topic 9 – transportation and communications

GEOG 135 – Economic GeographyProfessor: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue

Hofstra University, Department of Global Studies & GeographyHofstra University, Department of Global Studies & GeographyHofstra University, Department of Global Studies & Geography

Topic 9 – Transportation and Communications

A – Transport Networks and CostsB – Transport Systems

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue

A – TRANSPORT NETWORKS AND COSTS1. The Function of Transportation2. Transportation Networks3. Transportation Costs


1. Transportation as a Derived Demand

Working

Activity

Vacationing

Derived Demand

Manufacturing

CommutingTaxi

Air travelTouring bus

TrucksContainership

Direct

EnergyIndirect Warehousing


1. Core Components of Transportation

Modes• Conveyances (vehicles) used to move passengers or freight.• Mobile elements of transportation.

Infrastructures• Physical support of transport modes, such as routes and terminals.• Fixed elements of transportation.

Networks• System of linked locations (nodes).• Functional and spatial organization of transportation.

Flows• Movements of people, freight and information over their network.• Flows have origins, intermediary locations and destinations.


1. Operational Differences between Passengers and Freight Transportation

Board, get off and transfer without assistance.

Process information and act on it without assistance.

Make choices between transport modes without assistance but often

irrationally.Require travel accommodations

related to comfort and safety.

Must be loaded, unloaded and transferred.

Information must be processed through logistics managers.

Logistics managers meet choices between transport modes rationally.

Require limited travel accommodations.

Passengers Freight


2. Centrifugal and Centripetal Networks

Centrifugal Centripetal


3. Distance, Modal Choice and Transport Costs

Distance

Tran

spor

t co

sts

per

unit Road

Rail Maritime

D1 D2

C1 C2

C3


3. Freight Transport Costs in Dollars per Ton-Mile

Wa-ter

Rail

Road

Air

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

0.07

0.25

2.51

4.88

Chart Title


Average Haul Length, Domestic Freight in the United States, 1960-2003 (in miles)

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

0200400600800

100012001400160018002000 Air carrier

TruckRailCoastal

Mile

s


Typical Ocean Freight Costs for some Products (Asia – United States or Asia – Europe)

Typical Shelf Price

Shipping Costs Shipping Costs Share

LCD TV Set $700 $4.00 0.5%

Digital Camera (high range)

$450 $0.15 0.03%

Vacuum Cleaner $150 $1.00 0.6%

Scotch Whisky (bottle) $50 $0.15 0.3%

Coffee (1 kg) $15 $0.15 3.3%

Biscuits (Tin) $3 $0.05 1.7%

Beer (Can) $1 $0.01 1.0%

Apple $0.75 $0.04 5.3%


Household Expenditures on Transport, United States, 2005

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

42

52

6

Transport services

Operation of vehicles

Purchase of vehicles

46

22

15116

Vehicle finance charges

Other vehicle charges

Maintenance and repairs

Vehicle insurance

Gasoline and motor oil

55

43

3

Other vehicles

Car used

Car new


B – TRANSPORT SYSTEMS

1. Passenger and Freight Options2. Transport Modes3. Telecommunications


1. Main Passenger Modal Options

Air

Scheduled

Charter

Car

Taxi

Van/Bus

Road

Intercity

HSR

SubwayCommu

terLRT

Monorail

Rail Maritime

Ferry

CruiseTransit

Bicycle

Walking

Motorcycle

RoRoHigh

Speed


1. Main Freight Modal Options

Air

Package

Heavy

Package

Less than Truckload

(LTL)

Truck

Dry Van

Tank

FlatbedCurtain

sideReefer

HopperOpen Top

Unit Train

Carload

BoxcarTank Car

Flat Car

Reefer

HopperGondol

a

Rail Maritime

Break-bulk

Liquid Bulk

RoRo

Dry Bulk

ISO Contain

erReeferFlatrac

k

Pipeline

PipelineOil

Gas

Water

Tank

Inland / Coastal

Tow

River/sea

Tank bargeDeck bargeHopper barge

Container Contai

ner

Chassis

Intermodal

Freighter

Bellyhold Truckloa

d (TL)

TOFCDomest

ic


2. World Road Network


Length of the Interstate Highway System and of the Chinese Expressway System, 1959-2012 (in km)

19551960196519701975198019851990199520002005201020150

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000United States (Interstate)


2. World Rail Network and Rail Systems


Rail Track Mileage and Number of Class I Rail Carriers, United States, 1830-2008

1830 1850 1870 1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 20100

25,000

50,000

75,000

100,000

125,000

150,000

175,000

200,000

225,000

250,000

275,000

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200Rand McNally (1897)ICCAAR/BTS (Class I Only)AAR (All Classes)

Mile

s of

Roa

ds O

wne

d

Num

ber

of C

lass

I Ra

il Ca

rrie

rs


2. Domains of Maritime Circulation


2. Evolution of Containerships

A

B

C

D

E

Early Containerships (1956-)

Panamax (1980-)

Post Panamax (1988-)

New Panamax (2014-)

Fully Cellular (1970-)

Panamax Max (1985-)

Post Panamax Plus (2000-)

Post New Panamax (2006-)

Triple E (2013-)

500 – 800 TEU

1,000 – 2,500 TEU

3,000 – 3,400 TEU

3,400 – 4,500 TEU

4,000 – 5,000 TEU

6,000 – 8,000 TEU

12,500 TEU

15,000 TEU

18,000 TEU

200x20x9

137x17x9

215x20x10

250x32x12.5

290x32x12.5

285x40x13

300x43x14.5

366x49x15.2

400x59x15.5

397x56x15.5 ; 22–10–8 (not shown)

(LOA – Beam – Draft)

10

8

23

20106

69 1759

1568

1356

13

1045

84

64

A

B

C

D

E

6 containers across4 containers high on deck

4 containers high below deck


World Air Travel and World Air Freight Carried, 1950-2011

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180Pas-sen-gersFreight

Billi

ons

of p

asse

nger

s-km

Billi

ons

of to

ns-k

m


2. World’s Major Container Ports, 2010


2. Passenger Traffic at the World’s Largest Airports, 2010


2. Latitudinal Intermediacy: COPA Airlines


2. Freight Traffic at the World’s Largest Airports, 2010


3. Global Submarine Cable Network

topic 9 – transportation and communications

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