top 25 ran parameters
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1 NOKIA E-Plus E-Max Project / 22.04.2004 / THa Company Confidential
Nokia Radio Resource Management
3G System Fundamentals
Top 25 RAN Parameters
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2 NOKIA E-Plus E-Max Project / 22.04.2004 / THa Company Confidential
Radio Resource Management
RRM is responsible for optimal utilisation of the radio resources: Transmission power
Logical codes
Bandwith
The trade-off between capacity, coverage and quality is done all the time: asmany users as possible will get the resources in such a way, that the minimum
required quality is meet (nothing less and nothing more)
By means of several RRM functionalities, the radio resources are continuously
monitored and optimise.
service
quality
cell coverage cell capacity
Optimization
and Tailoring
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Radio Resource Management
RRM must be able to:
Predict the impact on interference (power) ofthe admitting a new user for UL & DL
Perform appropriate actions (e.g. new calladmissions, bitrate increase/decrease etc.) inaccordance with prevailing load conditions
Provide different quality of service for real time(RT) and non-real time (NRT) users
Take appropriate corrective action when thedifferent cell load thresholds are exceeded in
order to maintain cell stability (i.e. load control)
Overload
Load Target
Overload Margin
Power
Time
Estimated capacity forNRT traffic
Measured load causedby non-controllable load(RT)
RT services must have higher quality assurance than NRT
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RRM Functionalities
AC Admission Control LC Load Control
PS Packet Scheduler
RM Resource Manager
PC Power Control
HC HO ControlPC
HCConnection based functions
LC
AC
Network based functions
PS
RM
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Admission Control
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Admission Control Checks that admitting a new user will not sacrifice planned coverage or quality of
existing connections
Determines whether or not a new RT RAB can be admitted to the RAN
With PS decides whether to admit NRT RABs (PS handles all NRT connections)
Also sets
UL/DL BLER, Eb/No targets
SIR target for outer loop power control
Initial DL transmission power for the channel Radio Link Control parameters, e.g. transmission mode
Transport Channel (TrCH) parameters, e.g. TFS
Provides RLC parameters to PS for NRT users;
Bearer class
Traffic handling priority
Transport Formats
MS capabilities
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Admission Control
Radio Access Bearerson the air interface
UuInterf
aceBa
ndwid
th
AC Procedure
...
Allowed Range
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Admission Control
Planned uplink interference margin;defines the optimum operating poit upto which the AC can operate.
Defines the limit (the first UL overload
threshold) for the UL interferencemargin, after which the BS starts itsload control actions to preventoverload.
In
terference
Margin(dB
)
Offset
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Load
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Impact of Inaccurate Parameter Setting
NR = PrxNoise / Prxtotal(Interference floor increase)
ActualNoise Floor
Calc.Interf.floor
increase
PrxTotal
PrxNoise
PrxNoise settoo high
PrxTarget
PrxNoise set too high
Actualinterf.floorincrease
AC likely to admit more capacity requests than it should(higher actualinterference floor increase than calculated)
used in ACUplink Load
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Estimation of DL Ptx_nc
The maximum DL transmission power per connection is determined by theparameter CPICHToRefRABOffsetand the scaling factor
scaling factor is the mapping of the max power to the actual bearer based onthe wanted service bitrate and downlink Eb/No compared to the referenceservice bitrate and Eb/No (12.2 kbps AMR)
== max,txtx PP P_CPICH-CPICHtorefRABoffset+scaling factor
The maximum link power is defined so that the CPICH coverage and theservice coverage are ALWAYS the same
CPICH coverage=
Service Coverage
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Admission Control Parameters
MaxBitRateDLPSNRTand MaxBitRateULPSNRTdefine the maximum allowed bit
rates in a cell
range: [8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 320, 384] kbps,default: 384 kbps
System noise (PrxNoise) is the sum of all stationary noises; thermal noise interference caused by spurious emissions of other systems, noise cause by additional equipment such as repeaters
PrxNoisecan vary place to place and even time to time PrxNoiseis a RNP parameter whose setting affects the capacity of cell
PrxNoise too low: overestimation of cell load and can lead to unnecessary callblocking
PrxNoise too high: underestimation of cell load and can lead to overload situation
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Load Control Cell load is defined as a function of interference main criterion in WCDMA
The load control function within RRM can be divided into:
Preventive load control (e.g. congestion)
Overload control (e.g. dropping of calls in worst case)
The load control functionality is done by measuring both UL (receivedinterference) and DL (transmit power) periodically on a cell basis
Load control is performed for UL and DL separately (asymmetric traffic)
Preventive actions are performed before the cell is overloaded (threshold y)
Overload actions are performed after cell is overloaded (threshold x)
RNP parameters define the thresholds for the RRM functionalities
The thresholds define a stable functionality within a cell and with surroundingcells
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Load Control
Estimated capacity for NRT traffic.
