tools for trade and trade policy...

Tools for Trade and Trade Tools for Trade and Trade Policy Analysis Policy Analysis

World Bank InstituteWorld Bank Institute

Washington DCWashington DCWorld Bank HeadquartersWorld Bank Headquarters

June 15June 15--19, 2009 19, 2009

Data for Trade and Trade Data for Trade and Trade Policy Analysis: Conceptual Policy Analysis: Conceptual and Measurement Issuesand Measurement Issues

Ravi A Ravi A YatawaraYatawara,,Senior Economist, World BankSenior Economist, World Bank

World Trade Indicators 2008World Trade Indicators 2008

http://www.worldbank.org/wti2008http://www.worldbank.org/wti2008

Ravindra A. YatawaraData Day at the WTO

May 18th - May 19th to 2009Geneva, Switzerland

Structure of WTI database: organizing for Structure of WTI database: organizing for usersusers

TRADE OUTCOME

TRADEPOLICY

EXTERNALENVIRONMENT

TRADE FACILITATION

BUSINESS/INSTITUTIONALENVIRONMENT

TRADE FACILITATIONTRADE FACILITATION

What gets measured, get managedWhat gets measured, get managed

Logistics Performance Index (LPI)Logistics Performance Index (LPI)Trading Across BordersTrading Across Borders-- DBDB

Others IndicatorsOthers Indicators--e.g. Liner Shipping Connectivity Indexe.g. Liner Shipping Connectivity Index

Thick borders imply high trade costs that:

constrain access to regional and global markets, and lower competitiveness of firms and their scope to exploit scale and diversify

In Context of Global Economic CrisisTrade Facilitation

Reform seen as key to penetrating shrinking export markets

The Challenge

www.worldbank.org/lpiRanking and component

Logistics business environment and institutions

Performance data

Available as rankings, maps, scorecards

Contact: [email protected]

Partnership with the private sector

Built on 5,500 country assessments by more than 800 logistics professionalsworldwide:

Assessments from professionals outside the country, trading with it

Assessment of domestic business environment and institutions and time and cost data

Questionnaire designed with input from trade and logistics professionals

Primary data gathered for 150 countries

The survey uses an anonymous, web-based questionnaire asking respondents to evaluate their country of residence and eight countries they are dealing with on several logistics dimensions

International LPI – 150 countries

- Score (1-5,best)

- Qualitative - Based on respondents evaluating 8 countries they deal with

The (International) LPI measures SEVEN dimensions of country performance

Efficiency of the clearance processQuality of transport and IT infrastructureEase of arranging competitively priced shipmentsLogistics competence and quality of logistics services Tracking and tracingDomestic logistics costs Timeliness

DOMESTIC LPI - 100 countries1) Performance – Quantitative

2) Environment & Institutions- Qualitative

PERFORMANCE DATA FOR INDONESIARate of physical inspection (%) _0.12Customs clearance (days) 1.58Lead time export, median case (days) 2.54Lead time import, best case (days) 1.91Lead time import, median case (days) 3.88Number of border agencies exports 2.73Number of border agencies imports 2.73Possibility of a review procedure (%) 0.38Typical charge for a 40-foot export container or a semi-trailer (US$) 266.00Typical charge for a 40-foot import container or a semi-trailer (US$) 244.44

ENVIRONMENT & INSTITUTIONS5 choices from very high to very low Reported as share that chose Very high/high

1) logistic operational environment2) quality of infrastructure3) efficiency and effectiveness of processes4) level of competence of professions5) 3 Year evolution of business env, customs6) Incidence of informal payments, crime

LPI Ranking presents performance scores of all countries on the LPI index, as well as on the seven key dimensions, in a sortable format

Country LPI Rank

South Africa 24Malaysia 27Chile 32Turkey 34Hungary 35Czech Republic 38Poland 40Latvia 42Argentina 45Estonia 47

TOP 10 COUNTRIESLOWER MIDDLE INCOME

Country LPI Rank

China 30Thailand 31Indonesia 43Jordan 52Bulgaria 55Peru 59Tunisia 60Brazil 61Philippines 65El Salvador 66

TOP 10 COUNTRIESLOW INCOME

Country LPI Rank

India 39Vietnam 53Sao Tome and Principe 57Guinea 62Sudan 64Mauritania 67Pakistan 68Kenya 76Gambia, The 77Cambodia 81

