tom leigh, ph.d . atsuko nonoyama, ph.d research, analysis, and accountability
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Measuring the Education Level of California Community College Students’ Parents: Current Status and Preliminary Findings. Tom Leigh, Ph.D . Atsuko Nonoyama, Ph.D Research, Analysis, and Accountability Technology, Research & Information Systems - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Measuring the Education Level of California Community College Students’ Parents: Current Status and Preliminary Findings
Tom Leigh, Ph.D.Atsuko Nonoyama, Ph.D
Research, Analysis, and AccountabilityTechnology, Research & Information Systems
California Community Colleges Chancellor’s Office
• Parent Education Data Element• Data Completeness• First-Generation • Definition• Characteristics• Educational Outcomes
TOPICS
Parental Education Defined in CCCApply
Instruction:
“Regardless of your age, please indicate the education levels of the parents and/or guardians who raised you.”
Parental Education Defined in CCCApply
Supplementary Instruction:
“For the two parents, other family members, and/or guardians who in your belief played the largest roles in raising you, please indicate the highest level of education that you believe each attained.”
Coding Meaning1 Grade 9 or less2 Grade 10, 11, or 12 but did not graduate3 High school graduate4 Some college but no degree5 AA/AS degree6 BA/BS degree7 Graduate or professional degree beyond a BA/BSY Not applicable, no first (or second) parent/guardianX Unknown / Unreported
Position 1 – Parent/Guardian 1Position 2 – Parent/Guardian 2
Values Available for Parental Education Field (SG09)
* Handout
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 X Y1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1X 1Y2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 2X 2Y3 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 3X 3Y4 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 4X 4Y5 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 5X 5Y6 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 6X 6Y7 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 7X 7YX X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 XX XYY Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 YX YY
81 Possible Combinations
Parent/ Guardian
#1
Parent/Guardian #2
Highest Educational Level of the Parents:
Simplify!
• Grade 9 or less • Grades 10, 11, or 12 but did not graduate• High school graduate• Some college but no degree• Associate degree• Baccalaureate degree• Graduate or professional degree beyond a BA/BS • Unknown/Unreported/Not Applicable
* Handout w/ SAS coding
1) Students enrolled first time in higher education between Summer 2012 & Spring 2013 (n=251,828), in all CCCs
2) Both credit and non-credit students
3) Counting ‘Y’ (not applicable) as valid while ‘X’ (Unknown/Unreported) as missing
4) Including only students who attended at least one course
Data Examined for Completeness
College-level
- The college with most complete data reported 94% with valid data- 52 colleges (=about half) reported no valid
data
- The median was 0.4%, mean was 19%
Not Ready For Prime Time!
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
20
40
60
80 74
6 7 6 3 62 5 7
2
% of Students with Parental Ed Data
Num
ber o
f Col
lege
s College N=118
Distribution of Colleges Based on Percent of Students w/ Valid Parental Ed Data
* Handout
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
20
40
60
8082
3
76
8
Fall 2012Spring 2013
% of Students with Parental Ed Data
Num
ber o
f Col
lege
sTrend: Students Enrolled in Fall 2012 vs
Spring 2013
Student-level- 22.4% (=56,530/251,828) had valid parental
education data reported
- 10 colleges with largest # of valid data accounted for 64% of the reported data
- Non-credit students are much less likely to have parental education data reported
More on Completeness of Data
Credit vs. Non-credit Students
Credit Non-credit0
20
40
60
80
100
74.793.5
25.36.5
W/ dataMissing
Perc
ent o
f Stu
dent
sStudent N= 251,828
Data for Continuing Students?
