0

Stanford University

Designing a New Learning Environment

Final Team Project (November/December 2012)

(latest update 2013/04/20)

TOP Tsunami Online Portal Blueprints establishing a Tsunami Online Portal for global tsunami awareness and protection

Team members

Leon Geschwind

MaryBeth Matthews

Carsten Weerth

1

Dedication

This Tsunami Online Portal Blueprint has been created on top of the shoulders of giants.

It aims at pooling available information on tsunamis and tsunami education. Furthermore it

contains advice on best practices for implementing education and hazard warning systems

for coastal communities.

We are strongly depending on the fabulous material either for tsunami teaching or tsunami

hazard prevention which has been developed before.

Most notably the Hawaii Blueprints: “Tsunami Education: Blueprints for Coastal

Communities” by Kylie Alexandra, Genevieve Cain and Patsy Iwasaki (2009) and the UNESCO

Papers

- UNESCO (2007a): Natural Disaster Preparedness and Education for Sustainable Develop-

ment. URL: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001504/150454e.pdf,

- UNESCO (2007b): Disaster Preparedness and Mitigation, UNESCO’s Role. URL: http://unes-

doc.unesco.org/images/0015/001504/150435e.pdf and

- UNESCO (2008): Tsunami – Great Waves. URL: http://www.pdc.org/TAK/General/Charac-

teristics/Great_Waves_2008_edition.pdf.

We are indebted to Prof. Paul Kim for sharing his Teaching on the Development of New

Learning Environments in particular in underserved regions of the world and to Stanford

University for enabling a wider range of students and scholars to participate in the

experience of further education by collaboration by help of inventive learning environments

such as URL: http://www.venture-lab.org.

For the DNLE website see URL: http://dnle.stanford.edu/.

2

Abstract of the TOP Team Project

Seacoast and island communities vulnerable to tsunamis must have a means to educate

their local residents and visitors on tsunami awareness. They must also have a local portal of

resources that can used before, during, and after a tsunami event. The purpose of these

public educational resources are twofold:

(1) to teach background information on tsunamis in order to educate through history; and

(2) to present current information, tools, and educational resources which the local resi-

dents of and visitors to a tsunami-prone area can use to plan for a tsunami and to use

during and after a tsunami.

The resources should be current and available in online and offline (print) mediums and

must be made known and accessible to all residents or visitors, regardless of educational

background or access to the Internet. The resources should also be culturally sensitive to the

particular community and available in an adequate language. The local community has to

become stakeholders in the development and sustainability of this local resource.

The TOP Team Project presents a blueprint to build such an educational and sustainable

platform, one that collects current resources and is locally designed to meet the needs and

resources of each community, including recognition of the surrounding culture. It presents

research from which these sites could be built. The TOP Blueprint is flexible: it could be

modified if online tools change or are developed, such as the recent influence of apps on

mobile devices. The future holds many unforeseen technological changes, and the TOP

Blueprint can adapt to meet and utilize changes in communication and technology while still

providing critical educational resources.

An abstract of this TOP Blueprint Paper has been published online under URL:

https://venture-lab.org/education/blog_posts/6466?data_type=post.

The Online version of this Blueprints Paper is available under URL:

http://tsunamionlineportal.weebly.com/

This TOP Tsunami Online Portal Blueprints Paper is available under URL:

de.slideshare.net/Sternaugen/top-tsunami-online-portal-paper-blueprint

3

Table of Contents

Dedication

Abstract

Project Summary

A. Project Outline

I. Setting

II. Project Plan

III. Funding

IV. Local Volunteer Team

V. Maintaining Resources

B. Introduction

I. History and Danger Zones

II. Early Warning Systems

III. Tsunami Preparedness

IV. TsunamiReady Campaign of the National Weather Service

V. Warning Signs for Tsunamis

C. Hawaii Paper: Blueprints for Education on Tsunamis

I. The Hawaii Tsunami 1 April 1946

II. Following Hawaii Tsunamis at Hilo, Tsunami Warning System, Painful Lessons Learned

III. Hawaii Blueprint Tips on Tsunamis

IV. Hawaii Blueprints Key Questions

V. TOPs Own Tips

4

D. Tsunami Awareness for Children

I. Teaching Concepts

II. Helpful Resources for Tsunami Awareness and Classroom Education and Excursions

a. Suitable Resources for Teachers, Adults and Families

b. Suitable Resources for Classroom Education of Children/Pupils

c. Tsunami Education Links

E. Emergency Preparedness Kit

F. Tsunami Preparedness

I. Basic Things to Do

II. Precautions

III. Other Credentials

G. Advice for a Local Approach

H. Conclusion

Tsunami Resources

Books for Adults

Young Children, Juveniles

Scientific Publications & Technical Reports

Tsunami Hazard Prevention Materials/Brochures

Multimedia

Internet Videos (Youtube.com, etc.)

Maps

General References/Links

Tsunami Education Links

Free Emergency Preparedness Mobile Apps

5

Project Summary

The Tsunami Online Project aims at developing a framework for a tsunami preparedness

online community. Key components would include content background (i.e. online tsunami

evacuation zone maps), shared online community resources (i.e. component could include

mapping out tsunami evacuation routes), lessons learned (i.e. historical and current tsunami

interviews), etc. a lifelong learning environment.

Hawaii stands for a blueprint since this is a well-served area with a long standing history of

tsunami preparedness. It also aims at creating blueprints for tsunami prone regions which

are less well served in the indo-pacific area. We thereby suggest a Tsunami Online Portal for

Global awareness for tsunamis and emergency help in case of tsunamis.

We are not inventing everything new. We are standing on the shoulders of giants and

building on top of their outstanding work and performance. We are trying to pool important

and useful data so that it is easily available and usable for coastal communities.

6

A. Project Outline

I. Setting

The local council of the coastal community of the seacoast, [e.g. Australia, Bangladesh,

Canada, Fiji, Indonesia, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Oceania, Philippines,

Thailand, USA] is concerned their residents do not have enough training, education, or

resources to prepare for a tsunami and its aftermath, especially in light of the 2004 tsunami

in the Indo-Pacific Region and the recent devastation on the East Coast caused by Hurricane

Sandy.

II. Project Plan

The local council wants to implement an online portal of informational and educational

resources to provide the following to all of their residents, regardless of age or education:

1. A collection of informational resources residents can access at any time. These

resources would include websites of already existing sites, such as NOAA,

http://www.noaawatch.gov/themes/tsunami.php and http://ptwc.weather.gov/, the

Pacific Disaster Center, http://www.pdc.org/iweb/pdchome.html, and Wikipedia.org,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami which offer frequently updated information;

information on how to prepare for a tsunami and its aftermath; maps of evacuation

routes.

