse movement
Low Low GND GND Stop the movement
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM EXPLANATION
The figure shows the circuit diagram of automation of toll booth. The circuit consists of PIC 16F877A, ultrasonic sensor, weight sensor, motor driver, DC motor, LM 016 LCD, etc.
In this microcontroller crystal oscillator X1 connected to pin no: 13 and 14 for clock pulse. Capacitor C1 and C2 (22pf) are used for stabilization purpose. The weight sensor connected to the microcontroller through the pin no: 2, for measuring weight of the vehicle. The ultrasonic sensor is connected to the microcontroller through the pin no: 3 for measuring length of the vehicle. The pin no: 2 and 7 of the motor driver connected to the microcontroller through the pin no: 15 and 16 respectively. The DC motor is connected to the microcontroller though the motor driver, L293D. The motor driver is used to interface microcontroller with DC motor. DC motor is used to move the ultrasound sensor. The LCD is interface with microcontroller its function is to display the rate of the vehicle with respect to the length and weight.
Power
16f877A
Ultrasonic sensor
L293D MOTOR DRIVER
d.c motor
Weight sensor
BLOCK DIAGRAM
BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION
Above figure shows the block diagram of automation of toll system. It consists of PIC 16F877A, motor driver L293D, DC motor, ultrasonic sensor, weight sensor, LM016 LCD and power supply.
The ultrasonic sensor is used to measure the length of the vehicle and weight sensor is used to sense the weight. Both sensors are connected with the PIC IC. The motor driver L293D is also connected with the PIC IC to configure PIC IC and DC motor. DC motor is used to move the ultrasonic sensor. The LCD is interfaced with the PIC IC. When the vehicle entered the toll booth platform its length, weight and rate are displayed through LCD.
L293DMOTOR DRIVERL293D is a dual Hbridge motor driver integrated circuit (IC). Motor drivers act as current amplifiers since they take a lowcurrent control signal and provide a highercurrent signal. This higher current signal is used to drive the motors.L293D contains two inbuilt Hbridge driver circuits. In its common mode of operation, two DC motors can be driven simultaneously, both in forward and reverse direction. The motor operations of two motors can be controlled by input logic at pins 2 & 7 and 10 & 15. Input logic 00 or 11 will stop the corresponding motor. Logic 01 and 10 will rotate it in clockwise and anticlockwise directions, respectively. Enable pins 1 and 9 (corresponding to the two motors) must be high for motors to start operating. When an enable input is high, the associated driver gets enabled. As a result, the outputs become active and work in phase with their inputs. Similarly, when the enable input is low, that driver is disabled, and their outputs are off and in the highimpedance state.
PIN DESCRIPTION
Pin No
Function Name
1 Enable pin for Motor 1; active high Enable 1,2 2 Input 1 for Motor 1 Input 1 3 Output 1 for Motor 1 Output 1 4 Ground (0V) Ground 5 Ground (0V) Ground 6 Output 2 for Motor 1 Output 2 7 Input 2 for Motor 1 Input 2 8 Supply voltage for Motors; 9-12V (up to 36V) Vcc 2 9 Enable pin for Motor 2; active high Enable 3,4 10 Input 1 for Motor 1 Input 3 11 Output 1 for Motor 1 Output 3 12 Ground (0V) Ground 13 Ground (0V) Ground 14 Output 2 for Motor 1 Output 4 15 Input2 for Motor 1 Input 4 16 Supply voltage; 5V (up to 36V) Vcc 1
ULTRASONIC SENSOR Bats are wonderful creatures. Blind from the eyes and yet a vision so precise that could distinguish between a moth and a broken leaf even when flying at full speed. No doubt the vision is sharper than ours and is much beyond human capabilities of seeing, but is certainly not beyond our understanding. Ultrasonic ranging is the technique used by bats and many other creatures of the animal kingdom for navigational purposes. In a bid to imitate the ways of nature to obtain an edge over everything, we humans have not only understood it but have successfully imitated some of these manifestations and harnessed their potential to the greatest extent.