TOP 10 COUNTRIESUPPER MIDDLE INCOME

LPI Ranks

“Logistics gap” across income groups

“Logistics Gap”- across income groups

Global Perspective –Domestic LPI

Customs clearance (days)

Rate of physical inspection

Time export (days)

Time import (days)

East Asia & Pacific 2.1 18% 2.5 5.7Europe & Central Asia 1.2 8% 1.7 4.5Latin America & Caribbean 2 14% 2.7 5.7Middle East & North Africa 2.2 14% 2.1 7.2South Asia 2 27% 4.4 7.2Sub-Saharan Africa 3.3 29% 4.8 13.3High income: OECD 0.9 3% 1.8 4.6

Key messagesTrade logistics performance is only as good as the weakest linkPredictability and reliability are as important as cost and speedThe LPI can assess your country’s bottlenecks and opportunities for reform – and where, if necessary, to direct “aid for trade”The LPI can mobilize broad constituencies for reform

Key Policy Implications

POLICY IMPLICATIONSExpand the traditional reform agenda beyond customs reform and infrastructure developmentImprove the quality of logistics services and increase border agency coordination Embark on comprehensive reform—processes, services, and infrastructure—with broad public and private supportLPI as an preliminary indicator –Pursue Trade and Transport Facilitation Audits(TTFA) Develop National Logistics Strategies

LPI 2009 - LAUNCHED May 12, 2009Improvement in survey design More explicit description of time to export/importNew module on customsDomestic Logistics costs replaced with Implementation of Cargo Security RequirementsResults out end June /early July 2009

Trade Facilitation Indicator:Trade Facilitation Indicator:

DOING BUSINESS (DB)DOING BUSINESS (DB)

DB 2010 : Out Sept 2009DB 2010 : Out Sept 2009

Doing Business: Quantitative measure Doing Business: Quantitative measure of regulations forof regulations for

Starting a businessStarting a businessDealing with construction permitsDealing with construction permitsEmploying workersEmploying workersRegistering propertyRegistering propertyGetting creditGetting creditProtecting investorsProtecting investorsPaying taxes Paying taxes Trading across bordersTrading across bordersEnforcing contracts Enforcing contracts Closing a businessClosing a business

SourceSource: World Bank Doing Business: World Bank Doing Business

Top 30 on the Ease of Doing Business Top 30 on the Ease of Doing Business -- 20092009

1. Singapore1. Singapore 16. Saudi Arabia16. Saudi Arabia

2. New Zealand2. New Zealand 17. Sweden17. Sweden

3. United States3. United States 18. Bahrain18. Bahrain

4. Hong Kong, China4. Hong Kong, China 19. Belgium19. Belgium

5. Denmark5. Denmark 20. Malaysia20. Malaysia

6. United Kingdom6. United Kingdom 21. Switzerland21. Switzerland

7. Ireland7. Ireland 22. Estonia22. Estonia

8. Canada8. Canada 23. Korea23. Korea

9. Australia9. Australia 24. Mauritius24. Mauritius

10. Norway10. Norway 25. Germany25. Germany

11. Iceland11. Iceland 26. Netherlands26. Netherlands

12. Japan12. Japan 27. Austria27. Austria

13. Thailand13. Thailand 28. Lithuania28. Lithuania

14. Finland14. Finland 29. Latvia29. Latvia

15. Georgia15. Georgia 30. Israel30. IsraelSourceSource: World Bank Doing Business: World Bank Doing Business

Top Reformers in 2007/2008Top Reformers in 2007/2008



Top reformers by indicatorTop reformers by indicator


Highlights of Highlights of Doing Business 2009Doing Business 2009239 reforms in 113 countries. Highest recorded in 6 years 239 reforms in 113 countries. Highest recorded in 6 years of Doing Businessof Doing BusinessEastern Europe and Central Asia Eastern Europe and Central Asia –– 62 reforms in 23 of the 62 reforms in 23 of the 25 countries, 25% of the total recorded worldwide. Fastest 25 countries, 25% of the total recorded worldwide. Fastest reforming region. reforming region. –– 4 of top 10 reformers from Eastern Europe and Central Asia4 of top 10 reformers from Eastern Europe and Central Asia

Africa Africa –– 28 of 46 countries completing 58 reforms, highest 28 of 46 countries completing 58 reforms, highest rate of reform recorded in the region. rate of reform recorded in the region. –– 3 of top 10 reformers from Africa3 of top 10 reformers from Africa