2. An interactive training scenario to educate residents (adults and children) on how

to make correct decisions during the time of an imminent tsunami or in its aftermath.

These can range in scenarios for target age groups. The training will be a 5-day

asynchronous training for adults. Once a resident completes the training, he or she

will receive a certificate. The training with children will be held by schools and also in

kinder gardens.

3. A social network tool, such as Google Person Finder, URL: http://google.org/-

personfinder/global/home.html, accessible through mobile devices and computers

where residents can re-connect in the aftermath; this component assumes, of

course, that there is power available and they have working devices.

4. A Twitter account that can be used for daily notices, updates, and managed

through a social media dashboard, like Hootsuite, http://hootsuite.com/. However,

the purpose of the feed can switch to sending emergency messages when a tsunami

warning goes into effect. In the recent aftermath of Hurricane Sandy on the East

Coast of the United States, the Twitter accounts of state and local officials and

emergency teams became an invaluable resource of communication.

5. In the event that not all residents have access to or a computer, they plan to

design and distribution of print materials containing pertinent information on

preparing for and recovering from a tsunami.

7

III. Funding

To fund the site, the council has a minimal budget and plans to research grants for additional

funding. They are also looking for a server (and back-ups) outside of their area. The council

also intends to promote the project through a marketing campaign making the residents

aware of the site.

IV. Local volunteer team

A local volunteer team under their current webmaster (who manages the council’s website)

will maintain the site; the volunteer team will need training materials.

V. Maintaining resources

The resources would have to be monitored to maintain the most current information

available, so a plan of sustainability of the portal would also have to be developed. However

relying on official sites and Wikipedia is a sustainable approach which ensures up-to-date

information.

8

B. Introduction

Tsunamis are monster waves or harbor waves that can occur in all bodies of water,

preferable in oceans. All coastal communities of the world are in danger of such waves but in

particular communities in regions with a high geological activity or with ice masses nearby.

Earthquakes, icebergs, landslides and seaslides etc. can trigger the fast removal of the water

body that results in a wave. The waves build up higher when approaching the coast. The

water retreats from the shore (a warning sign for immediate impact). The only escape is

climbing to higher ground. And finally the wave or many waves are hitting ground at the

coast.

I. History and Danger Zones

The word tsunami is a Japanese expression for harbor wave. It is obvious that a tsunami is a

common natural phenomenon in the pacific area. Early historic accounts of tsunamis have

been made by Greece and Roman historians for the Mediterranean Sea and scientific

evidence has proven tsunamis in Norway’s fjords caused by landfalls.

A tsunami hit Alexandria/Egypt in year 365 AD and Lisbon in 1755 AD.

Warning Signs

Typical warning signs for tsunamis in coastal areas are earthquakes, smaller waves that are

spilling over the coastline , thundering noises from the sea or – most dramatically – strongly

receding water masses in coastal areas (the water is withdrawn in order to build a huge

wave)…

Do not go after the receding water. Start for the inner regions of the land, for higher ground.

Animals start to panic and react strange…

II. Early Warning Systems

Early Warning Systems (EWS) are in place in many well served regions (e.g. Japan, Hawaii,

Canada, USA), but not in all regions of the Indo-Pacific area.

Tsunami Escape Routes

Therefore official warnings are to be taken seriously.

Buoys and satellite data are trying to forecast tsunami waves.

The only escape route is to go inland (away from the coastline) and preferably to gain higher

ground.

For Hawaii there are tsunami escape routes mapped in the old way on Tsunami escape maps

as well as modern tsunami escape maps in the internet.

9

Figure: Tsunami waves are growing higher when hitting the coast

Source: www.wikipedia.org/wiki/tsunami (animated), detail: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-

File:Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif

III. Tsunami Preparedness

Takahashi et. al. have shown in their 2008 paper that tsunami preparedness is of paramount

importance: this includes knowledge of tsunamis, awareness of tsunami danger and tsunami

emergency and evacuation plans.

However it is also stressed that in some underserved communities the tsunami emergency

and evacuation plans should not only rely on modern, internet-based technology but should

be adapted to the needs and opportunities of the coastal community in question. They sug-

gest using the small Japanese town of Nishiki as blueprint example (Takahashi et. al., 2008,

p. 1).

IV. TsunamiReady Campaign of the National Weather Service

The US National Weather Service has started a campaign to make coastal communities

Tsunami ready. A hazard zone and an evacuation plan must be implemented and certain

criteria for information knowledge management and distribution (e.g. local radio, etc.) must

be ensured.

Communities or counties that are tsunami ready can apply for acknowledgement and after

evaluation gain the label ”TsunamiReady”.

Signs of Tsunami readiness can be placed at the shore to warn for tsunamis and display the

escape routes.

More information under URL:

http://www.tsunamiready.noaa.gov/

Sign of the TsunamiReady Campaign

10

V. Warning Signs for Tsunamis

General International Tsunami Warning Sign

Signs combining Tsunami warnings with advice for evacuation:

Signs combining Tsunami warnings with advice for evacuation

11

A Special Sign for TsunamiTeachers in the USA

A Sign that incorporates three ways of approaching Tsunami Hazards

12

C. Hawaii Paper: Blueprints for Education on Tsunamis

Many lessons can be learned from the Hawaii tsunami blueprint paper (pages from the

Blueprint are indicated):

TSUNAMI Education: Blueprint for Coastal Communities, Alexandra, Cain, Iwasaki, 2009

I. The Hawaii Tsunami 1 April 1946 (pp. 3):

“The people of this thriving, vibrant town of Hilo were caught completely by surprise by a

tsunami generated by a magnitude 7.8 undersea earthquake in the Aleutian Islands on April

1, 1946. Massive tsunami waves, one believed to be 100 feet high completely destroyed

Scotch Cap Lighthouse Station on Unimak Island, Alaska, which was the nearest land to the

epicenter. Traveling at approximately 500 miles per hour, the deep sea waves reached the

island of Hawai‘i just before 7 a.m. A series of waves crashed over the Hilo coastline; the

third wave was the largest, recorded at 26 feet above the normal water line on Coconut

Island. Since this was April Fool’s Day, many thought that the initial warnings and concerns

of residents were jokes.

Police officer Bob “Steamy” Chow was leaving his home in Wainaku when a neighbor told

him that a tsunami had hit Hilo. “Oh yes, April Fool’s,” he responded with a smile. However,

when he drove towards Downtown Hilo, he saw that one third of the railroad trestle

spanning the Wailuku River had washed up-river and been deposited on the rock Maui’s

Canoe. Mr. Chow quickly realized that this was no April Fool’s joke.

