tolman
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Edward Chance Tolman
Tolman’s Purposive Behaviorism
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TIMELINE OF TOLMAN’S LIFE
Born in Newton, Massachusetts on April 14,1886Died on November 19, 19591911: Earned BS from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in electrochemistry1912: Introduced to Gestalt psychology1915: Earned Doctorate from Harvard-retroactive inhibitionHe spent most of his career at the university of California(Berkeley)
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PURPOSIVE BEHAVIORISM-It combines the objective study of behavior while also considering the purpose or goal of behavior
-Tolman thought that learning developed from knowledge about the environment and how the organism relates to its environment.
-He is the only behaviorist who found the stimulus-response theory unacceptable.
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SIGN GESTALT THEORY
-He put forth the notion that there are three parts to learning which work together as a gestalt.
-These are the “significant,” the “sign” and “means-end relations”
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COGNITIVE MAP
-an internal perceptual representation of external environmental features and landmarks.
Tolman was a “centralist.”
Tolman also worked on “Latent Learning.”
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INTERVENING VARIABLES
a.Dependent
b.Independent
c.Intervening
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TOLMAN IDENTIFIED AT TLEAST SIX TYPES OF LEARNING
I. Learning by cathexes.II.Equivalence beliefs.III.Field Expectancies.IV.Field cognition modes.V.Drive discrimination.VI.Motor patterns.
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TOLMAN WANTED TO DISPROVE THORNDIKE’S LAW OF EFFECT AND REPLACE IT WITH:
A.Law of motivationB.Law of EmphasisC.Law of Disruption