1000 reforms recorded over past 6 reports, 174 informed 1000 reforms recorded over past 6 reports, 174 informed by Doing Businessby Doing Business


Most popular reforms in 2007/2008Most popular reforms in 2007/2008

36

49

34

6

12

12

16

18

24

27

Starting a business

Paying taxes

Trading across borders

Getting credit

Registering property

Dealing with constr. permits

Closing a business

Enforcing contracts

Protecting investors

Employing Workers

Doing Business Doing Business SubcategorySubcategory

TRADING ACROSS BORDERSTRADING ACROSS BORDERS

Doing Business Doing Business --Trading Across Trading Across Borders (rank 1 Borders (rank 1 –– 181, worst)181, worst)

Based on:Based on:1) 1) Number of documentsNumber of documents for import/exportfor import/export2) 2) TimeTime (in days) for import/export(in days) for import/export3) 3) CostCost (US $ per container) to import/export(US $ per container) to import/export

A higher rank is associated with a more A higher rank is associated with a more favorable environment for trading across borders.favorable environment for trading across borders.



Documents required to export and importBank documentsCustoms clearance documentsPort and terminal handling documentsTransport documents

Time required to export and importObtaining all the documentsInland transportCustoms clearance and inspectionsPort and terminal handlingDoes not include ocean transport time

Cost required to export and import (US $ per container)Obtaining all the documentsInland transportCustoms clearance and inspectionsPort and terminal handlingOfficial costs only, no bribes or tariffs

DB DB –– Trading Across Borders: Trading Across Borders: Top 10 countries (rank)Top 10 countries (rank)

CountryCountry 20082008SingaporeSingapore 11

Hong Kong, ChinaHong Kong, China 22DenmarkDenmark 33FinlandFinland 44EstoniaEstonia 55SwedenSweden 66NorwayNorway 77PanamaPanama 88

IsraelIsrael 99ThailandThailand 1010

SourceSource: WTI 2008: WTI 2008

DB DB –– Trading Across Borders: Trading Across Borders: Bottom 10 countries (rank)Bottom 10 countries (rank)


CountryCountry 20082008ZimbabweZimbabwe 162162

EritreaEritrea 163163Venezuela, RBVenezuela, RB 164164

Lao PDRLao PDR 165165MaliMali 166166

MalawiMalawi 167167RwandaRwanda 168168

NigerNiger 169169BurundiBurundi 170170

UzbekistanUzbekistan 171171

DB DB –– Trading Across Borders: Trading Across Borders: Top 10 ImprovementsTop 10 Improvements


CountryCountry 20082008 20072007

SenegalSenegal 6060 139139

ThailandThailand 1010 5151

DjiboutiDjibouti 3535 7171

KiribatiKiribati 6969 102102

CambodiaCambodia 122122 144144

IcelandIceland 3434 5353

MadagascarMadagascar 109109 127127

Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia 1616 3333

ColombiaColombia 9696 112112

Syrian Arab RepublicSyrian Arab Republic 111111 127127

DB DB –– Trading Across Borders: Trading Across Borders: Top 10 SlippagesTop 10 Slippages


CountryCountry 20082008 20072007

IndiaIndia 9090 8181LesothoLesotho 141141 132132MexicoMexico 8787 7878JordanJordan 7474 6464

MoldovaMoldova 135135 125125OmanOman 119119 109109

South AfricaSouth Africa 147147 137137TunisiaTunisia 3838 2828UkraineUkraine 131131 121121AustraliaAustralia 4545 3434

Speeding trade – improving reforms across regions


Region or Economy Documents for export (number)

Time for export (days)

Cost to export (US$ per container)

East Asia & Pacific 6.7 23.3 902.3

Eastern Europe & Central Asia 7.1 29.7 1,649.10

Latin America & Caribbean 6.9 19.7 1,229.80

Middle East & North Africa 6.5 23.3 1,024.40

OECD 4.5 10.7 1,069.10

South Asia 8.5 33 1,339.10

Sub-Saharan Africa 7.8 34.7 1,878.80


Complementarities LPI/DB

LPI DBSource of data As many respondents as

possible Few by country

Concept Performance outcomes Analytic breakdown in component procedures

Questionnaire Short online Detailed

Significance Several indices of performance

Metric of red tape applicable to trade operations (time export, import

Comparisons and overlaps• Limited correlation (at least with stringent tests: rank, partial) of main indicators (LPI

and DB time X/M) • Different concepts of time to import and export, with huge discrepancies