He spent the next 18 hours directing traffic and people away from the danger zone and over

the following days had to assist with identifying the victims. The tsunami had claimed 96

lives in Hilo and 25 lives in the coastal town of Laupāhoehoe. Five hundred homes and

businesses were destroyed at a cost of $26 million.“

II. Following Hawaii Tsunamis at Hilo (pp. 4), Tsunami Warning System, Painful Lessons

Learned

“Following the tsunami, the people of Hilo rebuilt their town, recreating many of the densely

populated areas as before.

No one imagined another devastating tsunami would arrive in the near future.

With a functioning Tsunami Warning System (TWS) established soon after the 1946 event,

Hilo experienced two more tsunamis, in 1952 and 1957. On November 5, 1952 Hilo received

a surge 12 feet high, however, there were no casualties or fatalities and damage was

estimated to be less than $800,000. On March 9, 1957 a tsunami generated in the Aleutian

Islands hit north Kaua‘i communities hard. Ha‘ena received waves 32 feet above normal sea

level. Despite large wave heights and damage to property, thanks to the TWS not a single life

was lost in either event. On May 22, 1960 a colossal magnitude 9.5 earthquake rocked the

South American country of Chile and a destructive tsunami was generated. Witnesses at Isla

Chiloé, the largest island of the Chiloé archipelago, saw the water receding, exposing 1,500

13

feet of sea floor and then an enormous wave 50 to 65 feet high forming offshore that

washed over the island coastline. The death toll from the earthquake and tsunami would

eventually reach 1,000 and the damage would amount to $417 million.

Scientists predicted that it would take 15 hours for the waves to travel the 6,600 miles to

Hilo and would arrive just before midnight. At 8:30 p.m. sirens sounded in Hilo, but people

didn’t really understand the warning because the siren system had changed just a few

months before and there was confusion as to what the siren meant.

Under the old system, there were three separate soundings: the first siren indicated that a

tsunami warning was in effect; the second meant that it was time to evacuate; and the third

was set to go off just prior to the arrival of the waves. Under the new system, there was only

one siren – and it meant “evacuate immediately.”

Hilo residents reacted to the tsunami warning in different ways. Some remembered vividly

the destruction of the 1946 tsunami and did not want to take any chances. They packed up

and evacuated their homes close to the shoreline. Even though they had lived through the

tsunami, many could not believe that it would happen again. The two tsunamis in 1952 and

1957 had not been destructive, lulling many people into a false sense of security. There were

also quite a few people who had evacuated earlier in the evening, but went back to their

homes in the evacuation zone when nothing seemed to happen.

After midnight, reports from a Honolulu radio station said that the estimated time of arrival

had been set back by 30 minutes. Yet geologists in Hilo had already recorded the arrival of

the first wave, which was a small, but noticeable 4 feet high. The radio report meant that

communication between the warning system and the news media had broken down and this

misinformation increased the danger to the public (Dudley & Lee, 1998).

At 12:46 a.m. the second wave arrived in Hilo 9 feet above normal sea level. Just as in the

1946 tsunami, the third wave was the most destructive. With a deafening roar, the 20-foot

nearly vertical wall of water crashed over Downtown Hilo and Waiākea Town at 1:04 a.m.

After the tsunami waves reached the Hawai‘i Electric Light Company power plant, the entire

city was in darkness.

In Hilo, 61 people died and several hundred people were treated for tsunami related injuries.

The tsunami caused damage to 229 dwellings and 508 businesses and public buildings, the

damage totaled $50 million. For many, the loss of life was even harder to accept and

comprehend because it was so easily avoidable. The tsunami of 1960 highlighted the need

for not only education about the nature of the tsunami hazard but also the need for

education on the procedures put in place to warn and evacuate public safely.“

14

10 Important Facts about Tsunamis (p. 72)

“1. Tsunamis have killed more people in the state of Hawai‘i than all other natural disasters

combined.

2. Tsunamis can be generated by earthquakes, landslides and volcanic eruptions.

3. The natural warning signs of a tsunami are an earthquake, water receding (or an exposed

sea floor or reef), water surging inland or quickly rising above normal sea level, a strange

sound out to sea or extremely unusual behavior of animals . If you experience any of these,

move to high ground immediately.

4. A tsunami may come ashore as a series of waves; the first wave may not be the largest.

5. Tsunamis can travel across oceans at 450 miles per hour.

6. A tsunami generated in Chile can arrive here in 13 hours; a tsunami from Alaska can arrive

here in 5 hours. A tsunami generated just off our coast can arrive in minutes.

7. Tsunami sirens are tested on the first working day of each month in Hawai‘i, when you

hear sirens you should always turn on your radio, even if you think it is a test.

8. Locally-generated tsunamis have little or no warning. There most likely will not be time to

sound the sirens. If you feel an earthquake move to high ground.

9. Tsunamis can occur at anytime day or night. There is no tsunami season.

10. When it comes to tsunamis, it is not a case of ‘if’ but ‘when’.

Take care of yourself - take care of others.”

15

III. Hawaii Blueprint Tips on Tsunamis

“TIPS: (p. 4)

Talk with friends and family about their perceptions, knowledge or recollections of past

tsunami events.

Speak with public safety organizations (i.e. Civil Defense) about the current tsunami risk in

your community.

Seek out individuals and organizations in your community eager to improve tsunami

resilience.

TIPS: (p. 8)

Research what other communities have done to better prepare for tsunamis and dialogue

with the key people involved.

Research your culture or host culture and use the local wisdom as a “roadmap” for future

tsunami education programs.

TIPS: (p. 19)

Collaboration is the key to achieving successful outcomes that can be sustained.

Customize education to the needs of the community in question.

Identify ways or elements of a program that will encourage interest, engagement and

motivation of your community to learn about and prepare for the next tsunami.

TIPS: (p. 27)

A survey is a good way to gauge community knowledge and levels of preparedness. In doing

a survey, you may meet others that would like to collaborate with you on tsunami education

programs.

Learning through stories is an excellent way to get the community to identify with the

dangers of tsunami hazards and their relevance to the present.

[The fair logo was designed by Connections Public Charter School students, April 2008.]

(p. 37)

16

TIPS: (p. 37)

An event or competition is an excellent way to engage a community as a whole.

Collaborate with a school or community organization to host an event.

Do not be afraid to think outside the box!

At an event, always honor the host culture.