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How Ultrasonic Sensors work? Ultrasonic sensors are devices that use electrical–mechanical energy transformation, the mechanical energy being in the form of ultrasonic waves, to measure distance from the sensor to the target object. Ultrasonic waves are longitudinal mechanical waves which travel as a succession of compressions and rarefactions along the direction of wave propagation through the medium. Any sound wave above the human auditory range of 20,000 Hz is called ultrasound. Depending on the type of application, the range of frequencies has been broadly categorized as shown in the figure below:
When ultrasonic waves are incident on an object, diffused reflection of the energy takes place over a wide solid angle which might be as high as 180 degrees. Thus some fraction of the incident energy is reflected back to the transducer in the form of echoes and is detected. The distance to the object (L) can then be calculated through the speed of ultrasonic waves (v) in the medium by the relation
Where‘t’ is the time taken by the wave to reach back to the sensor and ‘ ’ is the angle between the horizontal and the path taken as shown in the figure. If the object is in motion, instruments based on Doppler shift are used.
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Importance of Ultrasonic Sensors There are a variety of sensors based on other physical transduction principles like the optical range finding sensors and the microwave based devices too. Then why should one use ultrasonic transducers in the first place, given that the speed of sound is very slow than the speed of electromagnetic waves? The answer lies in the question itself. Because the EM waves based devices are too fast. Being slower that the EM waves, the time taken by ultrasonic waves is much longer than that taken by the latter and hence its measurement can be done more easily and less expensively. Because these are based on sound waves rather than EM waves, these would work in places where the latter would not. For example, in the case of clear object detection and measurement of liquid levels or high glare environments, light based sensors would suffer greatly because of the transmittance of the target or the translucence of the propagating media. Ultrasonic devices being based upon sound propagation would remain practically unaffected. These also function well in wet environments where optical beams may suffer from refraction from the water droplets in the environment. On account of range and accuracy, the ultrasonic sensors may lie in between two EM wave based sensors, the Infrared rangefinders on the
lower end and the LIDARs on the upper end. Not as accurate or long distance as the LIDARs, the Ultrasonic rangefinders fare better than the IR rangefinders which are highly susceptible to ambient conditions and require recalibration when environment changes. Further these devices offer advantage in medical imaging as compared to MRI or XRay scans due to inexpensiveness and portability. No harmful effects of ultrasonic waves at the intensity levels used have been detected in contrast to Xrays or radioactivity based methods and is particularly suited for imaging soft tissues.
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Applications The applications of ultrasonic sensors can be classified on the basis of the property that they exploit. These can be summarized as:
Domain Parameter ApplicationsTime TileofFlight, Velocity Density, Thickness, Flaw
Detection, Anisotropy, Robotics, Remote Sensing etc.
Attenuation Fluctuations in reflected and Transmitted Signals
Defect characterization, microstructures, interface analysis
Frequency Ultrasonic Spectroscopy Microstructure, grain size, porosity, phase analysis.
Image TimeofFlight, velocity, attenuation mapping in Raster CScan or SARs
Surface and internal Defect imaging, density, velocity, 2D and 3D imaging.
LOAD SENSOR
Load sensors are electromechanical transducers that translate force or weight into voltage. The ability to measure force or load is a vital part of many industrial processes. In automatically controlled systems, it is desirable to monitor the forces and moments being generated at the work site between the motive, or drive power element, and the driven element of the operating unit. Automobiles are equipped with seat belt devices and airbag devices as facilities for ensuring the safety of occupants. The amount of gas for deploying the airbag and the energy absorbing (EA) load of the seat belt are adjusted depending on the weight of the occupant. For this purpose, load sensors (load cells) are needed for measuring the weight of the occupant sitting on the seat. A load sensor for converting a force or a weight into an electrical signal is generally formed by attaching a plurality of strain gauges to a loadsensitive element. The change in voltage produces, in the readout instrumentation, a repeatable deflection or indication that can be calibrated directly in terms of the load applied to the load transducer. A load sensor for air bag systems include a sensor comprising a sensor plate which is deflected depending on the received load and a strain gauge attached to the sensor plate, and a sensor comprising a elastic member which is deflected depending on the received load and an electrical capacitance sensor detecting the displacement of the elastic member. The load or force cell takes many forms to accommodate the varietyof uses throughout research and industrial applications. The majorityof today's designs use strain gauges as the sensing element, whether foil or semiconductor.
Foil gauges offer the largest choice of different types and in consequence tend to be the most used in load cell designs. Strain gauge patterns offer measurement of tension, compression and shear forces.