Scatter plot of LPI AND DB (rank)-2006

050

100

150

200

DB

0 5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0L P I

Other Trade Facilitation Indicators:Other Trade Facilitation Indicators:UNCTAD Liner Shipping Connectivity Index UNCTAD Liner Shipping Connectivity Index

(0(0--100, best)100, best)

Computed average index which combines the available Computed average index which combines the available information about a countryinformation about a country’’s maritime transport. s maritime transport. For comparison purpose, maximum value of the LSCI is For comparison purpose, maximum value of the LSCI is set to 100.set to 100.Calculated as the unCalculated as the un--weighted average of five weighted average of five components: ships, components: ships, TEUsTEUs, companies, services, and , companies, services, and maximum vessel size. Each one of the five components maximum vessel size. Each one of the five components is indexed to assume a maximum value of 100 in 2004. is indexed to assume a maximum value of 100 in 2004. Average of the five indexed components is again Average of the five indexed components is again indexed so that its maximum value for 2004 is 100.indexed so that its maximum value for 2004 is 100.

SourceSource: UNCTAD Transport Newsletter: UNCTAD Transport Newsletter

UNCTAD Liner Connectivity IndexUNCTAD Liner Connectivity IndexTop 10 countries (highest indexes) Top 10 countries (highest indexes)


Country 2008China 137.4

Hong Kong, China 108.8

Singapore 94.47Germany 89.27

Netherlands 87.57United States 82.45

United Kingdom 77.99

Belgium 77.98Malaysia 77.6

Korea, Rep. 76.4

SourceSource: US International Trade Commission: US International Trade Commission

Total Freight Cost to US Total Freight Cost to US (% of import value)(% of import value)

Ratio of total freight charges and insurance Ratio of total freight charges and insurance costs to the net value of merchandise costs to the net value of merchandise goods imports.goods imports.Calculated at the origin of US ports and is Calculated at the origin of US ports and is reported as a percentage of import value.reported as a percentage of import value.Includes all shipment through air, maritime Includes all shipment through air, maritime and land freights but excludes domestic and land freights but excludes domestic transportation costs between cities.transportation costs between cities.

SourceSource: US Department of Commerce, US : US Department of Commerce, US Census Bureau. Us Imports of MerchandiseCensus Bureau. Us Imports of Merchandise

Air Freight Cost to US (% of import value)Air Freight Cost to US (% of import value)

Ratio of total air freight charges and insurance Ratio of total air freight charges and insurance costs to the net value of merchandise goods costs to the net value of merchandise goods imports.imports.Calculated at the origin of US gateways, and is Calculated at the origin of US gateways, and is reported as a percentage of import value.reported as a percentage of import value.Average Air Freight Rate reflects the costs of Average Air Freight Rate reflects the costs of transport from the US main ports to the foreign transport from the US main ports to the foreign coutnriescoutnries at the US customs procedure.at the US customs procedure.

SourceSource:DHL:DHL Published Tariff Guide on Domestic Published Tariff Guide on Domestic and and InternaitonalInternaitonal Shipping ServicesShipping Services

Air Freight Cost from US (US$)Air Freight Cost from US (US$)

Reflects the DHL international United States Reflects the DHL international United States outbound worldwide priority express rate for a 1 outbound worldwide priority express rate for a 1 pound rate packages in current US dollars. pound rate packages in current US dollars. Additional service charges, shipment value Additional service charges, shipment value protection, and other surcharges are excluded.protection, and other surcharges are excluded.

Electricity Cost for Industry Electricity Cost for Industry (US $ per kilowatt hour)(US $ per kilowatt hour)

Based on the information posted by the Energy Based on the information posted by the Energy Information Administration of the US Department Information Administration of the US Department of Energy on the industry electricity prices per of Energy on the industry electricity prices per kilowattkilowatt--hour from 1997 to 2005 (in US Dollars). hour from 1997 to 2005 (in US Dollars). The per kilowattThe per kilowatt--hour prices are based on the hour prices are based on the energy endenergy end--use prices including taxes, and are use prices including taxes, and are converted into US Dollars using the average converted into US Dollars using the average exchange rate for the given years. exchange rate for the given years.