[T-Shirts designed by Connections’ students were worn by Partners and volunteers at the

fair]

(p. 37)

TIPS: (p. 45)

It is realistic to expect that any successful tsunami educational program will be achieved

through trial and error.

It is realistic to expect and understand that it takes time and ongoing effort for your

educational program to really have an impact on your community.

IV. Hawaii Blueprints Key Questions

Key Questions (p. 5)

What impacts have past tsunamis had on your community?

How do people in your community perceive the tsunami hazard?

17

Key Question (p. 13)

How can existing educational materials or projects be adapted to your community and

implemented effectively with the resources you have at hand?

Key Questions (p. 28)

How prepared is my community for the next tsunami?

How can I engage the community to prepare for the next tsunami event?

Key Question (p. 38)

How can each individual in this community and this community as a whole be self

sufficient before, during and after a tsunami?

Key Question (p. 46)

How can each individual in your community be safe and self sufficient before, during and

after a tsunami?”

V. TOPs Own Tips

TOPs Own Tips:

Be prepared.

Make your community aware of the risks of tsunamis.

Make schoolchildren your tsunami agents/explorers/messengers.

In case of emergency take your mobile with you.

Make sure to have independent power recharging sources such as solar panels for your

mobile. Mobile communication will possibly be the only communication after the disaster.

Prepare a disaster preparation kit.

Listen to warning messages and alerts.

Listen to your community leaders and emergency warnings.

Take warnings seriously.

18

D. Tsunami Awareness for Children

Tsunami awareness for children is an important point that should be addressed in school and

kinder gardens.

The concept of a tsunami and warning signs (retreating water) should be explained.

Children could also be asked to paint and draw this situation.

I. Teaching Concepts

Many tsunami teaching concepts for children have been developed already and presented

publicly: http://nthmp.tsunami.gov/documents/CompendiumTsunamiEd.pdf

II. Helpful Resources for Tsunami Awareness and Classroom Education and Excursions

a. Suitable Resources for Teachers, Adults and Families

Tsunami Brochure from the NOAA, URL:

http://www.stormready.noaa.gov/tsunamiready/resources/Tsmi_Brochure10.pdf

Website of the National Weather Service on Tsunamis, URL:

http://www.tsunamiready.noaa.gov/

The National Weather Service West Coast Warning Center (with up-to-date warning map),

URL: http://wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov/

The International Tsunami Information Center in Honolulu/Hawaii Brochure, URL:

http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/itic_brochure_oct041.pdf

The Hawaii Tsunami Hazard Information Centre in Honolulu/Hawaii Brochure, URL:

http://www.csc.noaa.gov/psc/pubs/Tsunami%20Service%20Brochure.pdf

National Weather Services Brochure: Tsunami, the great waves, URL:

http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/tsunami.htm

National Weather Service, JetStream, Online School for Weather, Tsunamis, URL:

http://www.srh.noaa.gov/srh/jetstream/tsunami/tsunami_intro.htm

Bureau of Metrology, Australia, Tsunami Awareness Brochure, URL:

http://www.em.gov.au/Documents/Tsunami%20Awareness%20Brochure%20%20-

%20PDF%20spread%20-%20FINAL.PDF

Queensland Government (Australia): Tsunami, URL:

http://www.emergency.qld.gov.au/emq/css/tsunami.asp

The Tsunami Project, URL: http://pages.vassar.edu/tsunamiproject/

19

b. Suitable Resources for Classroom Education of Children/Pupils

Worksheets from the Californian Geological Survey: URL: http://www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/geologic_hazards/Tsunami/Documents/CA_Tsun_CGS_lesson.pdf,

http://www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/geologic_hazards/Tsunami/Documents/CA_Tsun_CalEMA_lesson.pdf

and in particular the website on “my hazards”

Classroom Exercise in Math on Tsunamis, URL:

http://www.geo.utep.edu/pub/bkonter/education/Lab9_Tsunami_Classroom_Exercise.pdf

NOAA Education Resources on Tsunamis, URL:

http://www.education.noaa.gov/Ocean_and_Coasts/Tsunami.html

NOAA, Book chapter on Tsunamis (Authors unknown), URL:

http://www.oesd.noaa.gov/TERK/tsunami_ready_educationcd/emedia_chap4.pdf

Australia’s Department of Education’s Website on Tsunamis (with many helpful links), URL:

http://www.det.wa.edu.au/education/cmis/eval/curriculum/pathfinders/disasters/tsunamis

/

Virginia Institute of Marine Science: Tsunami, Wave of Destruction, URL:

http://www2.vims.edu/bridge/DATA.cfm?Bridge_Location=archive0105.html

Alaska Tsunami Education Program, suitable for different ages/grades: URL:

http://www.aktsunami.org/lessons/k4.html

http://www.aktsunami.org/lessons/58.html

http://www.aktsunami.org/lessons/912.html

Lesson Plan by Rachel Klein: LESSON PLAN: THE SCIENCE OF TSUNAMIS: SEEKING

UNDERSTANDING IN THE WAKE OF TRAGEDY, URL:

http://www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/teachers/lessonplans/science/tsunamis.html

The JASON-Project on Tsunami Wave Formation, URL:

http://www.jason.org/digital_library/6345/tsunami-wave-formation

Lesson Plan Tsunamis (Grade 6-8), URL:

http://www.discoveryeducation.com/teachers/free-lesson-plans/tsunami.cfm

Tsunami Strike!, Module form the University Corporation on Atmospheric Research, URL:

https://www.meted.ucar.edu/training_module.php?id=813 (registration mandatory)

International Tsunami Information Center/UNESCO, TsunamiTeacher (International), URL:

http://itic.ioc-unesco.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1441&Itemid=-

1075&lang=en

The Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (CDEMA): Teaching Resources on

Tsunamis including a Teacher Handbook, a Student Workbook, a Teacher Powerpoint

Presentation, etc., URL: http://weready.org/tsunami/index.php?option=com_content&-

view=article&id=11&Itemid=23

20

c. Tsunami Education Links

Australian Government: URL:

http://beachsafe.org.au/tsunami/

Alaska Tsunami Education Program, URL:

http://www.aktsunami.com/

Disastereducation.org, URL:

http://www.disastereducation.org/library/public_2004/Tsunamis.pdf

Hawaii Tsunami Education, URL:

http://discovertsunamis.org/

NOAA Tsunami Education, URL:

http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/education.html

Nelson, S. A.: Tulane University: Tsunamis, URL:

http://earthsci.org/education/teacher/basicgeol/tsumami/tsunami.html

All links were checked in November 2012.