After the first term
After 1 year0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
76.4 74.3
23.6 25.7
W/ DataMissing
Perc
ent o
f Stu
dent
s 2%
Fall 2012 first-time students are followed for 1 year…
Distribution of Parental Education (*Highest)
Parent Education Level Count PercentGrade 9 or less 6,123 10.8Grades 10,11,or 12 but did not graduate 4,814 8.5High school graduate 12,505 22.1Some college but no degree 9,844 17.4Associate degree 5,172 9.1Baccalaureate degree 10,015 17.7Graduate or professional degree 7,267 12.9Not applicable, no parent/guardian 790 1.4
All 56,530 100.0
'
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
10.8 8.5 22.1 17.4 9.1 17.7 12.9 1.4
Grade 9 or lessGrade 10, 11, or 12 but did not graduateHigh school graduateSome college but no degreeAA/AS degreeBA/BS degreeGraduate or professional degree beyond a BA/BSNot applicable, no second parent/guardian
AA/AS or HigherLess than AA/AS
Using The Parent Education Data Element:First-Generation College Students
“Uncertain Climbers”(Richard and Skinner, 1992)
• Female (Nomi, 2005)• Older (Engle, et. al, 2006 )• Rely on financial aid (Nunez & Cuccaro-Alamin,
1998)• Less academically prepared for college (U.S.
Department of Education 2008). • Under-represented minority.
Selected First-Generation Characteristics:
• Less likely to persist into the second year (Chen & Carroll, 2005)
• Complete fewer academic credits (Pascarella, • et. al., 2003) • Less likely to successfully complete coursework
(Davis, 2010)
Selected First-Generation Characteristics (cont’d):
• less than a bachelor degree• less than an associate degree• no postsecondary education
Variable Definitions of First-Generation
Options Grade Nine Or Less
Grades 10,11,or 12 But Did Not
Graduate
High School Graduate
Some College No
Degree
Associate Degree
Baccalaureate Degree
Graduate or Professional
Degree
Option 1 First Generation
First Generation
First Generation
First Generation
First Generation College College
Option 2 First Generation
First Generation
First Generation
First Generation College College College
Option 3 First Generation
First Generation
First Generation College College College College
Options Grade Nine Or Less
Grades 10,11,or 12 But Did Not
Graduate
High School Graduate
Some College No
Degree
Associate Degree
Baccalaureate Degree
Graduate or Professional
Degree
Option 2 First Generation
First Generation
First Generation
First Generation College College College
First-Generation Student Definition:• less than an associate degree
First-Generation Counts and Percentages*Status Count Percent
First-Generation 19,256 60.7Non-First-Generation 12,458 39.3All 31,714 100.0* Fall 2012 first-time student with valid parent education value.
Caveat: Although these findings are helpful in assessing the construct validity of the Parent Education data element they are not generalizable to the CCC system due to missing data.
All (N=31,474)
First-Generation (N=19,118)
Non-First-Generation (N=12,356)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
50.6 48.7 53.7
49.4 51.3 46.3
First-Generation Status by GenderFirst-Time Students Fall 2012
FemaleMale
All (N=27,455)
First-Generation (N=17,103)
Non-First-Generation (N=10,352)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
3.5 3.3 3.93.8 3.5 4.44.3 4.3 4.44.1 4.3 3.8
11.7 12.4 10.6
72.4 72.1 72.9
First-Generation Status by Age Group First-time Students Fall 2012
18-1920-2425-2930-3940-4950-70
All
(N=31,425)
First-G
eneration
(N=19,099)
Non-First-G
eneration (
N= 12,326)0%
10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
31.0 21.046.4
0.40.5
0.34.9
3.7
6.844.2 57.3
23.8
11.6 9.2 15.40.3 0.3 0.47.5 7.9 6.8
First-Generation Status by Race-EthnicityFirst-Time Students Fall 2012
African AmericanAmerican IndianAsianHispanicMulti-RacePacific IslanderWhite
Graduate or Professional Degree
Baccalaureate Degree
Associate Degree
Some College No Degree
High School Graduate
Grades 10,11,or 12 But Did Not Graduate
Grade Nine Or Less
All
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
20.5
19.6
35.4
41.6
48.7
74.2
87.4
44.2
53.5
47.2
37.0
31.9
25.5
8.8
3.5
31.0
Parent Education Level by Race-Ethnicity N = 31,425
African AmericanAmerican IndianAsianHispanicMulti-RacePacific IslanderWhite
All (N=31,662)
First-Generation (N=19,228)
Non-First-Generation (N=12,434)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
43.931.8
65.6
56.168.2
37.4
First-Generation Status by Financial Aid ReceiptFirst-Time Students Fall 2012
YesNo
Educational Attainment:• Developmental Course Enrollment• Persistence Fall-to-Fall• Course Retention• Course Success• Units Earned
All
(
N=22,683)
First-
Genera
tion
(N=1
4,019)
Non-First
-Gen
eration (N
=8,664)
0%20%40%60%80%
100%
32.8 24.945.6
67.2 75.154.4
First-Generation Status by Developmental Course Enrollment*First-Time Students Fall 2012
Terms Fall 2012 through Fall 2013
YesNo
*Developmental course defined with 2014 Scorecard cohort criteria.
