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1 Top 10 Nasty Insect Pests of Trees and Shrubs (and How to Deal With Them!) Daniel A. Potter, Professor University of Kentucky You Insects # 9 & 10 Webmaking Caterpillars Eastern tent caterpillar Fall webworm Mimosa webworm NonChemical Control Scrape off egg masses Bag nests in small trees Pole pruner Tent Caterpillar outbreak of 20002002

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Page 1: Top 10 Nasty Insect Pests of and Youturfconference.org/images/MATEtop10treepests.pdf · Top 10 Nasty Insect Pests ... 3 Female bagworm is ... Male moths mate with female in late summer

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Top 10 Nasty Insect Pests of Trees and Shrubs

(and How to Deal With Them!)

Daniel A. Potter, Professor

University of Kentucky

You

Insects

# 9 & 10 Web‐making Caterpillars

Eastern tent caterpillar

Fall webworm

Mimosa webworm 

Non‐Chemical Control

Scrape off egg masses

Bag nests in small trees

Pole pruner

Tent Caterpillar  outbreak of 2000‐2002

Page 2: Top 10 Nasty Insect Pests of and Youturfconference.org/images/MATEtop10treepests.pdf · Top 10 Nasty Insect Pests ... 3 Female bagworm is ... Male moths mate with female in late summer

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Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome

Tent caterpillars can cause horse abortions 

Remove cherry trees near pastures or paddocks  

Trunk injection

Bidrin®

Abacide 2®

Tree‐age®Treated

Not Treated

#8 BagwormsMajor Pest of Landscape Evergreens

Bagworms Behaving Badly People mistake them for “pine cones” (until it is too late!) 

Page 3: Top 10 Nasty Insect Pests of and Youturfconference.org/images/MATEtop10treepests.pdf · Top 10 Nasty Insect Pests ... 3 Female bagworm is ... Male moths mate with female in late summer

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Female bagworm is wingless, legless; never leaves her bag

Adult male is a furry moth that emerges in late summer

Male 

Female lays eggs in her bag, where they overwinter

Male moths mate with female in late summer

Eggs hatch and young bagworms begin feeding in May

Bagworm Control Tips

• Handpick bags with egg masses in winter or early spring and destroy

• Target small larvae with reduced‐risk insecticide in late May or June)

Pyrethroid sprays will control all defoliating pests

bifenthrin

lambda‐cyhalothrincyfluthrin

Reduced‐Risk Products for Defoliators

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt): caterpillars only

Caterpillars, beetles, and sawfly larvae

Caterpillars and sawflies

Page 4: Top 10 Nasty Insect Pests of and Youturfconference.org/images/MATEtop10treepests.pdf · Top 10 Nasty Insect Pests ... 3 Female bagworm is ... Male moths mate with female in late summer

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#7 Sawfly Larvae

Sawfly: 6 or more pairs of fleshy abdominal “prolegs” (enough to spell SAWFLY)

No little hooks on prolegs

Caterpillar: 5 or fewer pairs with little hooks

Sawflies versus caterpillars

S A W F L Y

Red‐headed Pine Sawfly

European Pine Sawfly

Sawflies behaving badly

Sawfly pupal cases

(present in winter) Sawfly adult

“Roseslug” – a Sawfly!

Page 5: Top 10 Nasty Insect Pests of and Youturfconference.org/images/MATEtop10treepests.pdf · Top 10 Nasty Insect Pests ... 3 Female bagworm is ... Male moths mate with female in late summer

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Controlling Sawflies

Effective sprays include:

‐ Acelepryn®

‐ Provaunt®

‐ Pyrethroids

Or, prune out small infestations!

#6 Lacebugs, Leafminers, Psyllids

Boxwood psyllid

Boxwood leafminer

Azalea lace bug

Boxwood pests

Boxwood psyllid: cupped leaves

Boxwood leafminer

Boxwood Pests Lay Eggs in Expanding Young Leaves in Spring

Boxwood Psyllid Boxwood Leafminer

Adult 

Adult 

Nymphs on new growth 

Lace bugs

Nymphs on Cotoneaster Azalea Lace Bugs

Lace bugs damage many plants:

Sycamore OakHawthorn

Pyracantha, cotoneaster, andromeda Azalea

Page 6: Top 10 Nasty Insect Pests of and Youturfconference.org/images/MATEtop10treepests.pdf · Top 10 Nasty Insect Pests ... 3 Female bagworm is ... Male moths mate with female in late summer

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Systemics are the way to go for lace bug, leaf miner, and psyllid control!