21

E. Emergency Preparedness Kit

“Recommendations For Disaster Preparedness Kit

When preparing a disaster preparedness kit, first plan for the essentials for survival. Think

practical first, and think comfortable second. All essential needs should be able to fit in a 5

gallon bucket. Absolute necessities include food, water, and warmth.

Food

Foodstuffs should be high energy non-perishables and kept in sealed air-tight containers.

Made-ready meals and canned goods are excellent choices for emergency food sources. It is

safe to ration, the body can be maintained on half of your average caloric intake during an

emergency. Provisions should include enough food supplies to last five to seven days for

each family member.

Water

Water stored for drinking purposes should also be a supply sufficient to last three days for

each family member. Electrolyte-enhanced water and vitamins help to replace electrolytes

and the fluids lost, in order to prevent dehydration and seizures. Consider having an equal

amount of water handy on the side for sanitation purposes. Stored food and water should

be cycled out every six months.

Warmth

The body can only subsist in a short range of temperatures. Keep warm in cold temperatures

to prevent illness and hypothermia. Critical areas to keep dry and warm are the head, neck,

chest, feet, and groin. Athletic clothing offers moderate environmental insulation without

giving up the benefits of being easily attainable, affordable, lightweight, portable, and

breathable. Mylar is an excellent lightweight and portable material that offers better

thermal and environmental protection, but is not breathable and recommended for limited

use only.

Other Needs

After considering your most basic needs, consider additional necessities to include in your

emergency preparedness kit. When making additions to your family emergency kit, keep in

mind that it should be easily transportable, accessible, and close to an exit of the building.

Mobile emergency kits should be smaller, more personalized, and should be no bigger than a

backpack or fanny pack. While you can never be too ready or too prepared, you do not want

to over burden yourself when you need to be on the move. Consult with the checklists from

the FEMA Ready.gov and American Red Cross websites provided below to determine your

planning needs.“

URL: http://www.scd.hawaii.gov/dp_kit.html

Further Resources:

- Red Cross Emergency Kit, URL: http://www.scd.hawaii.gov/documents/red_cross_kit_-

checklist.pdf

- Ready.gov Emergency Checklist, URL: http://www.scd.hawaii.gov/documents/ready_-

checklist.pdf

22

F. Tsunami Preparedness

I. Basic Things to Do

o “Listen to local radio stations for official Civil Defense announcements and instructions.

o Evacuate if advised or ordered to do so.

o Listen for the "all clear" announcement before returning to the coastline.

o Leave telephone and communications lines open for emergencies.

o Stay away from the beach and the coastline.

II. Precautions

o Find out if you live, work, or go to school in an tsunami inundation zone.

o Know your elevation above sea level, as evacuation orders maybe based on these

numbers.

o Be familiar with tsunami warning signs (earthquakes and landslides).

o Have a chosen meeting location that is inland and elevated.

o Have an evacuation and disaster kit ready that includes a radio and batteries.“

URL: http://www.pdc.org/iweb/tsunami_preparedness.jsp?subg=1

Useful link:

Pacific Disaster Center, URL: http://www.pdc.org

Educators and Leaders may use the Tsunami Awareness Kit (TAK), see URL:

http://www.pdc.org/iweb/tsunami_kit.jsp?subg=1

23

III. Other Credentials

Small outlines help to sketch the main points:

Edu4hazards.org. How to survive a tsunami, URL: http://www.edu4hazards.org/tsuna-

mi.html.

24

G. Advice for a Local Approach

Set up a local process that is suitable, sustainable and tailored to the needs, demands and

resources of the coastal community in question:

Setting up a local TOP, based on the Hawaii Blueprint paper.

Performing a local approach:

Survey the area

Preassessment

Research what warning system is already in place. Factor that into the TOP resources and

development.

Find out what the citizens already know. How do they communicate? What is the best way

to get information out in the area, i.e. advertising? Radio? Television? Pamphlets?

Identify key community leaders (from all different areas, such as political office holders,

church leaders, other social leaders, etc.). Who are willig to work on the project and who

would know of funding, issues of sustainability, power sources, what already has been done.

Identify the schools and interview the key principal stakeholders in the school, such as the

principal, teachers, parents, etc. Who would be involved with the children?

Identify the mobile and energy sources available, especially emergency resources for after

the tsunami. Make sure to have sustainable energy sources available such as solar power or

wind power.

25

H. Conclusion

Make sure your community, your people and their children are aware of:

- Tsunami escape routes (care for maps either on paper or online),

- Tsunami alert messages over the radio,

- Tsunami alert messages send by twitter,

- Prepare sustainable power sources for your mobile devices,

- The tsunami history of your region should be researched and considered,

- Tsunami alerts issued by reliable sources such as NOAA (US) or JMA (JP).

- Make school children tsunami experts, explorers and messengers;

About the usage of theses Global Tsunami Blueprints:

- Make this information available to your community. Either directly in English, or translate

it when adequate.

- Knowledge on tsunamis and their warning signs are rescuing lives during the next tsunami

events.

- Make the danger of tsunamis a common knowledge to your community – in schools but

also in everyday live.

- Make your community tsunami emergency and escape plans publicly available and known.

- Make emergency trainings with your community and schools.

- Create tsunami emergency and escape routes on traditional maps or in the internet.

- Knowledge on tsunamis and their warning signs are rescuing lives during the next tsunami

events.

- Rely on tsunami warnings from serious agencies such as JMA (Japanese Metrological

Agency).

- Build tsunami shelters where appropriate.

- Make school children tsunami awareness mangers, tsunami explorers and tsunami

messengers.

26

Tsunami References

Books for Adults

Ayre, Robert S., Dennis S. Mileti, and Patricia B. Trainer. 1975. Dimensions of the Tsunami

Hazard in the United States, in Earthquake and Tsunami Hazards in the United States: A

Research Assessment, Monograph No. NSF-RA-E-75-005, University of Colorado, Boulder, p.

93-150.

Bernard, Eddie N. 1991. Tsunami hazard: A practical guide for tsunami hazard reduction.

Selected papers from the 14th International Tsunami Symposium. Kluwer Academic, Boston.

326 pp.

Bernard, Eddie N. 1984. Proceedings, Tsunami Symposium, Hamburg, General Republic of

Germany. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Seattle. 273 pp.

Center for Oral History, University of Hawai'i at Manoa. 2000. TSUNAMIS REMEMBERED:

Oral Histories of Survivors and Observers in Hawai'i. Social Science Research Institute,

Honolulu. Vol 1, 494 pp.

