tools for systems thinking and modeling
DESCRIPTION
Tools for Systems Thinking and Modeling. Dynamics: Graphs over time Structure:Causal-loop Diagrams Stocks and Flows . Patterns of Behavior. System Structure. A Systems Perspective. Reactive. Events and Decisions. Adaptive. Increasing leverage. Generative. “ Distancing... ”. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Tools for Systems Thinkingand Modeling
Dynamics: Graphs over timeStructure: Causal-loop Diagrams
Stocks and Flows
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Events and DecisionsEvents and Decisions
Patterns of BehaviorPatterns of Behavior
System StructureSystem Structure
Reactive
Adaptive
Generative
Incr
easi
ng
leve
rage
A Systems Perspective
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
A systems view stands back just far enough to...• Deliberately blur discrete events into patterns of
behavior• Deliberately move from a focus on individual
decisions to a focus on policy structure
“Distancing...”
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Events and DecisionsEvents and Decisions
Patterns of BehaviorPatterns of Behavior
System StructureSystem Structure
Reactive
Adaptive
Generative
Incr
easi
ng
leve
rage
The Systems Perspective
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Dynamics
• Define problems in terms of graphs over time.• Graph important variables• Graph historical data• Graph anticipated dynamics• Graph preferred dynamics
• Use these to focus systems thinking and modeling
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Unemployment (%)
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
New York City Population, 1900-2000
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Unemployment & Welfarein Dutchess County, NY
Unemployment
Welfare roll
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Per Capita Residential Energy Use(USA Today 3/23/09, citing Census Bureau and U.S. Energy Information Administration)
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Here’s where we went wrong...
Strive for Insights
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Events and DecisionsEvents and Decisions
Patterns of BehaviorPatterns of Behavior
System StructureSystem Structure
Reactive
Adaptive
Generative
Incr
easi
ng
leve
rage
The Systems Perspective
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
• Accumulations (populations, resources…)• Causal structure: “feedback” loops• Delays• Perceptions (a kind of accumulation)• Pressures• Affects, emotions, (ir)rationalities• Policies governing decisions
Systems Structure
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Causal Loop Diagrams
• Causal mapping is a powerful tool for representing structure in complex systems.
• Arrows indicate causal influence.
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Polarities of Causal Links
• Positive and negative signs show the direction of causality:
– +
+ –
+–
+ ... “direct” relation– …“inverse” relation
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Definitions of Link Polarities
All words phrases are expressed as quantities that have a clear sense of increase or decrease. No verbs — the action is in the arrows.
A adds to B, or∆A leads to ∆B in the same direction
C C subtractssubtracts from D, or from D, or∆∆C leads to ∆D in the C leads to ∆D in the oppositeopposite directiondirection
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Simple test for link polarity
An increase in A makes B higher than it would have been without the change.
An increase in C makes D lower than it would have been without the change.
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Examples
“Ceteris paribus”... All other influences held constant as we assign polarities.
Emigration Emigration subtractssubtracts from from population: An increase in population: An increase in emigration means less (a emigration means less (a decrease means more) than wdecrease means more) than wee’’d have without the changed have without the change
More lawyers mean More lawyers mean moremore litigation; fewer lawyers, litigation; fewer lawyers, less litigationless litigation
+
–
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Exercises
d
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Feedback Loops
A feedback loop exists when decisions change the state of the system, changing the conditions and information that influence future decisions.
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
The Joy of Feedback
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
The Joy of Feedback
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
No — it’s more like the life cycle of the famous scientist
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Examples of Feedback Loops
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Two kinds of feedback loops
• Reinforcing loops • Growth producing• Destabilizing• Accelerating• Positive: an even number of –’s
• Symbolized by
• Balancing loops• Counteracting• Goal seeking• Stabilizing• Negative: an odd number of –’s
• Symbolized by
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Examples of Reinforcing Loops
+
+
+ +
+
++
––
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Isolate and Identify Link Polarity
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Isolate and Identify Link Polarity(Always trace an Increase)
+
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany 28
Isolate and Identify Link Polarity(Always trace an Increase)
+
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany 29
Isolate and Identify Link Polarity(Always trace an Increase)
–
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany 30
Isolate and Identify Link Polarity(Always trace an Increase)
–
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany 31
Isolate and Identify Link Polarity(Always trace an Increase)
+
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Completed Loop(Now tell the story)
+
– –
++
(R)
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Typical Reinforcing Loop Behaviors20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
00 25 50 75 100
10,000
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,0000 25 50 75 100
Population and Births Loop
Businesses and Taxes Loop
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
World Population (billions)
8
6
4
2
01500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Self-reinforcing processes in world population growth
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Reinforcing Feedback in the Newspaper
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Reinforcing Feedback in the Newspaper
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Reinforcing Feedback in the Newspaper
GarfieldGarfield’’s s happinesshappiness
JonJon’’s s suspicionsuspicion
(R)
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Examples of Balancing or Counteracting Loops
+
–+
+–
-+
+
–
+
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Typical Counteracting Loop Behaviors20
15
10
5
00 10 20 30 40
Filling a Glass
10,000
7,500
5,000
2,500
00 25 50 75 100
Population and emigration
•0 •7.5 •15 •22.5 •30
Predator-prey interactions
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Tips for Determining Link and Loop Polarities
• For each link, determine the effect of an increase in the variable at the tail of the arrow:• If the variable at the head increases, assign a plus.• If the variable at the head decreases, assign a minus.
• For each loop, count the number of negative signs:• An even number of negative links is a reinforcing (R) loop.• An odd number of negative links is a balancing (B) loop.
• Most important: For each loop, tell a self-reinforcing or balancing/counteracting story, and check that the story matches the loop polarity.
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
More Serious Example from the Newspaper:Recall the graph of per capita energy use
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Presentation Dynamics
ClarifyingquestionsAudience
understanding
Clarity ofpresentation
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Presentation Dynamics- Which loop dominates?
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Stocks and Flows
Stocks are accumulations.• Stocks are increased by inflows and decreased by outflows.• When a link means “add” or “subtract” we have a stock-and-
flow structure.• Example: Inventory
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Stock and Flow Diagramming Conventions
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
A Stock and Flow Example
Explicit stocks and flows:
The corresponding causal-loop diagram:
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Human Activity, CO2, and Global Temperature
Thought experiment:
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Structure and Dynamics of Terrorist Cells
New recruits
Terrorist group Losses
Terrorist actions
Suppression activities
Zeal
Peripheral support
Funding
Martyrs to the cause
(R)
(R)
(B)
(R)
(R)
(R) (B)
(R)
(R)
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Balancing Loops in Tobacco Prevalence
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Balancing Loops in Tobacco Prevalence
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Loops and Constituencies
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
There are a lot …
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Policy Resistance of Complex Systems
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Policy Resistance of Complex Systems
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Policy Resistance of Complex Systems
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Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyRockefeller College of Public Affairs and PolicyUniversity at AlbanyUniversity at Albany
Policy Resistance in Complex Systems