topic c3. c-stocks assessment in mangroves j. boone kauffman and daniel murdiyarso
TRANSCRIPT
Topic C3. Slide 2 of 29
Mangroves – a unique tropical forest type138,000–152,000 km2 (145,000 km2)Widely distributed – 123 countriesCritical provision of ecosystem servicesValues – USD 2000–9000/ha/yrSpaulding et al. (2010)
Topic C3. Slide 3 of 29
Mangroves – Tremendous range in structural diversity
Seneboi River Delta, Papua, Indonesia
Mangle Bajo, Parque Nacional Montecristi, Republica Dominicana
Topic C3. Slide 4 of 29
Mangroves – Tremendous range in structural diversity
Training objectives:1. to learn methodologies to efficiently
determine carbon stocks and emissions in
mangroves.
2. collect the field data necessary to calculate
the C stocks, composition and structure of
mangroves.
3. Provide policymakers with C stock
information of value for climate change
mitigation and adaptation activities.
Topic C3. Slide 5 of 29
Mangroves – Tremendous range in structural diversity
A detailed methods manual for
measuring, reporting and verification
(MRV) in mangroves exists – Kauffman
and Donato 2012.www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/WPapers/WP86CIFOR.pdf
Topic C3. Slide 6 of 29
Mangroves – Tremendous range in structural diversity
TreesNon-tree vegetation
Dead wood
SoilForest floor
Topic C3. Slide 7 of 29
Mangroves – Tremendous range in structural diversity
Mangrove forest ecosystem
Trees >1.3 m ht
Aboveground pools Belowground pools
Seedlings
pneumatophores
Roots Sediments
100–200 cm
Downed wood
Litter 0.67–2.54 cm diameter
0.67 cm diameter
2.54–7.6 cm diameter
>7.6 cm diameter
rottensound
Dead Live by species
>100 cm dbh
50–100 cm dbh
30–50 cm dbh
5–30 cm dbh
0–5 cm dbh
palms
Herbs
30–50 cm
10–30 cm
50–100 cm
0–10 cm depth
300–500 cm
>500 cm
In order to measure the carbon stocks of a forest, you need to break it down into ecologically meaningful components that can be accurately measured. Here is how we partition mangrove forests.
Blades
Rachis
Bracts
When you see this… You have to also see this
Topic C3. Slide 8 of 29
20 m 20 m
Mar
ine
ecot
one
Wood debris transects
(4 per plot, all plots)
Plot: 1 2 3 4 5 6
Trees >5 cm dbh measured in 7 m radius (A=153.9m2)
Trees <5 cm dbh
measured in 2 m radius
(A = 12.6 m2) (all plots)
7 m
A
BC
DR= 2 m
Soil measurements and core extraction (all plots)
PLOT LAYOUT TO DESCRIBE MANGROVES
Trees <5 cm dbh measured in 2 m radius (A = 12.6 m2)
(all plots)
www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/WPapers/WP86CIFOR.pdf
Topic C3. Slide 9 of 29
10m 10 m
Mar
ine
ecot
one
Wood debris transects (4 per plot, all plots)
Plot: 1 2 3 4 5 6
soil depth measurements and 1 nutrient core (all plots)
All individuals measured in 2m radius half circle plots (A= 6.3m2).
W1
Elliptical crown area = (W1 x W2/2)2*π;Where W1 is the widest length of the plant canopy through its center, and W2 is the canopy width perpendicular to W1.Crown volume = elliptical crown area * height.Height is measured from the sediment surface to the highest point of the canopy. D30 is the mainstem diameter at 30cm.
W1
W2
Height
W1
D30
2m All individuals measured in half of the circular plot on alternating sides of the transect.
Soils sampled near plot center
Plot design: Dwarf mangroves and young stands of planted mangroves
Topic C3. Slide 10 of 29
Why use a linear transect?
Wood debris transects
(4 per plot, all plots)
A
BC
D
Trees >5 cm dbh measured in 7m radius (A=153.9m 2)
Trees <5 cm dbh measured in 2m radius
(A=12.6m 2) (all plots)
R= 2m
Captures a broad environmental gradient Avoids species contagion Less chance of sampler bias More efficient for field sampling Fewer steps required for field technicians – less disturbance to the
permanent plot; critical in these wet areas with fragile soils Ease of relocation
Topic C3. Slide 11 of 29
General description of the area – trees, soils land use, etc.
Name of plot, date sampled GPS coordinates of each plot are critical Compass direction of the transect (degrees) Salinity – measured at soil sampling plots pH – measured at soil sampling plots Photo documentation
• Systematic photopoints at center of each plot• Reporting purposes, visualization
Names of field technicians
PLOT DESCRIPTION – METADATA
Topic C3. Slide 13 of 29
Guidelines to Measuring Diameter of Irregular Trees:
A) Straight Tree: DBH measured at 1.3mB) Buttresses: If buttress height is greater than 1.3m,
diameter is measured 20cm above the top of the buttresses.
C) Prop roots: If height of prop roots is >1.3m, diameter is measured 20cm above the top of the prop roots
D) Branch/abnormal: If a branch or abnormality (such as swelling) occurs at 1.3m, diameter is measured at the closest point to where there is a uniform stem above- or below the abnormality.
E) Branching: Stems branching below 1.3m count as separate trees. Branching stems above 1.3m count as a single tree.
F) Vertical tree on slope: Measure diameter 1.3m from the ground on the upslope side of the tree.
G) Leaning tree: Measure diameter 1.3m from the base of the stem, parallel to the central axis.
A B C
D E F
G
1.3m
If buttresses >1.3m height, measure 20cm above top of buttress
If prop roots are >1.3m height, measure 20cm above top of prop root
1.3m from upslope side of the tree
Closest uniform diameter avoiding obstacle at 1.3m
Branching under 1.3m height count as separate stems.
