topic 6 primary sector
TRANSCRIPT
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THE PRIMARY SECTOR
UNIT 6
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VOCABULARY
• Polyculture• Monoculture• Livestock farming• Forestry
• Silviculture• Intensive agriculture• Extensive agriculture• Aquaculture
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THE PRIMARY SECTOR
It includes the activities that obtain resources from nature:
Agriculture
stock breeding
Hunting
Forestry
fishing
mining. Page67. Ex1a, 1c,
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The Primary sector today
• In most of the countries this number is gradually decreasing.
Over a third of the world’s active population works in the primary sector.
• 4% of total world production in 2008.• The more developed a country is, less importance the
agriculture in GDP has.
The economic importance of the primary sector has decreased:
GDP (Gross domestic product) reflects the economic importance of each sector in one country.
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The Primary sector today
Developed countries:
1-6% active population
Contributes less than 4% of GDP.
High productivity:• technological
advances• mechanization
Developing countries:
50% active population
Contributes more than 10%
of GDP.
low productivity:• traditional farming
methods
Non developed countries:
80% active population
more than 50% GDP.
low productivity:• traditional farming
methods
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FACTORS THAT AFFECT AGRICULTURE
HUMAN FACTORS
Population TechniquesFinal
destination of production
subsistence
commercial
Globalization Agricultural policies
Environmental policies
PHYSICAL FACTORS
Climate Landscape:
Relief (gradient and altitude)
Soil
AGRICULTURE: cultivation of land in order to obtain different kind of plants: grasses (cereals); vegetables, bushes (vines); or trees (olive, fruit trees). They
provide food for people, fodder for cattle and raw materials for industry.
Page 69. 1a
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Human factorsFARMING TECHNIQUES
Developed countries
Mechanization and fertilizers
Increasing production
High productivity
Developing countriesTraditional techniques
Low production
FINAL DESTINATION OF PRODUCTION
subsistence agriculture
family consumption
commercial agriculture
market
B
B
B
A
A
A
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PHYSICAL FACTORS
CLIMATE
Temperatures: between 9º - 35º
Enough rain
LANDSCAPE
Relief: altitude (decreased os temperatura)
Gradients of terrain above 10º make not possible to
grow.
SOIL
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TYPES OF FARMING
COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE SUBSITENCE AGRICULTURE
PLANTATION AGRICULTURE
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TYPES OF AGRICULTURE
•It is a large-scale production of crops for sale, intended for widespread distribution to wholesaler or retail outlet.
COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
•It is farming that provides for the farm family's needs with little surplus for marketing.
SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
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COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
At the end of 18th century in UK
AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
Change from subsistence system to a COMMERCIAL
agriculture
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COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
Usually one product (monoculture). Easy use of
machinery. High productivity. Productivity increases
GMO
FertilizersHigh-yield seedsGreenhouses,artificial soils, new irrigation systemsBiotechnology (genetically modified crops)
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COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE:
EFFECTS
High productivity
Effiency
benefits
prices
marketing
distribution
Page 71. 2 aRead page
71
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AGRICULTURE IN LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
Traditional agriculturePlantation agriculture
TWO TYPES
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TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURESmall plots Extensive polyculture Primitive farming
techniques, manual labour Low productivity Strong dependence on physical factors
Polyculture consists on using multiple crops in a specific land.
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PLANTATION AGRICULTUREPlantations are large farms or estates usually located in less developed
tropical countries or areas.
It is a commercial agriculture. They are controlled by multinational companies.
Monoculture higher productivity for export.
CROPS: cotton, tobacco, coffee, tea, sugarcane…
Its origin is in the former colonies (by Spain and Portugal, 16th to 19th
centuries)
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CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANTATION AGRICULTUREGlobalization has increased the number of plantations in LEDC
They are controlled by foreign companies
COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE: requires:large extensions of land
large capital investment
good transport network
abundant cheap labour
modern machinery and techniques
Monoculture
High productivityTo export
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AGRICULTURE
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PLANTATION AGRICULTURE
BENEFITS for Multinational companies:Lower production costs
Low wages
Lower purchase prices
Advantages to LEDC:Jobs creation
Stimulates local economy
New infrastructures:Transport
marketing
New farming techniques are introducedefficiency
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PLANTATION AGRICULTURE
PROBLEMS IN LEDCsProfits go to
foreign companies
Local workers
Low standar of living
Must leave their land
because they can not
compete
Some countries must to
import food
Environmental impacts (intense
exploitation)
Dependence on world’s
pricesIf prices go
down, wages drop
Unemployement
poverty
Page 73. 1Page 79
ex.1
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Look at the mapPage 73. 2-3 to do in class
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LIVESTOCK FARMING
It consists of raising animals for food or for economic purposes:
meat, milk, eggs, honey, leather, etc. Some animals are also used as a source of labour
or for breeding.
The most common areCattle sheep pigs
Some farmsconcentrate exclusively on it
Some farmsCombine crops and stock-breeding
Crops are used to feed cattle, and their manure is used to fertilize land.
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New technologies and science had achieved two important improvements:
Productivity
Selective breedingSystems for cooling
and freezing (distribution)
LIVESTOCK FARMING
Two types of livestock farming
Related to technology
EXTENSIVE LIVESTOCK FARMING INTENSIVE LIVESTOCK FARMING
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LIVESTOCK FARMING
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EXTENSIVE LIVESTOCK FARMING
it is practised in both:
• developed and developing countries.
Characteristics:• Large farms where animals graze in natural
pastures• Scarce investment and low productivity
Typical livestock are:
• cattle or sheep
Destination of production• Developed countries: market or commercial
livestock (sale)• Developing: family´s consumption (subsistence)
It is found in:• Areas with big pastures• Central and western US, The Pampa of Argentina,
Australia or Republic of South Africa.