Center for Oral History, University of Hawai'i at Manoa. 2000. TSUNAMIS REMEMBERED:

Oral Histories of Survivors and Observers in Hawai'i. Social Science Research Institute,

Honolulu. Vol 2, 495-980 pp.

Cox, Doak C. 1987. Tsunami Casualties and Mortality in Hawaii, Joint Institute for Marine

Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. 120 pp.

Dall, W. H. 1870. United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Pacific Coast Pilot, Part I. p. 202-

204.

De Rycke, Richard J. 1985. Tsunamis in United States Earthquakes,Carl Stover, editor, United

States Geological Survey Bulletin 1655, 141 pp.

Dudley, Walter C. and Min Lee. 1998. Tsunami! [Second Edition]. University of Hawaii Press,

Honolulu. 362 pp.

Dudley, Walter C. and Scott C. Stone. 2000. The Tsunami of 1946 and 1960 and the

Devastation of Hilo Town. Donning Company Publisher, VA. 64 pp.

Fradin, Judith B. and Brindell, Dennis . 2008. Witness to Disaster: Tsunamis. Witness to

Disaster. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society.

Hebenstreit, G.T. and R.O. Reid. 1980. Tsunami Response of the Hawaiian Islands, Reference

80-2-T, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 289 pp.

Iida, Kumizi, Doak C. Cox, and George Pararas-Carayannis. 1967. Preliminary catalog of

tsunamis occurring in the Pacific Ocean. University of Hawaii., Honolulu. 274 pp.

27

Kono, Juliet S. 1995. Tsunami Years. Bamboo Ridge Press, Honolulu. 173 pp.

Lander, James F. 1989. United States Tsunamis. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Boulder. 265 pp.

Myles, Douglas. 1985. The Great Waves. McGraw-Hill, New York. 206 pp.

Pararas-Carayannis, George. 1969. Catalog of Tsunamis in the Hawaiian Islands. World Data

Center A. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Coast and Geodetic Survey., 94 pp.

Preisendorfer, Rudolph W. 1971. Recent Tsunami theory. HIG-71-15. Hawaii Institute of

Geophysics, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, 55 pp.

Roberts, Elliot B. 1961. History of Tsunamis in Smithsonian Report for 1960, Publication

4442, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., p. 327-340.

Robinson , Andrew. 1993. Earth shock: Hurricanes, Volcanoes, Earthquakes, Tornadoes and

Other Forces of Nature. Thames and Hudson, New York. 304 pp.

Soloviev, S. L., and Ch. N. Go. 1974. A Catalogue of Tsunamis on the Western Shore of the

Pacific Ocean (173-1968). Nauka Publishing House, Moscow, USSR. 310 pp.

Soloviev, S. L., and Ch. N. Go. 1975. A Catalogue of Tsunamis on the Eastern Shore of the

Pacific Ocean (1513-1968). Nauka Publishing House, Moscow, USSR. 204 pp.

Tinti, Stefano. 1993. Tsunamis in the World, Fifteenth International Tsunami Symposium,

1991. Kluwer Academic, Boston. 228 pp.

Walker, Daniel A. 1994. Tsunami Facts. School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology,

University of Hawaii, Honolulu. 93 pp.

Young Children, Juveniles

Bonar, Samantha. 2002. Tsunamis- Natural Disaster Series. Capstone Press, Mankato. 48

pp.

Buck, Pearl S. 1976. The Big Wave. HarperCollins Publishers, New York. 57 pp.

Drohan, Michele Ingber. 1999. Tsunamis: Killer Waves. Natural Disasters. PowerKids Press,

New York.

Edu4hazards.org. unknown. How to survive a tsunami,

URL: http://www.edu4hazards.org/tsunami.html.

Fredericks, Anthony. 2002. Tsunami Man - Learning about Killer Waves with Walter

Dudley. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. 79 pp.

Salisbury, Graham. 2007. Night of the Howling Dogs Wendy Lamb Books, New York. 191 pp.

28

Sorenson, Margo. 1997. TSUNAMI! DEATH WAVE Perfection Learning, Iowa. 56pp.

Thompson, Luke.. 2000. Tsunamis. Natural Disasters. Children's Press, New York.

Wade, Mary. 2002. TSUNAMI Monster Waves. Enslow Publishers, Inc., NJ. 48pp.

Scientific Publications & Technical Reports

(Science of Tsunami Hazards, the International Journal of the Tsunami Society, is published

every year by the Tsunami Society, Honolulu.)

Abe K. 1995. Estimate of Tsunami Run-up Heights from Earthquake Magnitudes. ISBN 978-0-

7923-3483-5

Adams, William. 1970. Tsunamis of the Pacific, proceedings of the International Symposium

on Tsunamis and Tsunami Research 1969. East-West center Press, Honolulu. 513 pp.

Alexandra, Kylie, Cain, Genevieve and Iwasaki, Patsy. 2009. Tsunami Education: A Blueprint

for Coastal Communites. Pacific Tsunami Museum, URL: http://tsunami.org/outreach1.html.

Berg, Eduard. 1970. Field survey of the Tsunamis of 28 March 1964 in Alaska, and

conclusions as to the origin of the major Tsunami. HIG-70-2, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics,

University of Hawaii, Honolulu. 54 pp.

Bormann, Peter (2008): Tsunami Information Sheet, Version 01/08,

URL: http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/portal/gfz/Public+Relations/M30-Infomaterial/Druck-

schriften/GFZ-PR-Infoblatt-Tsunami-en.pdf

Chanson, H. 2010. Tsunami Warning Signs on the Enshu Coast of Japan. Shore & Beach, Vol.

78, No. 1, pp. 52–54. ISSN 4237 0037 4237

Cox, Doak C. 1947. Variation of Intensity of the 1946 Tsunami on Hawaiian Shores, Proc.

Hawaiian Acad. Sci., 22: 8.

Cox, Doak C. 1961. Status of Tsunami Knowledge. Hawaii Institute of Geophysics.

Contribution no. 46: 1-6.

Cox, Doak C. 1964. Tsunami Research in Japan and the United States. Hawaii Institute of

Geophysics. Contribution no. 64: 403-412.

Cox, Doak C. 1980. Source of the Tsunami associated with the Kalapana (Hawaii) Earthquake

of November 1975, HIG-80-8, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, 46 pp.

Cox, Doak C. 1984. Probable Central Aleutian source of the Tsunami Observed in August

1872 in Hawaii, Oregon, and California. Science of Tsunami Hazards, The International

Journal of the Tsunami Society, Honolulu, Hawaii. 2(2): 79-94.