Overloadthreshold x
Load Targetthreshold y
Power
Time
Preventive Load Control
Overload Control
Measured load caused by non-controllable load (RT)
d C l
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Load Control
LC performs the function of load control in association with AC & PS (LC works asglue between these two functions)
Updates load status using measurements & estimations provided by AC and PS
Continuously feeds cell load information to PS and AC;
Interference levels
BTS power levels
Non-controllable load
LC
AC
PS
Load change info
Load status
NRT load
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Prx Target [dB]
PrxTarget [dB] + PrxOffset [dB]
totalrece
ivedpower
Prx
Tot
al[dBm]
Overloaded Area
Marginal Load Area
Feasible Load Area
UL Preventive & Overload Thresholds
load factor
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l d h h ld
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UL Overload Thresholds
Overload threshold = PrxTarget+ PrxOffset Overload Threshold defines the limit when the cell is considered to be overloaded
If load in the cell exceeds these limits then AC & PS move to OVERLOAD STATEfunction
New calls are blocked, and PS starts to decrease NRT bit rates in the cell
PrxOffsetrange: 0...6 dB, step 0.1 dBdefault: 1 dB
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Ptx Target [dBm]
Ptx Target [dBm] + PtxOffset [dB]
totaltransmitted
po
wer
Ptx
Tot
al[dBm]
Overloaded Area
Marginal Load Area
Feasible Load Area
Cell Maximum
DL Preventive & Overload Thresholds
load factor
DL P ti Th h ld
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DL Preventive Thresholds
Preventive threshold = PtxTarget Target threshold defines the optimal operating point of the cell load, up to which PS
& AC can operate normally
If cell load exceeds these limits then AC & PS move to PREVENTIVE STATE function
New RT RABs are blocked, and PS can't schedule more NRT bit rates in the cell
PtxTarget
range: -10...50 dBm, step 0.1 dBdefault: 40 dBm
Default value depends on the cell max TX power: in case the cell max power is 43dBm, the PtxTarget should be 40 dBm (3 dB below max)
DL O l d Th h ld
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DL Overload Thresholds
Overload threshold = PtxTarget+ PtxOffset Overload Threshold defines the limit when the cell is considered to be overloaded
If load in the cell exceeds these limits then AC & PS move to OVERLOAD STATE function
New calls are blocked, and PS starts to decrease NRT bit rates in the cell
PtxOffsetrange: 0...6 dB, step 0.1 dB
default: 1 dB
The default value is given for 20W WPA!
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Radio Resource Indication Period
BTS Measurements
RRI PeriodRRIndPeriod
The parameter defines the reporting period of the RADIO RESOURCE INDICATIONmessages, which are used for cell based load measurements.
range: 0...2000 ms, step 100 msdefault: 200ms
The BTS informs the RNC about the current load at the radio interface from the radioresource point of view and the load of every RACH in each cell.
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Packet Scheduler
P k t S h d l
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Packet Scheduler A non-real time call constitutes of a bursty sequence of packets.
In the downlink, the Packet Scheduler decides which channel to use, DCH or FACH.