SourceSource: International Energy Agency for all years, and the Energy : International Energy Agency for all years, and the Energy Information Administration of the US Department of Energy for soInformation Administration of the US Department of Energy for some me additional countries in 2004.additional countries in 2004.

Telephones (fixed and mobile) per 100 Telephones (fixed and mobile) per 100 inhabitants (%) inhabitants (%)

SourceSource: World Bank WDI database or International Communication : World Bank WDI database or International Communication Union (ITU) databaseUnion (ITU) database

Total number of fixed telephone mainlines Total number of fixed telephone mainlines connecting a subscriber to the telephone connecting a subscriber to the telephone exchange equipment and cellular mobile phone exchange equipment and cellular mobile phone subscribers to a public mobile telephone service subscribers to a public mobile telephone service using cellular technology, measured per 1000 using cellular technology, measured per 1000 people. people.

Pump Price of Diesel Fuel Pump Price of Diesel Fuel (US $ per Liter)(US $ per Liter)

Reflects the prices at the pump for the most Reflects the prices at the pump for the most widely sold diesel fuel within the country.widely sold diesel fuel within the country.

Prices have been converted from the local Prices have been converted from the local currency to US dollars.currency to US dollars.

SourceSource: International Fuel prices 2005 or World Bank WDI database: International Fuel prices 2005 or World Bank WDI database

Average Cost of a 3 Minute Call to US Average Cost of a 3 Minute Call to US (US$)(US$)


Average cost of a peak rate 3Average cost of a peak rate 3--minute with the minute with the fixed line call from the country to the United fixed line call from the country to the United States, in current US Dollars. States, in current US Dollars.

Personal Computers per 100 inhabitants Personal Computers per 100 inhabitants (%) (%)


Number of selfNumber of self--contained computers designed contained computers designed for individuals users, measured per 1000 for individuals users, measured per 1000 people. people.

Internet Users per 100 inhabitants (%) Internet Users per 100 inhabitants (%)


Number of people with access to the worldwide Number of people with access to the worldwide network through a dialnetwork through a dial--up, leased, or broadband up, leased, or broadband connection, measured per 1000 people. connection, measured per 1000 people.

Secondary School Enrollment (%, gross)Secondary School Enrollment (%, gross)

SourceSource:World:World Bank WDI databaseBank WDI database

Ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to Ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level corresponds to the level fofo education shown.education shown.

Tertiary School Enrollment (%, gross)Tertiary School Enrollment (%, gross)


Ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to Ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level corresponds to the level fofo education shown.education shown.Tertiary education, whether or not to an Tertiary education, whether or not to an advanced research qualification, normally advanced research qualification, normally requires as a minimum condition of admission, requires as a minimum condition of admission, the successful completion of education at the the successful completion of education at the secondary level. secondary level.


Thank You Thank You Comments , Suggestions, Ideas welcomeComments , Suggestions, Ideas welcome

[email protected]@worldbank.org

Total Freight Costs to US ($ of import value) Total Freight Costs to US ($ of import value) Top 10 countries Top 10 countries -- Lowest Frequent ChargesLowest Frequent Charges


Country 2006

Singapore 4.19

Netherlands 4.18

Germany 4.1

Sweden 4.08

Austria 4.06

Japan 4.02

Switzerland 4.02

Hong Kong, China 4

United Kingdom 3.99

Canada 3.92

Total Freight Costs to US ($ of import value) Total Freight Costs to US ($ of import value) Bottom 10 countries Bottom 10 countries –– Highest Frequent ChargesHighest Frequent Charges


Country 2006

Guyana 2.05

Chad 1.98

Niger 1.97

Sierra Leone 1.95

Djibouti 1.94

Tajikistan 1.93

Myanmar 1.86

Rwanda 1.77

Timor-Leste 1.71

Afghanistan 1.21

Air Freight Costs to US ($ of import value) Air Freight Costs to US ($ of import value) Top 10 countries Top 10 countries -- Lowest Frequent ChargesLowest Frequent Charges


Country 2007

Angola 0.107

Botswana 0.111

Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.123

Cuba 0.272

Ireland 0.301

Central African Republic 0.388

Djibouti 0.454

Qatar 0.469

Bhutan 0.487

Niger 0.491

Air Freight Costs to US ($ of import value) Air Freight Costs to US ($ of import value) Bottom 10 countries Bottom 10 countries -- Highest Frequent ChargesHighest Frequent Charges