29

Cox, Doak C. 1991. Local tsunamis in Hawaii-implications for warning. Joint Institute of

Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Contribution no. 91-237:

17-18

Cox, Doak C. and Joseph Morgan. 1977. Local Tsunamis and Possible Local Tsunamis in

Hawaii. HIG-77-14. Hawaii Institute of Geophysics. 118 pp.

Cox, Doak C. and George Pararas-Carayannis. 1976. Catalog of Tsunamis in Alaska. SE-1. U.S.

Dept of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 43 pp.

Fraser, G.D., J.P. Eaton, and C.K. Wentworth. 1959. The Tsunami of March 9, 1957, on the

Island of Hawaii. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 49: 79-90.

Green, C.K. 1946. Seismic Sea Wave of April 1, 1946, as Recorded on Tide Gages,

Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 2: 1366-1368.

Haugen K, Løvholt F, Harbitz C, K, Lovholt, F, Harbitz, C (2005). Fundamental mechanisms for

tsunami generation by submarine mass flows in idealised geometries. Marine and Petroleum

Geology 22 (1–2): 209–217. doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2004.10.016

Heaton, Thomas H. and Parke D. Snavely, Jr. 1985. Possible Tsunami Along the Northwestern

Coast of the United States Inferred from Indian Traditions, Bulletin of the Seismological

Society of America, 75(5): 1455-1460.

Hirst, Tony. 2013. Emergency news - A changing communications landscape. The Open

University, URL: http://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/computing-

and-ict/information-and-communication-technologies/emergency-news-changing-

communications-landscape

Iwan, W.D., (ed.). 2006, Summary report of the Great Sumatra Earthquakes and Indian

Ocean tsunamis of December 26, 2004 and March 28, 2005: Earthquake Engineering

Research Institute, EERI Publication #2006-06, 11 chapters, 100 page summary, plus CD-ROM

with complete text and supplementary photographs, EERI Report 2006-06. ISBN 1-932884-

19-X

Jaggar, T.A. 1946. The Great Tidal Wave of 1946, Natural History, 55(6): 263-268.

Keulegan, G. H. 1965. A Review of the Experimental Data Relative to the Pilot Model Study

for the Design of Hilo Harbor Tsunami Model. U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station,

Vicksberg. 33 pp.

Keys, J.G. 1963. The Tsunami of 22 May 1960 in the Samoa and Cook Islands, Bulletin of the

Seismological Society of America, 53(6): 221-227.

Loomis, Harold G. 1975. The Tsunami of November 29, 1975 in Hawaii, HIG-72-21, Hawaii

Institute of Geophysics, 29 pp.

30

Loomis, Harold G. 1976. Tsunami Wave Runup Heights in Hawaii, HIG-76-5, Hawaii Institute

of Geophysics, 95 pp.

Macdonald, G.A., F.P. Shepard, and D.C. Cox. 1947. The Tsunami of April 1, 1946 in the

Hawaiian Islands, Pacific Science, 1: 21-37.

Macdonald, G.A., and C.K. Wentworth. 1954. The Tsunami of November 4, 1952, on the

Island of Hawaii, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 44: 463-469.

Margaritondo, G. 2005. Explaining the physics of tsunamis to undergraduate and non-physics

students. European Journal of Physics 26 (3).

McFadgen, Bruce. 2007. Hostil Shores: Catastrophic Events in Prehistoric New Zealand and

Their Impact on Maori Coastal Communities, Auckland University Press, NZ, 298 pp.

Miller, Don J. 1960. Giant Waves in Lituya Bay, Alaska, United States Geological Survey

Professional Paper 354-C, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 83

pp.

Monserrat, S., Vilibíc I. and Rabinovich A.B, (2006). Meteotsunamis: atmospherically induced

destructive ocean waves in the tsunami frequency band. Natural Hazards and Earth System

Sciences 6 (6): 1035–1051. doi:10.5194/nhess-6-1035-2006

Moore, J. G. and G. W. Moore. 1984. Deposit from a Giant Wave on the Island of Lanai,

Hawaii. Science. 226: 1312-1315.

Moore, Linda K. 2013. The First Responder Network and Next-Generation Communications

for Public Safety: Issues for Congress. US Congressional Research Service, URL:

http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/homesec/R42543.pdf

Olsen, Kenneth H., John N. Stewart, James E. McNeil, and Martin Velousek. 1972. Long-

Period Water-Wave Measurements for the Milrow and Cannikin Nuclear Explosions, Bulletin

of the Seismological Society of America, 62(6): 1559-1578.

Preston, Jennifer and Stelter, Brian. 2012. How Government Officials are using Twitter for

Hurricane Sandy. The New York Times. URL: http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/11/02/-

how-government-officials-used-twitter-for-hurricane-sandy/

Seismological Bulletin (U.S.C. & G.S.) 1957. March MSI-195: 2.

Shepard, F.P., G.A. Macdonald ,and D.C. Cox. 1950. Tsunami of April 1, 1946, Bull. Scripps

Inst. Oceanog., 5: 391-528.

Symons, J.M. and B.D. Zetler. 1960. The Tsunami of May 22, 1960 as Recorded at Tide

Station, Preliminary Report, United States Department of Commerce, Coast and Geodetic

Survey, Washington D.C., 29 pp.

31

Takahashi, Makoto, Tanaka, Shigeyoshi, Fumiaki, Kimata, Nakaseko, Tsugio and Suhirman.

2008. Proposing the Community-Based Tsunami Warning System, International Conference

on Tsunami Warning (ICTW) Bali, Indonesia, November 12-14, 2008.

Tappin, D. 2001. Local tsunamis. Geoscientist. 11–8, 4–7.

Telford, John/Cosgrave, John (2006): Joint Evaluation of the International Response to the

Indian Ocean Tsunami. Synthesis Report. URL: http://www.sida.se/publications and URL:

http://www.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/joint_evaluation_of_the_international_resp

onse_to_the_indian_ocean_tsunami.pdf

Telford, John/Cosgrave, John (2007): The international humanitarian system and the 2004

Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunamis. Disaster 2007, 31(1): 1−28. URL: http://online-

library.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2007.00337.x/pdf

Tilling, R.I., R.Y. Koyanagi, P.W. Lipman, J.P. Lockwood, J.G. Moore, and D.A. Swanson. 1976.