#5 Mite Pests  

Tiny: about the size of a period (.) of 12‐pt  text 

Eight legs

Leaf undersides

Stippling

Fine webbing

“Warm‐Season” Mites

“Cool‐Season” Mites

Twospotted spider mite Boxwood spider mite

Spruce spider mite Southern red mite Maple spider mite

European red mite

Spider Mite Symptoms 

Stippled leaves

Bronzed or browned foliage

Mite damage to burning bush

Going…..

Going…….

Gone!

Beating foliage over paper to dislodge and detect mites

Page 7: Top 10 Nasty Insect Pests of and Youturfconference.org/images/MATEtop10treepests.pdf · Top 10 Nasty Insect Pests ... 3 Female bagworm is ... Male moths mate with female in late summer

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Mite Control Tips:

Use a Miticide! 

(Most insecticides won’t work for mites)

Good ones include: 

Akari , Avid, Floramite, Forbid, Hexygon, Kontos, Promite, Pylon, Shuttle, Sanmite, TetraSan, Ultiflora

Systemic neonicotinoids can flare mite problems on woody landscape plants

‐ Stimulates mite egg‐laying‐ Kills natural predators

Haircut for Potter’s bug lectures

#4 Japanese Beetle

Adults active from mid‐June to mid‐August

Feed on >300 plant species!

Page 8: Top 10 Nasty Insect Pests of and Youturfconference.org/images/MATEtop10treepests.pdf · Top 10 Nasty Insect Pests ... 3 Female bagworm is ... Male moths mate with female in late summer

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Japanese Beetle Damage to Linden Tree, Lexington, KY, 2007

July 8July 18

Susceptible:

• Linden

• Purple leaf plum

• Purple sandcherry

• Japanese maple

• Certain crabapples

• Roses

Resistant:

• Red maple

• Dogwood

• Redbud

• Beech

• Tuliptree

• Sweet gum

Avoid Over‐planting Japanese Beetle‐Susceptible Species!

Traps contain two lures: a floral scent, and the female sex pheromone

429,562 beetles: 10 day’s catch!

Page 9: Top 10 Nasty Insect Pests of and Youturfconference.org/images/MATEtop10treepests.pdf · Top 10 Nasty Insect Pests ... 3 Female bagworm is ... Male moths mate with female in late summer

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Trap placement was evaluated in 24 home landscapes

Test Plant

Trap

Traps often increase troubles with Japanese beetles!! 

Many more beetles are attracted than are caught!

Effective Japanese beetle Sprays 

• Acelepryn (4 weeks residual) 

• Pyrethroids

‐ Onyx (4 weeks)

‐ Other pyrethroids (2‐3 wks)

‐ Sevin (1 week residual)

# 3: Scale Insects

Armored Scales

Soft Scales

Page 10: Top 10 Nasty Insect Pests of and Youturfconference.org/images/MATEtop10treepests.pdf · Top 10 Nasty Insect Pests ... 3 Female bagworm is ... Male moths mate with female in late summer

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Armored Scales have a detachable, shell‐like cover made from shed skins and waxy secretions

Obscure scale on oak –an armored scale  Covers flipped to 

expose insects 

Armored scales encrust branches or leaves; cause dieback and death of plant

Some common armored scales

Obscure scale

Pine needle scale

Oystershell scale

Euonymus scale

Pine Needle Scale

Dieback from Euonymus Scale

Cottony maple scale

Magnolia scale

Calico scale

Soft Scales

No detachable coverBody shaped like an inverted teacup

Lecanium scale

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Sooty mold fungus

Attracts wasps & ants  

Soft Scale Issues….

Dripping honeydew 

*&%$!!

Crawler Hatch

Scale Insect Control: Sprays

Monitor for crawler hatch. Spray options include: 

‐ pyrethroids (Talstar®, Scimitar®, Tempo®) 

‐ insect growth regulators (Distance®,  Talus®)

‐ TriStar®

Surfactant and high volume spray may increase effectiveness

Monitoring crawler hatch with sticky tape

Phenology:  The study of recurring biological events.  

“The oldest science.”

The flowering sequence of plants can be used as a biological calendar to time pest management actionsppointments.

