topic 3.6 enzymes. define enzyme and active site enzyme – protein catalysts that speed up the...

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Topic 3.6 Enzymes

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Page 1: Topic 3.6 Enzymes. Define enzyme and active site  Enzyme – protein catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions  Active Site - part of an

Topic 3.6 Enzymes

Page 2: Topic 3.6 Enzymes. Define enzyme and active site  Enzyme – protein catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions  Active Site - part of an

Define enzyme and active site Enzyme – protein catalysts that speed up the

rate of chemical reactions Active Site - part of an enzyme where

substrates bind and undergo a chemical reaction

Page 3: Topic 3.6 Enzymes. Define enzyme and active site  Enzyme – protein catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions  Active Site - part of an

EXPLAIN the effects of temperature, pH and substrate concentration on enzyme activity

Page 4: Topic 3.6 Enzymes. Define enzyme and active site  Enzyme – protein catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions  Active Site - part of an

Define denaturation a process in which proteins or nucleic acids

lose the tertiary structure and secondary structure which is present in their normal state, by application of some external stress or compound such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, or heat.

Loss of structure = loss of function

Page 5: Topic 3.6 Enzymes. Define enzyme and active site  Enzyme – protein catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions  Active Site - part of an

Introducing Enzymes They are catalysts so the make reactions easier

This increases productivity and yield Globular proteins As catalysts they are not consumed by the reaction

The may be used over and over again Enzymes show specificity to the reaction they

control Enzymes are sensitive to their environment so they

can be controlled by adjusting the temperature, the pH or the substrate concentration

Page 6: Topic 3.6 Enzymes. Define enzyme and active site  Enzyme – protein catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions  Active Site - part of an

Enzyme-Substrate Specificity

Page 7: Topic 3.6 Enzymes. Define enzyme and active site  Enzyme – protein catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions  Active Site - part of an
Page 8: Topic 3.6 Enzymes. Define enzyme and active site  Enzyme – protein catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions  Active Site - part of an

Enzymes have been used in biotechnology for millennia

http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/bread.htm

Page 9: Topic 3.6 Enzymes. Define enzyme and active site  Enzyme – protein catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions  Active Site - part of an

Lactase Lactase is used to remove the sugar lactose

from milk and other dairy products

Page 10: Topic 3.6 Enzymes. Define enzyme and active site  Enzyme – protein catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions  Active Site - part of an

Lactose intolerance Some people are intolerant of lactose in milk they

cannot digest it The lactose remains in the digestive system and is

fermented by bacteria The result is nausea, cramps, bloating, gas, and

diarrhea occurring within 4h of consuming milk products

The treatment includes taking a tablet of lactase enzyme with a meal

The lactase digests the lactose in the food A special lactose free diet may be necessary

Page 11: Topic 3.6 Enzymes. Define enzyme and active site  Enzyme – protein catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions  Active Site - part of an

Source

Lactase enzyme (-galactosidase) is extracted from fungi such as Aspergillus oryzae

http://www.biologie.uni-regensburg.de/

http://biotech.nikkeibp.co.jp/MUSEUM/3.html

Page 12: Topic 3.6 Enzymes. Define enzyme and active site  Enzyme – protein catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions  Active Site - part of an

ReactionSubstrate: Lactose

Lactose + H2O-galactosidase

Glucose + Galactose

This is a hydrolysis reaction

Page 13: Topic 3.6 Enzymes. Define enzyme and active site  Enzyme – protein catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions  Active Site - part of an

Advantages Lactose intolerant patients can

digest their food Lactose free products can be

prepared for special diets Lactase is used to hydrolyse

lactose in ice cream into glucose and galactose to give it a sweeter flavour

Stoney Creek Dairy