Earthquake and Related Catastrophic Events, Island of Hawaii, November 29, 1975: a

Preliminary Report, United States Geological Survey Circular 740, 33 pp.-

UNESCO (1999): Disaster Planning: prevention, preparedness, response, recovery, URL:

http://webworld.unesco.org/safeguarding/en/pdf/txt_sini.pdf

UNESCO (2007a): Natural Disaster Preparedness and Education for Sustainable Develop-

ment. URL: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001504/150454e.pdf

UNESCO (2007b): Disaster Preparedness and Mitigation, UNESCO’s Role. URL: http://unes-

doc.unesco.org/images/0015/001504/150435e.pdf

UNESCO (2008): Tsunami – Great Waves. URL: http://www.pdc.org/TAK/General/Character-

istics/Great_Waves_2008_edition.pdf

Voit, S.S (1987). Tsunamis. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 19 (1): 217–236. Bibcode

1987AnRFM..19..217V. doi:10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.001245.

Weller, J.M. 1972. Human Response to Tsunami Warnings, The Great Alaska Earthquake of

1964, Human Ecology, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., p. 222-227.

Zerbe, W.B. 1953. Tsunami of November 4, 1952, as Recorded at Tide Station, U.S.C. & G.S.

Spec. Publ., 300: 1-62.

Tsunami Hazard Prevention Materials/Brochures

Stormready campaign of the NOAA, URL:

http://www.stormready.noaa.gov/tsunamiready/resources/Tsmi_Brochure10.pdf

National Weather Service on Tsunamis, URL: http://www.tsunamiready.noaa.gov/

32

The National Weather Service West Coast Warning Center (with up-to-date warning map),

URL: http://wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov/

The International Tsunami Information Center in Honolulu/Hawaii Brochure, URL:

http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/itic_brochure_oct041.pdf

The Hawaii Tsunami Hazard Information Centre in Honolulu/Hawaii Brochure, URL:

http://www.csc.noaa.gov/psc/pubs/Tsunami%20Service%20Brochure.pdf

National Weather Services Brochure: Tsunami, the great waves, URL:

http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/tsunami.htm

National Weather Service, JetStream, Online School for Weather, Tsunamis, URL:

http://www.srh.noaa.gov/srh/jetstream/tsunami/tsunami_intro.htm

Bureau of Metrology, Australia, Tsunami Awareness Brochure, URL:

http://www.em.gov.au/Documents/Tsunami%20Awareness%20Brochure%20%20-

%20PDF%20spread%20-%20FINAL.PDF

Queensland Government (Australia): Tsunami, URL:

http://www.emergency.qld.gov.au/emq/css/tsunami.asp

NOAA Press Release as of 5-Apr-2012: New online portal, app provide information on

tsunami zones in the Northwest. Potential lifesaving application. URL:

http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-04/nh-nop040512.php

All links were checked in November 2012.

Multimedia

A&E Television Networks. 1999. Wrath of God: Tsunami- Killer Wave [video]. 50 min.

BBC, Horizon. 2000. Mega-Tsunami- Wave of Destruction [video].

Discovery Channel, Pioneer Productions. 2000. StormForce: Series II TSUNAMI [video]. 50

min.

National Geographic. 1997. Killer Wave: Power of the Tsunami [video]. 60 min.

NHK-Japan TV 1993. Sea of Japan tsunami [videorecording]; Hokkaido Nansei-Oki

Earthquake and Tsunami. 102 min.

Weather Channel, Towers Productions. 2001. Atmospheres 45: Weatherquest [video]. 60

min.

33

Internet videos (Youtube.com, etc.)

National Geographic Society, Tsunami 101 URL:

http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/environment/environment-natural-disasters/-

tsunamis/tsunami-101/

United States Geological Survey, 6 Videos on Tsunamis, URL:

http://education.usgs.gov/videos.html#tsunamis

Kids Education – animated video on youtube about: Tsunamis: Know What To Do!, URL:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UzR0Rt3i4kc

Many more tsunami links on URL: http://www.youtube.com � Tsunami

All links were checked in November 2012.

Maps

Curtis, George D. 1991. Hawaii Tsunami Inundation/Evacuation Map Project: Final Report.

Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, UH-NOAA.

Hawaii Institute of Geophysics 1963. Tsunami inundation and runup in Hilo, 1946-1960.

Lockridge, Patricia A. Tsunamis in the Pacific Basin, 1900-1983. National Geophysics Data

Center.

General References/Links

http://tsunami.org

http://tsunami.org/references.html

http://www.edu4hazards.org/tsunami.html

http://www.noaawatch.gov/themes/tsunami.php

http://ptwc.weather.gov/

http://www.pdc.org/iweb/pdchome.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami

http://google.org/personfinder/global/home.html

http://nthmp.tsunami.gov/documents/CompendiumTsunamiEd.pdf

http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/brochures/tsunami.htm

34

http://www.tsunami.gov

http://www.tsunamiready.noaa.gov/

http://www.redcross.org/prepare/disaster/tsunami

http://www.prh.noaa.gov/hnl/pages/tsunami_safety.php

http://www.scd.hawaii.gov/dp_kit.html

http://www.scd.hawaii.gov/documents/red_cross_kit_checklist.pdf

http://www.scd.hawaii.gov/documents/ready_checklist.pdf

http://www.pdc.org

http://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/

http://hisz.rsoe.hu/alertmap/index2.php

http://www.ioos.gov

http://www.nanoos.org/

http://nvs.nanoos.org/tsunami

http://www.ncdp.mailman.columbia.edu/boston.html

Tsunami Education Links

Australian Government, URL: http://beachsafe.org.au/tsunami/

Alaska Tsunami Education Program, URL: http://www.aktsunami.com/

Disastereducation.org, URL:

http://www.disastereducation.org/library/public_2004/Tsunamis.pdf

Hawaii Tsunami Education, URL: http://discovertsunamis.org/

NOAA Tsunami Education, URL: http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/education.html

Nelson, S. A.: Tulane University: Tsunamis, URL:

http://earthsci.org/education/teacher/basicgeol/tsumami/tsunami.html

35

Free Emergency Preparedness Mobile Apps

FEMA app, URL: http://www.fema.gov/smartphone-app

iMPrepared, URL: https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/imprepared/id396912356?mt=8

Red Cross Shelters, URL: http://www.redcross.org/mobile-apps/shelter-finder-app

NOAA Now, URL: https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/noaa-now/id425914352?mt=8

ubAlert, URL: http://www.ubalert.com/

Flashlight, URL: https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/flashlight./id285281827?mt=8

Tsunami Evacuation NW,

URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.nanoos.tsunami&hl=en (Android) or

URL: http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/tsunamievac-nw/id478984841?mt=8 (iPhone)

All links were checked in April 2013.