The load target can be reached by scheduling the transmission of NRT packets .
time
packet service session
packet call
reading time
packet size packet arrival interval
NRT bit t ll ti th d
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NRT bit rate allocation method
The traffic volume measurement reports are classified into thefollowing three types:
1. Initial request for low bit rate (UL/DL); when
The NRT RB in question has no previous DCH allocation RLC buffer payload < TrafVolThresholdDLHigh orTrafVolThresholdULHigh
Low bitrate means minimum bitrate
2. Initial request for high bit rate (UL/DL); when The NRT RB in question has no previous DCH allocation RLC buffer payload => TrafVolThresholdDLHigh or
TrafVolThresholdULHigh
3. Upgrade request for high bit rate (DL); when The NRT RB in question has a low bit rate DCH allocation RLC buffer payload => TrafVolThresholdDLHigh or
TrafVolThresholdULHigh
P k t S h d l
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Packet Scheduler
PS allocation times need to be fast to accommodate changing conditions & accurate(up-to-date load info)
Capacity requests sent via traffic volume measurement reports (governed by RNPparameters)
PS comprises two parts: MS specific & Cell specific
power
time
non-controllable load
controllable load
Total Load
Target threshold
Overload threshold
Responsible for scheduling radio resourcesfor both UL and DL NRT RABs
Scheduling period defined by RNP
parameters PS relies on up-to-date information from
AC and PS
Capacity allocated on a needs basis usingbest effort approach
RRC M d ith P t
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RRC Modes with Parameters
Release RRCConnection
Release RRCConnection
URA_PCH
CELL_DCH CELL_FACH
CELL_PCH
Establish RRCConnection
UTRA RRC Connected Mode
Idle Mode
(UE camps on UTRAN cell)
Available inRAN1.5.2ED2
Available inRAN04
cellUpdate, UL Tx
UL_DL_activation_timer
#cellUpdates
UL Tx
UL_DL_activation_timer(workaround)
DRX DRX
Tx/Rx
inactivityTimer
Tx/Rx FACH/RACH
trafficVolume
Release RRCConnection
Release RRCConnection
URA_PCH
CELL_DCH CELL_FACH
CELL_PCH
Establish RRCConnection
UTRA RRC Connected Mode
Idle Mode
(UE camps on UTRAN cell)
Available inRAN1.5.2ED2
Available inthe future
cellUpdate, UL Tx
UL_DL_activation_timer
#cellUpdates
UL Tx
UL_DL_activation_timer
(workaround, in RAN1.5.2 ED)
DRX DRX
Tx/Rx
inactivityTimer
Tx/Rx FACH/RACH
trafficVolume
Supported Radio Bearers in RAN
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Supported Radio Bearers in RAN
RAN1.5.1AN1.5.1AN1.5.1 RAN1.5.2ED2AN1.5.2ED2AN1.5.2ED2 RAN04AN04AN04 RAN05AN05AN05 RAN06AN06AN06AMR 12.2MR 12.2Transparent CS data 64ransparent CS data 64Non-transparent CS data 57.6on-transparent CS data 57.6NRT PS data UL:64, DL 64,128,384)RT PS data UL:64, DL 64,128,384)
Non-transparent CS data 14.4on-transparent CS data 14.4AMR 10.2, 7.95, 7.40, 6.70, 5.90. 5.15, 4.75MR 10.2, 7.95, 7.40, 6.70, 5.90. 5.15, 4.75Transparent CS data 33.6, 32, 28.8ransparent CS data 33.6, 32, 28.8NRT PS data 8, 16, 32RT PS data 8, 16, 32Streaming PS data UL/DL 8, 16, 32, 64, 128), DL:256treaming PS data UL/DL 8, 16, 32, 64, 128), DL:256AMR = Conversational CS speech
Transparent CS data = Conversational CS dataNon-transparent CS data = Streaming CS dataNRT PS data = Interactive/Background PS data
Implementation of Nokia RAN shall supportasymmetric combinations with all bit rates. Thecombinations supported by terminals are verified insystem verification and inter-operability testingbetween Nokia RAN and Nokia & third partyterminals.