Country 2007Burundi 27.41

Marshall Islands 43.03

Samoa 47.06

Faeroe Islands 57.35

Solomon Islands 60.94

Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 62.49

Tonga 69.53

Fiji 72.47

Maldives 92.14

Palau 143.8

Air Freight Costs from US (US $)Air Freight Costs from US (US $)Top countries Top countries –– Lowest costsLowest costs


Country 2008

Canada 44.55

Mexico 47.35

Hong Kong, China 53.7

Singapore 53.7

Taiwan, China 53.7

Japan 54.75

Belgium 55.15

France 55.15

Air Freight Costs from US (US $)Air Freight Costs from US (US $)Bottom 10 countries Bottom 10 countries –– Highest costsHighest costs


Country 2008

Somalia 115

South Africa 115

Sudan 115

Swaziland 115

Tanzania 115

Togo 115

Tunisia 115

Uganda 115

Zambia 115

Zimbabwe 115

Diesel Pump Price ($)Diesel Pump Price ($)Top 10 countries (lowest prices) Top 10 countries (lowest prices)


Country 2006Turkmenistan 0.02Venezuela, RB 0.03

Iran, Islamic Rep. 0.09

Libya 0.13Saudi Arabia 0.16

Kuwait 0.22

Egypt, Arab Rep. 0.3

Yemen, Rep. 0.3Oman 0.31Algeria 0.32

Electricity Cost for IndustryElectricity Cost for Industry(US $ per kilowatt hour)(US $ per kilowatt hour)

Top 10 countries (Lowest cost) Top 10 countries (Lowest cost)


Country 2007Kazakhstan 0.03

Russian Federation 0.04

Norway 0.05France 0.06

Taiwan, China 0.06United States 0.06New Zealand 0.07Korea, Rep. 0.07

Finland 0.08Poland 0.08

Telephones (fixed and mobile) per 100 Telephones (fixed and mobile) per 100 inhabitants (%)inhabitants (%)

-- Top 10 countries (highest numbers)Top 10 countries (highest numbers)


Country 2007

Hong Kong, China 208

United Arab Emirates 206

Macao, China 203Estonia 185

Germany 183Qatar 180

Luxembourg 178Switzerland 174

United Kingdom 173

Iceland 172

Average Cost of a 3 Minute Call to US (US$)Average Cost of a 3 Minute Call to US (US$)Top 10 countries (Lowest cost)Top 10 countries (Lowest cost)


Country 2005

Switzerland 0.32

Afghanistan 0.39

Mexico 0.83

Suriname 1.33

Poland 1.35

Lithuania 1.55

Mauritius 1.59

Japan 1.63

Morocco 1.69

Gabon 2.77

Personal Computers per 100 inhabitants (%) Personal Computers per 100 inhabitants (%) ––Top 10 countries (Highest numbers)Top 10 countries (Highest numbers)


Country 2006

Canada 94.3Netherlands 91.2Switzerland 88.6

Sweden 88.1San Marino 85.5

United States 80.3

United Kingdom 80.2

Denmark 72.9Singapore 72.3

Luxembourg 68

Internet Users per 100 inhabitants (%) Internet Users per 100 inhabitants (%) –– Top 10 Top 10 countries (highest numbers)countries (highest numbers)


Country 2007

Barbados 95.3

Greenland 91.6

Netherlands 91.6

Andorra 87.6

Canada 84.9

Norway 80.7

New Zealand 79.5

Sweden 76.5

Bermuda 75

Japan 73.6

Secondary School Enrollment (%, gross) Secondary School Enrollment (%, gross) –– Top Top 10 countries (Highest ratios)10 countries (Highest ratios)


Country 2006

Australia 150

New Zealand 120

Denmark 120

Spain 119

Netherlands 118

France 114

Norway 113

Finland 112

Ireland 112

Iceland 110

Tertiary School Enrollment (%, gross) Tertiary School Enrollment (%, gross) –– Top 10 Top 10 countries (Highest ratios)countries (Highest ratios)


Country 2006

Greece 94.9

Finland 93.2

Korea, Rep. 91

Cuba 87.9

Slovenia 83

United States 81.8

Denmark 79.9

New Zealand 79.7

Sweden 79

Norway 77.5