tomato resistance against root-knot nematodes · root-knot nematodes. meloidogyne species •warm:...
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Tomato Resistance Against Root-knot Nematodes
Antoon PloegDepartment of Nematology
University of California, [email protected]
UCCE Northern San Joaquin Valley Processing Tomato Production Meeting
1/31/2008, Modesto
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Root-knot nematodes.
Meloidogyne species
• warm: M. incognita, M. javanica, M. arenaria
• all three go to tomato
• mostly damage on lighter soil types
• active > 64F, optimum ca. 90F.
• at 65F: 7 wks
at 75F: 4 wks
at 85F: 3wks
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Root-knot nematodes:
• above-ground symptoms: anything that indicates
damaged root function (wilting, yellowing, early-dying,
stunting), Fusarium,
Verticillium.
• root-symptoms:
galling, rotting.
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S
R
If: • < 82F!• M. incognita, M. javanica, M. arenaria
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Resistant Tomato varieties:• all have the same resistance gene (Mi-gene)
coming from a single cross with wild tomato (L.
peruvianum) in the early 1940s.
• resistance to M. javanica, M. incognita, M.
arenaria, some isolates of M. chitwoodi, not
against M. hapla
• Goal: avoid damage AND reduce nematodes.
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Resistant tomatoes become infected?
• conditions resulted in resistance-breaking (T)
• the nematodes changed
• the plants changed
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Conclusion:
Total fruit weight is not affected by grafting in absence of nematodes. As nematode pressure increases, yields decrease. Plants on resistant rootstocks however maintain higher yields. This is mainly due to a longer harvest period.
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Effects on root symptoms and nematode populations:
01
23
45
67
89
10
0 102 103 104 105
GA
LLIN
G
Gallingresistantsusceptible
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RESISTANTSUSCEPTIBLE
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00
103
104
106
102
Fina
l den
sity
Inoculum density102 103 104 105
105
Initial and final egg densities on tomato roots
resistantsusceptible
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Effects on fruit yields
TOTAL FRUIT WEIGHT PER PLANT; (50K M. INCOGNITA EGGS INOCULUM)
RESISTANT1RESISTANT2
SUSCEPTIBLE
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200(G
)
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RESISTANT2SUSCEPTIBLE
Effects on root symptoms and nematode populations:
RESISTANT1
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END NEMATODE COUNTS (EGGS) PER ROOT SYSTEM
RESISTANT2
SUSCEPTIBLERESISTANT1
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000N
R. E
GG
S
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The nematodes changed:• happened with other nematode- crop combinations• nematodes can change under influence of
selection pressure (narrow rotations with same resistance genes) or spontaneous.
• Can happen gradually or suddenly• Resistance breaking populations reported from CA,
Greece, Spain, France, Morocco.• Can only be identified biologically
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Questions:• (make sure nematode identification is correct)• do resistance-breaking populations break
resistance on “all” Mi tomato varieties?• how big is the problem, is it increasing?• is there any link with cropping history?
Solutions:• lessen frequency of resistance genes in rotation• reduce initial population levels• introduce other resistance genes in tomato