NRT PS data 256RT PS data 256Conversational PSQoS is a study itemin RAN06Conversational PSQoS is a study itemin RAN06
Packet Scheduler
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Packet Scheduler
Radio network planningparameters
Periodical cell measurements
Periodical radio linkmeasurements
RBsetup/reconfiguration/release
information
Traffic volumemeasurements (triggers for
DCH allocation)
Updated powerestimations
Control of traffic
volume measurements
DCH allocations for NRT RB
PacketPacketschedulerscheduler
Parameters for Packet Scheduling
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Parameters for Packet Scheduling
InactivityTimerUplinkDCH
The time indicating how long the radio and transmission resources are reserved after
silence detection on uplink DCH before release procedures
range: 8 kbps: 5 s, 16 kbps: 5 s, 32 kbps: 5 s, 64 kbps: 3 s, 128 kbps: 2 s, 256 kbps: 2 s,
320 kbps: 2 s, 384 kbps: 2 s
InactivityTimerDownlinkDCH
The time indicating how long the radio and transmission resources are reserved aftersilence detection on downlink DCH before release procedures
range: 8 kbps: 5 s, 16 kbps: 5 s, 32 kbps: 5 s, 64 kbps: 3 s, 128 kbps: 2 s, 256 kbps: 2 s,
320 kbps: 2 s, 384 kbps: 2 s
Recommendation is to use 20 s for all services
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Parameters for Packet Scheduling
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Parameters for Packet Scheduling
UL/DL activation timer
This timer is set when the MS is transferred to CELL_FACH state due to inactivity, orMS inactivity is detected in CELL_FACH state (CELL_FACH-> IDLE)
default value: : 2s; Recommendation is to set this to 10srange:50 ... 10000 ms; step 50 ms
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Resource Manager
Resource Manager
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Resource Manager
Responsible for managing the logical radio resources of the RNC in co-operationwith AC and PS
On request for resources, from either AC(RT) or PS(NRT), RM allocates:
DL spreading code
UL srambling code
Also looks after code tree management (to maintain orthogonality);
Initial code selection codes concentrated to the same branch
Code re-fragmentation dynamic reallocation of codes as users enter/leave the system
Code Type Uplink Downlink
Scrambling codes
Spreading codes
User separation Cell separation
Data & control channels from same UE Users within one cell
Resource Manager Parameters
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Resource Manager ParametersPriScrCode
Identifies the downlink scrambling code of the Primary CPICH (Common Pilot Channel) of the Cell
range: 0 ... 511, step 1default: No default
ULScrCodeMax
Defines the maximum value of the uplink scrambling code. The uplink scrambling code isunique for each MS, and it is used continuously even if the frequency is changed. The first0...8191 scrambling codes are reserved for future use.
range: 8192 ... 16.777.215, step 1default: 2.000.000
ULScrCodeMin
Defines the minimum value of uplink scrambling code. The uplink scrambling code is unique foreach MS.