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INTENSIVE LIVESTOCK FARMING
This is also called industrial livestock farming
Typical of developed countries.CHARACTERISTICS:Specialization in one animal
species
High productivity
Large investments
Stabled (feeding controlled) or semi-stabled (pastures)
Intended for sale at marktets
Typical livestock; poultry, pigs and cattle.
It is practised: EU, Eastern US, Canada, New Zeland…
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ADVANTAGESIncrease food production
DISADVANTAGESEnvironmental damages: manure: methane gas
INTENSIVE LIVESTOCK FARMING
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THE FOREST INDUSTRYForestryIt is the science or work of cultivating,
maintaining, and developing forests. It´s the management of
forests and their resources
provide products such as
Wood
rubber Cork
Their uses are
Construction
Paper and furniture industry
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Wood production is conditioned by
the climate.
Most wood comes from rainforest and tropical forests, and northern
temperate forests.
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FORESTS
CONIFEROUS FOREST, FINLAND
LEAFY FOREST, CANADA
AMAZON RAINFOREST, BRAZIL
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SILVICULTURE• A silvicultural system is the process of tending, harvesting and regenerating a forest in order to prevent trees from disappearing.
• Forest exploitation is scientifically controlled.
Page 75. ex 1f
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REFORESTATION• It is the process of planting
new trees in areas where they have been removed by cutting or destroyed by fire, disease, etc.
• PLANTATION FORESTS
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AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES
They are the result of agricultural activities which transform natural landscape and environment.
• some are in relation with climate conditions
• others with human activities.
Some different factors make them possible:
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AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE MODIFIERS ELEMENTS
Plots
Size
Shape
Crops production system
Extensive
Intensive
Crops diversity
Water needs:
Dry
Irrigated
Crops
Monoculture
Polycuture
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PLOTS
Number of plots:
• one or more plots form an exploitation (1 owner)
Size:
• Openfield (big fields, no fences)
• Bocage (small fields, fenced plots)
Shape:
• Regular• Irregular
an area of land that has been measured and is considered as a unit
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c
c
CROP PRODUCTION SYSTEM
INTENSIVE:
Modern techniques
High yield in developed countries.
EXTENSIVE:
Traditional techniques:
fallow
Lower yield
• A land is not planted with crops, in order to improve the quality of the soil
FALLOW:
CROPS IN RELATION WITH WATER
DRY:
Just rainwater
IRRIGATED:
Artificial methods of
irrigation: drip irrigation,
canals, channels,
sprinklers...• Winter wheat• corn• beans• Sunflowers• grapes• tomatoes• pumpkins• beans
DRY CROPS
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CROP PRODUCTION
Monoculture
It is found when there is just one crop cultivated.
Polyculture
It is found when there are more than one crop cultivated.
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COM
MO
N A
GRIC
ULT
URAL
PO
LICY
(C
AP)
European law focus on the needs of primary sector.
OBJECTIVE led Europe to compete in a global market
MEASUREMENTS:
Improve competitiviness
Ensure healthy food production
Improve halthy and walfare of animals
Respect the environment
Achieve sustaineble and dynamic rural economy
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RURAL HABITATS
• Small number of buildings
• Agricultural or dormitory function
• Low density• Close community• Small number of
services• In countryside
In general, we can distinguish two types of habitat:
Scattered: houses are among the fields.
Concentrated: houses are grouped together.
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RURAL HABITATS
SCATTERED
Dispersed
CONCENTRATED
Nucleated
Page 77. ex 1, 2aPage 77. ex 1, 2a
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CONCENTRATED COMMUNITIES (nucleated)
• Are more common• Easy access to common services:• Transport, schools, health centre…
• Favourable locations*: places with easier access to water, good soil, plains, sunny slopes…
• Good transportation infrastructures
* Rememeber Topic: Settlements
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• Near the coast• Traditional methods.• Self-consumption or sale at
local markets.• Important source of food in
LECDs
• It is carried out near the coast in small or medium size boats.
• The boats use refrigerated compartments or ice to preserve the catch.
• It takes place at sea, on large “factory-ships”.
• Modern techniques are used.• Facilities to clean, cut,
package and freeze the cath.• They usually stay at sea for
weeks.
FISHING
Fishing is the activity of catching aquatic animals. It is part of the primary sector of the economy.
COMMERCIAL FISHING: about 75% of the total world catch is for human consumption.
25% is used as raw material for other industries.
Fishing types are classified by where they take place:
Coastal fishing Inshore fishing Offshore fishing
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Page 87 ex 1
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• It is an important problem. It can cause:– Species disappearance– Damage the environment
• Due to harsh, agressive and invasive techniques
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• Fishing grounds are areas where fish naturally concentrate.• The best ones are along continental shelves.
Where are fish caught?
• Access to fishing grounds is controlled by international maritime law.
• Coastal states have exclusive legal rights to marine resources up to 370 km from their coasts. This is called the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).
• Governments must make agreements to fish in another country’s EEZ.
FISHING GROUNDS
Page 78. ex 1 a, c, 2a
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Aquaculture*
• AQUAFARMING• Aquaculture is the farming of
aquatic organisms in both coastal and inland areas involving interventions in the rearing process to enhance production.
• It is probably the fastest growing food-producing sector and now accounts for 50 percent of the world's fish that is used for food.
*
Zhejiang, Exper. Centre for Aquaculture production Intensive production in warm water. (24-27 °C)
Aquaculture centre, quin Pu District. Pearl-mussels (Hyriopsis cumingii)
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Page 80. ex a, b, f