All
(N
=30,542)
First-
Genera
tion
(N
=18,823)
Non-First
-Gen
eration (
N=11,719)
0%20%40%60%80%
100%
36.8 38.5 34.3
63.2 61.6 65.7
First-Generation Status by Fall-to-Fall Persistence First-Time Students Fall 2012
YesNo
All (N=254,788)
First Generation (N=152,258)
Non-First Generation (N=102,530)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
12.55 13.49 11.15
87.45 86.51 88.85
First-Generation Status by Course RetentionFirst-Time Students Fall 2012
Terms Fall 2012 through Fall 2013
YesNo
All (N=254,788)
First Generation (N=152,258)
Non-First Generation (N=102,530)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
31.9 35.027.2
68.1 65.072.8
First-Generation Status by Course Success First-Time Students Fall 2012
Terms Fall 2012 through Fall 2013
Yes
No
All (N=78,952)
First Generation (N=47,058)
Non-First Generation (N=31,894)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
7.5 7.27.9
Average Units Earned Per Student Per SemesterFirst-Time Students Fall 2012
Major Terms Fall 2012 through Fall 2013
Summary of FindingsNo Effect• Age• Course Retention
Small-to-Moderate Confirming Effects• Gender• Persistence Fall-to-Fall• Course Success• Average Units Earned Per Semester
Large Confirming Effects• Race-Ethnicity• Financial Aid Receipt• Developmental Course Enrollment
Future Directions• Continue to improve the completeness and
quality of the Parent Education Level data element.
• Include the First-Generation subgroup in routine reporting of student demographics and educational outcomes.
• Analyze subgroups within the Parent Education data elements.
ReferencesChen, X. & Carroll, C. D. (2005). First-generation students in postsecondary education: A look at their college transcripts. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Davis, J. (2010). The first-generation student experience: Implications for campus practice, and strategies for improving persistence and success. College Student Education International. Sterling, VA. Nomi, Takako. (2005). Faces of the future: A portrait of first-generation community college students. American Association of Community Colleges. Washington, DC
Nunez, Anne-Marie, Stephanie Cuccaro-Alamin. ( 1998). First generation students: Undergraduates whose parents never enrolled in postsecondary education. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES).
References cont’dPascarella, E., Wolniak, G.C., Pierson, C.T., & Terenzini, P.T. (2003). Experiences and outcomes of first-generation students in community colleges. Journal of College Student Development, 44, 420-429. Engle, J., Bermeo, A., & O'Brien, C. (2006). Straight from the Source: What works for first-generation college students. The Pell Institute For The Study of Opportunity In Higher Education . Washington, DC
Richardson, R.C., & Skinner, E.F. (1992). Helping first-generation minoritystudents achieve degrees. In L.S. Zwerling & H.B. London (Eds.), First-generation students: Confronting the cultural issues (New Directionsfor Community Colleges Series, No. 80, pp. 29-43). San Francisco, CA:Jossey-Bass.
U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (2008). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study. NPSAS: 08. Data Analysis System.