Semiconductor strain gauges come in a smaller range of patterns but offer the advantages of being extremely small and have large gauge factors, resulting in much larger outputs for the same given stress. Due to these properties, they tend to be used for the miniature load cell designs.
Proving rings are used for load measurement, using a calibratedmetal ring, the movement of which is measured with a precisiondisplacement transducer.
A vast number of load cell types have developed over the years,the first designs simply using a strain gauge to measure the directstress which is introduced into a metal element when it is subjectedto a tensile or compressive force. A bending beam type designuses strain gauges to monitor the stress in the sensing elementwhen subjected to a bending force.
More recently the measurement of shear stress has been adoptedas a more efficient method of load determination as it is lessdependent on the way and direction in which the force is appliedto the load cell.
Power SupplyTo make things really simple lets start with a simple power supply,and it is also the one they usually give you in your first electronics project.Well the reason is quite obvious because all electronis circuits require a DC power supply to work.You really do plug in the wires of your electronic items in AC mains supply but they do have AC to DC converters to to provide DC to the circuits.All this is done with a power supply in the right place.
Voltage regulators achieve "stiffness" via a feedback control loop, where "stiffness" means that a large change in load current causes a small change in voltage.
Both switching and linear regulators include a control loop (historically analog... some of the newer switchers use digital control loops) to adjust some parameter of the circuit so that the output voltage remains constant in the presence of load current changes and input voltage changes.
In a linear regulator the circuit parameter is the pass transistor drive circuit (which produces base current for an NPN/PNP power transistor, gate voltage for a MOSFET).
In a switching regulator the circuit parameter is the duty cycle of the switching element(s).
So there's really two areas you need to understand if you want to get into the details of how regulators work:
• topology design (achieve required limits of current/voltage/etc)• control loop tuning + stability
This circuit is a small +5V power supply.The circuit will provide a regulated voltage to the external circuit which may also I am required in any part of the external circuit or the whole external circuit.The best part is that you can also use it to convert AC voltage to DC and then regulate it ,simlpy You need a transformer to make the AC main drop down to a safe value i.e 1215 volts and then us a rectifier to convert AC into DC.
This circuit can give +5V output at about 150 mA current, but it can be increased to 1 A when good cooling is added to 7805 regulator chip. The circuit has over overload and therminal protection. The capacitors must have enough high voltage rating to safely handle the input voltage feed to circuit. The circuit is very easy to build for example into a piece of veroboard.
If you need other voltages than +5V, you can modify the circuit by replacing the 7805 chips with another regulator with different output voltage from regulator 78xx chip family. The last numbers in the the chip code tells the output voltage. Remember that the input voltage muts be at least 3V greater than regulator output voltage ot otherwise the regulator does not work well.
Dont forget to check the pin diagram before connecting the IC.
Pin diagram for 7805
• 1. Unregulated voltage in • 2. Ground • 3. Regulated voltage out
ARCHITECTURE OF PIC16F877A
PIN DETAILS OF PIC 16F877A
ESTIMATION
Sl.No Item Name Specification Qty Prize
1 PIC IC 16f877A 1 200.002 Sensor Ultra Sonic 1 1300.003 Load Sensor Pressure
sensitive resistor
1 700.00
4 Motor DC, 6v 2 175.005 Motor driver IC L293D 1 75.006 LCD 16x2 1 160.007 Regulator 7805 1 10.008 Crystal 20MHz 1 10.009 Photodiode 1 20.00
10 LED Red 3 3.0011 Resistor 10k 2 1.0012 Resistor 1k 1 .5013 Capacitor 22pf 2 1.0014 Capacitor 1000µf,16V 3 1.5015 Switch Micro switch 1 15.0016 DC socket 1 10.00
TOTAL 2682.00
Advantages
By this project• To avoid mal practice or fool proof.• The collections are in accountable and recordable.• More accurate.• Extra rate is pay if the vehicle carries over load.• The number of workers is limited.
FUTURE APPLICATION
• If a camera is attached to the toll booth, photos of each vehicle are taken for the purpose of intelligent application.
• It can be applicable in sales tax check posts to control the over load vehicles.
• If a metal detector is attached with the weighting platform, our defense can protected.
• In this system ETC (Electronic Toll Collection) method can be applicable.
• It can be develop as a fully automatic toll system.