range: 8192 ... 16.777.215, step 1default:1.000.000
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Power Control
Power Control (PC)
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Open Loop Power Control (Initial Access)
(Fast) Closed Loop Power Control
Power Control (PC)
RNC
MS
BS
Outer Loop Power Control
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Open loop power control
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Open loop power control
Purpose: To set the initial transmitted power of PRACH & DPCCH in the UL. UE determines the uplink preamble power of PRACH
UE PRACH First Preamble Power =
Transmission power of CPICH (Broadcast on BCH, SIB 5)) -Downlink RSCP measurement from active cell on CPICH (Measured by UE) +
Total received wideband interference power at WCDMA BTS (Broadcast on BCH, SIB 7)
+
Required received SIR at the WCDMA BTS (Broadcast on BCH, SIB 5)
Open loop PC is a part of the random access procedure for PRACH channel
Example:PtxCPICH=33dBm (Parameter per Node-B)
DL RSCP = -80dBm (Measured by UE)UL_IF = 80 dBm
UL_Required_SIR = -25 dB (Parameter per Node-B)
UE PRACH First Preamble Power = 33 dBm (-80 dBm) + (-80 dBm) + (-25 dB) = 8 dBm
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Closed Loop Power Control
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Closed Loop Power Control
Adjusts the SIR for every user based on BER/FER observation. Initial, max. and min.SIR values are set by AC
Needed to track changes in radio environment
Aims to provide required quality
UL quality evaluation is made after MDC
RNP parameters control the threshold comparison process for SIR target and thereporting of these results
If SIR target reaches its maximum (I.e. radio conditions deteriorate even thoughSIR target is inceased, system has to take action;
inter-frequency / inter-system handover RRC connnection release
Power Control Parameters
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Transmitted powerPtxPrimaryCPICHshould be 5%-10% of the total Tx Power for a 20W sector
Value = [-10 50] dBm, step 0.1 dBm
The default value is 33dBm (2W) for 20W sector
PtxPrimaryCCPCH: (BCCH info broadcast)
P-CCPCH power relative to the CPICH power
Range [-35 15] dB, step 0.1dB
default -5dB
Power Control Parameters
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Primary Synchronisation Channel is used for DL slot (10ms/15) synchronisationPtxPrimarySCH
transmission power of primary SCH (Synchronisation channel) relative to CPICH.
Range: [-35 15] dB, step 0.1dB,
Default -3 dB
Comments: optimal value allows decoding of the channel at the cell edge
Secondary Synchronisation Channel is used for DL Frame (10ms) synchronisation
PtxSecSCH
the transmission power of the secondary SCH channel relative to CPICH.
Range: [-35 15] dB, step 0.1dB, Default -3 dB
Comments: optimal value allows decoding of the channel at the cell edge
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Handover Control
Handover Control
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Intra-layerInter-layer
Intra-System
Soft(er) Handover
Hard HandoverInter-frequency
Intra-frequency
Intra-frequency
Inter-System(Inter-RAT)
Hard HandoverInter-frequency
WCDMA to GSM
WCDMA to GPRSGSM to WCDMAGPRS to WCDMA
WCDMA to WCDMA
Intra-layerInter-layer
Intra-layerInter-layer
Intra-layerInter-layer
RequiresCompressed
Mode
Handover Control
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HC is responsible for:
Managing the mobility aspects of an RRC connection as UE moves around thenetwork
Maintaining high capacity by ensuring UE is always served by strongest cell
Hard handover: MS handover between different frequencies or between WCDMAand GSM
Soft handover: MS handover between different base stationsSofter handover: MS handover within one base station but between different sectors
Soft handover keeps simultaneous connection to different base stations thusproviding a way to improve call quality during handover. However, this feature has adirect impact on network capacity and therefore is a trade-off between quality andcapacity. It has also an effect to coverage due cell breathing.
Optimisation has an important role in controlling the handover performance duringthe pre-launch optimisation (initial setting). This role is especially essential incontinuous optimisation when traffic increases and levelling of traffic between basestations becomes more important.
1A: A Primary CPICH Enters the Reporting Range
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4
Strongest CPICH in AS
time
Ec/Io
P CPICH 3
P CPICH 1
P CPICH 2
1
2
3
AdditionWindow
AdditionTimeAdditionReportingInterval
RNC
MeasurementReport
Add to
the AS?
no
ActiveSetWeightingCoefficient
1B: A Primary CPICH Leaves the Reporting Range
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Strongest CPICH in AS
time
Ec/Io
P CPICH 3
P CPICH 1
P CPICH 2
1
2
3
DropWindow
DropTime
MeasurementReport
Remove the
reported cellfrom the AS
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Handover Control Parameters
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Addition window
Addition Time
Drop Window
Drop Time
Replacement Window
MaxActiveSetSize
References
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Nokia RANPAR Training 2004