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Topic 1: Introduction to communication networks E&CE 418

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Page 1: Topic 1: Introduction to communication networksbbcr.uwaterloo.ca/~lcai/ece418/Topic 1-1.pdf · – Wireline network: guided media such as ... – Wireless network: unguided media

Topic 1: Introduction to communication networks

E&CE418

Page 2: Topic 1: Introduction to communication networksbbcr.uwaterloo.ca/~lcai/ece418/Topic 1-1.pdf · – Wireline network: guided media such as ... – Wireless network: unguided media

1  Communication network

• 1.1 Definitions– Telecommunications

• The conveyance of information by means of electrical signals

– What are the network components? • Links: guided media and unguided media

• Nodes: terminal or intermediate entities– Communication Network

• A set of nodes that are interconnected to permit the exchange of information

2

Page 3: Topic 1: Introduction to communication networksbbcr.uwaterloo.ca/~lcai/ece418/Topic 1-1.pdf · – Wireline network: guided media such as ... – Wireless network: unguided media

• What is a protocol?– A set of rules that nodes in a telecommunication connection use when they communicate

– Define the format  and the order of messages exchanged between two or more entities, and actions taken on the transmission/receipt of a message 

Communication network ‐> understand what, why, and how of networking protocols

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All communication activities in a network are governed by protocols

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1‐4

Examplea human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi

HiGot thetime?

2:00

connectionrequest

connectionresponseGet http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross

<file>

time

Any other human protocol?

Page 5: Topic 1: Introduction to communication networksbbcr.uwaterloo.ca/~lcai/ece418/Topic 1-1.pdf · – Wireline network: guided media such as ... – Wireless network: unguided media

1.2 Classifications of communication networks

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• Network scale or scope

Distance Location Network Abbre.

<2m Body area network BAN

<10m Room  Personal area network PAN

10‐100m(1km) Building Local area network LAN

1‐10km city Metropolitan area network MAN

100‐100km country Wide area network WAN

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• Characteristics of the channel (media)– Wireline network: guided media such as fiber optics, copper wires, twister‐pair cable, coaxial cable, etc. 

– Wireless network: unguided media like radio link

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Page 7: Topic 1: Introduction to communication networksbbcr.uwaterloo.ca/~lcai/ece418/Topic 1-1.pdf · – Wireline network: guided media such as ... – Wireless network: unguided media

Internet: a network of communication networks

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Page 8: Topic 1: Introduction to communication networksbbcr.uwaterloo.ca/~lcai/ece418/Topic 1-1.pdf · – Wireline network: guided media such as ... – Wireless network: unguided media

Intelligent home network

• Entertainment/gaming

• Home control–Motion sensor/alarm

–Housework– Light system–Gardening, etc.

• Home office/webpad

• etc.

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Intelligent transportation systems

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• Traffic monitoring– Accident, incidents, 

construction work, etc.

• Objectives:– Improved safety to drivers

– Improved traffic efficiency 

– Reduced traffic congestion

– etc.

Page 11: Topic 1: Introduction to communication networksbbcr.uwaterloo.ca/~lcai/ece418/Topic 1-1.pdf · – Wireline network: guided media such as ... – Wireless network: unguided media

Challenges and opportunities:

• A large number of users 

• Emerging broadband multimedia services with various QoS requirements

• Heterogeneous networks interworking, etc.

To design and implement a communication network to meet the ever‐increasing user demands is critical and challenging

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Page 12: Topic 1: Introduction to communication networksbbcr.uwaterloo.ca/~lcai/ece418/Topic 1-1.pdf · – Wireline network: guided media such as ... – Wireless network: unguided media

1.2 Classification (Cont’d)

• Type of switch– Circuit switching

– Packet switching

– Virtual circuit switching

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Page 13: Topic 1: Introduction to communication networksbbcr.uwaterloo.ca/~lcai/ece418/Topic 1-1.pdf · – Wireline network: guided media such as ... – Wireless network: unguided media

Circuit Switching

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A

R1

R3R2

R4

B

Internet

‐A path from source to destination is established before a message is transmitted‐All links along the path between the source and destination are used during the entire transfer‐Data are transmitted along the dedicated path as rapidly as possible

Example: Traditional telephone

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Circuit Switching

network resources (e.g., bandwidth) divided into “pieces”

• pieces allocated to calls

• resource piece idle if not used by owning call (no sharing)

dividing link bandwidth into “pieces”

frequency division

time division

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Circuit Switching: FDM and TDM

FDM

frequency

time

TDM

frequency

time

4 users

Example:

Page 16: Topic 1: Introduction to communication networksbbcr.uwaterloo.ca/~lcai/ece418/Topic 1-1.pdf · – Wireline network: guided media such as ... – Wireless network: unguided media

Packet SwitchingA

R1

R3R2

R4

B

Example: Internet

A message is segmented into packets.Packets are then transmitted without prior reservation of link capacity.When a packet is received at a switch, it is inspected to determine the appropriate output link and transmitted when the output link is available. A packet switching network is also called store and forward network.

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Page 17: Topic 1: Introduction to communication networksbbcr.uwaterloo.ca/~lcai/ece418/Topic 1-1.pdf · – Wireline network: guided media such as ... – Wireless network: unguided media

Introduction 1‐17

Packet Switching: Statistical Multiplexing

Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern, shared on demand   statistical multiplexing.

10 Mb/sEthernet

1.5 Mb/s

statistical multiplexing

queue of packetswaiting for output

link

A

B

D E

C

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Virtual Circuit Switching

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• Hybrid of packet and circuit switching networks– A message is broken into smaller fixed unit

– All packets that belong to the given message all follow the same path

– The resource of the path can be shared by other flows

• Example: ATM‐asynchronous Transfer Mode

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Network Taxonomy

Communicationnetworks

Circuit‐switchednetworks

FDM TDM

Packet‐switchednetworks

Networkswithout VCs

Networks with VC

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Comparison 

Circuit Switching Packet Switching

Dedicated path Yes * No

Bandwidth available Fixed Dynamic *

Potentially wasted Yes No *

Store and forward No Yes *

Call setup Required * Not needed

charging Per unit time * Per packet

Each packet follows the same route

Yes * No

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* Characteristics for virtual circuit‐switched networks

Page 21: Topic 1: Introduction to communication networksbbcr.uwaterloo.ca/~lcai/ece418/Topic 1-1.pdf · – Wireline network: guided media such as ... – Wireless network: unguided media

1.3 Benefits

• Resource sharing

• High reliability

• Access to remote information

• Person to person communication

• Interactive entertainment

• Others ...