topic 5 – pollution management
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Topic 5 – Pollution Management. Topic 5.1 – Nature of Pollution. Pollution. The contamination of the Earth and atmosphere to such an extent that normal environmental processes are adversely affected. Can be natural/human caused Can be deliberate/accidental. Pollution. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Topic 5 – Pollution ManagementTopic 5.1 – Nature of Pollution
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PollutionThe contamination of the Earth and atmosphere to such an extent that normal environmental processes are adversely affected.Can be natural/human causedCan be deliberate/accidental
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PollutionCan be matter (solid, liquid, gas) or energy (noise, light, heat)
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Major Pollution Sources: Combustion of Fossil
FuelsCarbon DioxideGreenhouse gas
Sulfur DioxideAcid deposition (tree/fish death)
Photochemical SmogRespiratory problems
Carbon MonoxideBinds hemoglobin, can cause death
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Major Pollution Sources: Domestic Waste
Organic Waste (food/sewage)
EutrophicationFills landfills
Waste Paper/Plastics/Glass/Metals
Fills landfillsReduces natural resources Energy used to produce causes pollution
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Major Pollution Sources: Industrial Waste
Heavy MetalsPoisoning
FluoridesPoisoning
HeatReduces dissolved oxygen
LeadDisabilities in children
AcidsCorrosive
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Major Pollution Sources: Agricultural Waste
NitratesEutrophication
Organic WasteEutrophication
PesticidesAccumulate up food chains
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Point Source PollutionPollution released from a single, identifiable source.Examples:
A factory smokestack or exhaust pipeA sewage pipeA specific incidentA very bright light
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Non-point Source Pollution
Release of pollutants from dispersed originsExamples:
Agricultural runoffVehicle exhaustUrban runoff
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Topic 5 – Pollution ManagementTopic 5.2 – Detection and Monitoring of Pollution
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Pollution MonitoringBiochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
A measure of the amount of oxygen required by micro-organisms to break down the organic material in water
Source of Pollutant BOD (mg DO)
Unpolluted River 0-5
Treated Sewage 20-60
Raw Sewage 350
Cattle Manure 10,000
Paper Pulp Mill 25,000
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Pollution MonitoringIndicator Species
Organisms that show something about the environment by their presence, absence, or abundance.
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Topic 5 – Pollution ManagementTopic 5.3 – Approaches to Pollution Management
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Pollution Management Srategies
Replace-Regulate-Restore
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Pollution Management Strategies
ReplaceDevelop alternate technologiesAdopt alternate lifestyles
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Pollution Management Strategies
RegulateSetting and imposing standardsIntroducing measures for extracting the pollutant from waste
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Pollution Management Strategies
RestoreExtracting and removing pollutant from ecosystemReplanting and restocking with plant/animal populations
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Topic 5 – Pollution ManagementTopic 5.4 - Eutrophication
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EutrophicationThe addition of excess nutrients to a water ecosystem, causing algae to bloomUsually nitrates and phosphates
DetergentsFertilizersLivestock drainageSewage
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Eutrophication Process1. Fertilizers wash into
lake2. Algae bloom, light to
plants decreases, plants die
3. More algae=more zooplankton=more small fish
4. Algae die and are decomposed by bacteria, oxygen level goes down, everything dies
5. Turbidity increases
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Eutrophication Management
ReplaceStop/change fertilizers/wastePlant buffer zones
RegulateLimit pollutants
RestorePump air through lakeDredge lake bottomRemove algae physically or by algicidesReintroduce species
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Topic 5 – Pollution ManagementTopic 5.5 – Solid Domestic Waste
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Types of Solid Domestic Waste
Garden Waste/Kitchen WasteGlass, wood, metal, plasticsPaperTextilesDiapers
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Solutions to WasteLandfill
Compost
Recycle (or Reuse)
Incineration
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Topic 5 – Pollution ManagementTopic 5.6 – Depletion of Stratospheric Ozone
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Atmosphere StructureMain Components:
Nitrogen (78%)Oxygen (20%)Argon (1%)CO2 (.038%)
Temperature and pressure vary with altitude
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Ozone LayerOzone (O3) is more concentrated in the low stratosphere (12-20mi)O3 absorbs UV radiation in a process that converts O2to O3 and back
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UV Radiation (UV-B)Causes eye damage, cataracts, sunburn, and skin cancer in humans (and some animals)Can damage plants and phytoplankton
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Ozone Depleting Substances
CFCsRefrigerants1987 Montreal Protocol called for a sharp reduction in CFCs and other Ozone Depleting Substances
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Topic 5 – Pollution ManagementTopic 5.7 –Urban Air Pollution
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Tropospheric OzoneOzone is a pollutant in the troposphere and causes eye/lung problemsPollution from burning fossil fuels can react with sunlight to form ozone (O3)
NOx
HydrocarbonsVOCs
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Photochemical SmogVOCs, Hydrocarbons, Nitrogen Oxides react to form ozone and brown gas.Happens primarily in warm dry places, can by compounded by surrounding mountains
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Topic 5 – Pollution ManagementTopic 5.8 –Acid Deposition
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EmissionsSulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxides are emitted from industry, vehicles, urban areas, livestock, and natural causesThey fall to the ground as dry deposition or wet deposition
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Wet Deposition (Acid Rain)
SO2 and Nox form H2SO4 and HNO3 in the atmosphere and fall to the ground as precipitation
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Effects of Acid RainAcidified LakesAcidified SoilRelease of heavy metalsTrees and forests
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Management of Acid Rain
Prevention/Reduction of pollutionSoil/Water conditioners