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Timing Scale Crawler Hatch by Plant Bloom:

Oystershell scale coincides with full bloom of Sargent crabapple 

Euonymus scale coincides with 50% bloom of Kousadogwood

Michigan State, Ohio State, and Univ. Kentucky have on‐line phenology calendars

Phenological Sequence for Wooster, OH

Species EventRed Maple first bloomEastern Tent Caterpillar egg hatchEastern Redbud first bloomGypsy Moth egg hatchSnowdrift Crabapple first bloomBirch Leafminer adult emergenceCommon Lilac first bloomPine Needle Scale egg hatchVanhoutte Spirea first bloomLilac Borer adult emergenceBlack Cherry first bloomEuonymus Scale egg hatchBlack Locust first bloomBronze Birch Borer adult emergenceMountain-laurel first bloomJuniper Scale egg hatchLittleleaf Linden first bloomJapanese Beetle adult emergence

Pine needle scale crawlers

Scale insect control: Systemics:

May be effective against species that have a life stage on leaves

Less effective versus scale insects on bark 

Scrubbing bark with soap and water can remove many scale insects

Scale Control by Ant Exclusion 

Ants “tend” soft scales to get honeydew

They defend their “livestock” from predators

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When ants were excluded….Predators reduced soft scales by 60‐80%!

Sticky band excludes ants

Predators gobble up the undefended scales

#2 Borers in trees and shrubs

Some Borer‐Prone Woody Plants

Dogwood Recently transplanted or stressed hardwood trees

Ash 

White birch

Flowering peach, cherry and plum

Lilac

Moth (“Clearwing”) borers

Lilac Borer

Dogwood borer

Peachtree and Lesser Peachtree borers

Banded ash borer

Clearwing borer larvae are whitish caterpillars with a brown head

Crown thinning  

Clearwing Borer symptoms

Sawdust‐like frass expelled from cracks in bark

Page 14: Top 10 Nasty Insect Pests of and Youturfconference.org/images/MATEtop10treepests.pdf · Top 10 Nasty Insect Pests ... 3 Female bagworm is ... Male moths mate with female in late summer

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Pupal case of clearwing borer moth that has emerged 

Clearwing Borer Treatment Apply preventive bark spray (pyrethroid or Acelepryn) 1‐2 weeks after adults emerge 

Residues intercept newly‐hatched larvae as they chew through bark

Treat main trunk to runoff

Timing Borer Control By Bloom of Indicator Plants:

• Lilac borer:  Common lilac; full bloom

• Dogwood borer:  Oakleaf hydrangea; first bloom

Flat‐headed Borers 

Adults are metallic‐colored beetles

Larvae flattened

Tunnels under bark girdle branches and trunk

Flat‐headed borers leave D‐shaped holes when adult emerges

Bronze Birch Borer: 

Most destructive Insect Pest of White Birch

Page 15: Top 10 Nasty Insect Pests of and Youturfconference.org/images/MATEtop10treepests.pdf · Top 10 Nasty Insect Pests ... 3 Female bagworm is ... Male moths mate with female in late summer

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Flatheaded Appletree Borer:

Most destructive pest of maple trees in production nurseries

Flatheaded appletree borer also attacks many species of stressed landscape trees 

Crabapples, maples, hawthorn, dogwood, many others are susceptible 

Newly transplanted trees Stressed trees

Flatheaded Appletree Borer:

Bark spray with Onyx in May prevents infestation of nursery liners  

Systemic insecticides are effective against flat‐headed borers 

Managing wood borers:

• Minimize tree stress

• Avoid trunk wounds

• Plant well‐adaptedcultivars

# 1 Emerald Ash Borer

Page 16: Top 10 Nasty Insect Pests of and Youturfconference.org/images/MATEtop10treepests.pdf · Top 10 Nasty Insect Pests ... 3 Female bagworm is ... Male moths mate with female in late summer

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Emerald Ash BorerToledo, Ohio, USA

Before (2006) After (2009)

Emerald Ash BorerAttacks & kills all sizes and species of ash

Bowling Green State University golf course

Ontario, Canada

Emerald Ash Borer Distribution: 2015

Suckering

D‐shaped holes

Diagnosing Emerald Ash Borer

Tunnels under bark

Thinning, dieback starting at top of tree

Not Treated

Systemic Treatments CAN Protect Trees from Emerald Ash Borer!

Treated

Tree can still be saved Too far gone to save

Rule of thumb: Under 30% canopy dieback, tree can be saved 

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Systemic insecticides for Emerald Ash Borer 

2‐3 year’s protection 1 year protection

MOST EFFECTIVE:Injection or Infusion with Tree‐Age™(Emamectin benzoate)

Several different delivery systems are available

Other systemic insecticide delivery techniques for emerald ash borer control

Soil drench

Soil injection

Lower trunk spray

www.emeraldashborer.info

You

Insects

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You can access EntFacts through the University of Kentucky 

Entomology web site

Turf & Landscape Entomology