Tools for Information Processing

Organising is the process of arranging, representing or formatting data for the use of other information processes

how different methods of organising affect processing, for example: letters of the alphabet represented as images rather than text numbers represented as text rather than numeric

Data that has been collected needs to be processed before being used, however processing can support any stage of the information processes

The organising process can have major effects on other processes, eg, when you scan something as an image rather than text

Practical Task: Type up the following in MS Word. Save as

MS Word document PDF (You will need to print as…PDF) HTML RTF TXT

Images Still pictures can be either bit mapped or vector Paint graphics are saved as bit-maps Each individual pixel is saved Pixel =Picture Element (smallest part of the image

0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0

0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

Image on screen Stored in memory

Note the pixels when the image is enlarged 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0

0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

Image on screen Stored in memory

Stored as Vectors Co-ordinates needed to define the shapes are

saved5,5

1,1

5,2

0,0 0,4

0,0 0,10

Image Pallete: Eg, Gif are limited to 256 colours (for

compression) RGB vs CMKY

Format Adv antages Disadvantages

BMP

Gif

Jpeg/jpg

png

WMF

Flash .swf

Data is stored as a wave, with corresponding points stored.

Sound is analog data: it has continuous variable points

Audio is sound which has been digitised by a computer

Sound is converted to audio via the sound card which is a da and ad converter

Sampling has 3 characteristics Sampling rate: number of times a sample (Slice) is taken

from a sound wave. Higher sampling rate, the better quality the sound Two common sampling Rates:

▪ 44.1kHz (44100 samples per second)▪ 22.05kHz (22050 samples per second)

Sample size is the number of bits per sample (number of possible points)

More bits= higher quality sound

8 bit 16 bit

Format Compression Features

MP3

Ogg Vorbis

WMA

WAV

Animation is the movement of a graphic that is the result of still images placed together in a sequence and run over time

Video combines pictures and sounds displayed over time. Video (as opposed to animation) starts with a continuous event and breaks it up into frames, whereas an animation starts with frames.

Analog signals (pictures and audio) are converted to digital signals via a video capture card

A video or animation is made up of frames: individual pictures that are put together to create the illusion of movement.

Video files are very large, which is an important factor in deciding what hardware to use to store the video files.

Speed is an issue in video and animation…the frame rate is the number of frames per second that are shown

Higher frame rate = higher quality, smoother video= more file size needed

Compression Features

FLV

SWF

AVI

MPEG4

MOV