1.3 m parallel to central axis
Topic C3. Slide 14 of 29
How to determine whether trees are ‘inside’ or ‘outside’ the plot.
More than 50% in the plot: measuredLess than 50% in the
plot: not measured
Circular subplotTree stem
10m
Why use a circular plot?•Ease of setup and relocation•Ease of measurement•Less edge to area ratio
Topic C3. Slide 15 of 29
Dead trees
1 2 3
Live (with leaves) – measure dbhClass 1 dead – recent death, only leaves missing – measure dbhClass 2 dead – dead with all small branches missing – measure dbhClass 3 dead – only trunk/mainstems present – measure dbh and height
Topic C3. Slide 16 of 29
W1
Crowndepth
D30
Height
Most often we use models that use diameter and plant height to determine biomass
W1W1
W2
Elliptical crown area = (W1 x W2/2)2*π;Where W1 is the widest length of the plant canopy through its center, and W2 is the canopy width perpendicular to W1.Crown volume = elliptical crown area * crown depth.Height is measured from the sediment surface to the highest point of the canopy. D30 is the main stem diameter at 30cm.
Topic C3. Slide 17 of 29
Examples of specific tree equations – for species encountered in the Neotropics and West Africa
Avicennia germinans B = 0.14D2.4R2=0.97;
N=25Fromard et al. 1998 French Guiana 42
Avicennia germinans B=.403D1.934R2=0.95;
N=8Smith and Whelan
2006Florida, USA 21.5
Rhizophora spp (mangle and racemosa)
B= 0.1282D2.6R2=0.92;
N=9Fromard et al. 1998 French Guiana 32
Rhizophora mangle B=0.722D1.731R2=0.94;
N=14Smith and Whelan
2006Florida, USA 20.0
Laguncularia racemosa
B=103.3D2.5R2=0.97;
N=70Fromard et al. 1998 French Guiana 10
Laguncularia racemosa
B=0.362D1.930R2= 0.98;
N=10Smith and Whelan
2006Florida, USA 18
See Kauffman et al 2012 and Kauffman et al (2014) for a review of mangrove allometric equations throughout the world
Topic C3. Slide 18 of 29
Dead wood
Pieces 2.5 -7.6 cm measured here
0m 9m 14 m2m
Pieces >7.6 cm measured here
Topic C3. Slide 19 of 29
Soil depth and samplingIntervals: 0–15 cm, 15–30 cm, 30–50 cm, 50–100 cm, 100–300 cm
Topic C3. Slide 25 of 29
EXAMPLE 2: Examples of total ecosystem carbon stocks for selected mangroves of the west Pacific and Asia
Topic C3. Slide 26 of 29
SUMMARYWhy is this work important?
Mangroves provide a number of critical
ecosystem services
The carbon stocks in mangroves are among the
highest of any ecosystem on earth
Rates of land-use/land-cover change in mangrove
conversion are high
Greenhouse gas emissions from mangrove
conversion are high
MRV is possible in mangroves
Topic C3. Slide 27 of 29
ReferencesDonato DC, Kauffman JB, Murdiyarso D, Kurnianto S, Stidham M, and Kanninen M. 2011. Mangroves
among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics. Nature Geosciences 4:293–297. doi: 10.1038/NGEO1123.
Howard J, Hoyt, S, Isensee K, Telszewski M, Pidgeon E (eds.). 2014. Coastal Blue Carbon: Methods for assessing carbon stocks and emissions factors in mangroves, tidal salt marshes,and seagrasses. Arlington, Virginia, USA: Conservation International, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, International Union for Conservation of Nature.
[IPCC] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2003. Good practice guidance for land use, land-use change, and forestry. Penman J, Gytarsky M, Hiraishi T, Krug Thelma, Kruger D, Pipatti R, Buendia L, Miwa K, Ngara T, Tanabe K, et al, eds. Japan: Institute for Global Environmental Strategies.
Kauffman JB and Donato DC. 2012. Protocols for the Measurement, Monitoring, & Reporting of Structure, Biomass and Carbon Stocks in Mangrove Forests. Working Paper 86. Bogor: Center for International Forest Research.
Kauffman JB, Donato D, Adame MF. 2014. Protocolo para la medición, monitoreo y reporte de la estructura, biomasa y reservas de carbono de los manglares de México. CIFOR Working Paper/Documento de Trabajo 117. Bogor: Center for International Forest Research.
Topic C3. Slide 28 of 29
ReferencesKauffman JB, Heider C, Norfolk J, Payton F. 2014. Carbon Stocks of intact mangroves and carbon
emissions arising from their conversion in the Dominican Republic. Ecological Applications 24:518–527.
Spalding MD, Kainuma M, Collins L. 2010. World atlas of mangroves. London: Earthscan.
[UNEP] United Nations Environment Programme. 2014. The Importance of Mangroves to People: A Call to Action. van Bochove J, Sullivan E, Nakamura T, eds. Cambridge: United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge.
The Sustainable Wetlands Adaptation and Mitigation Program (SWAMP) is a collaborative effort by CIFOR, the USDA Forest Service, and the Oregon State University with support from USAID.
How to cite this fileMurdiyarso D and Kauffman JB. 2015. Carbon stocks assessment in mangroves [PowerPoint presentation]. In: SWAMP toolbox: Theme C section C3. Retrieved from <www.cifor.org/swamp-toolbox>
Photo creditBoone Kauffman/Oregon State University, Daniel Murdiyarso/CIFOR, Kate Evans/CIFOR, Neil Palmer/CIAT, Ryan Woo/CIFOR
Thank you