topic of the presentation the impact of english as a global language on education policies and...
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Topic of the Presentation
The Impact of English as a Global Language on Education Policies and Practices in the Asia-Pacific Region.
By David Nunan
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David Nunan
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About the Author
Born: Australia (1949)
Nunan began his career in Teaching English as a Second Language (ESL) in Sydney, Australia.
He has worked as a teacher, researcher and consultant in many countries including Australia, the United Kingdom, the United States, Thailand, Singapore, Japan, Hong Kong and in a number of Latin American countries.
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The Article Presents about:
The rising of English as a global language.Policies and practices of English in all
countries surveyed.It also reveals some significant problems:
confusion and contradiction, policy, inequality, inadequately trained and skilled teachers and syllabus designing.
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Purpose of the Study:
To explore the impact of English on educational policies and practices in the Asia Pacific region;
Particularly: Mainland China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Taiwan and Vietnam.
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Reasons for Choosing the Countries
They Represent a range of constricting characters and features fromDeveloped to developingEx-colonial to independent Large to smallCulturally diverse to culturally
cohesive
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Roles of English as a Global Language
English is worldly used as the Language of: Educational Institutions, Business, Science, Technology, Internet, Popular Entertainment, Sports Scientific Journals and so on
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Some Data about the Uses of English 50% of the million of academic papers publish
each year are written in English.98% German Physicists claim English in their
working placeChemists 83% Biologists and Psychologists 81%
Source: A Study commissioned by British
Council, 2002
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Educational Policy Response
Many evidences Suggest that govt. around the world are introducing English as compulsory subject at younger and younger ages without Adequate funding, Teacher education for
elementary school teachers, Development of curriculum and materials for young learners.
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Collection of Data
1st Source: Published policy statement, Govt. and NGO Documentations and interviewed informants, Recent Books, Articles, Syllabuses and Curriculum documents etc.
2nd Source: Taking interviews with 68 informants
Regional officials from the British Council and the United States Information Services
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English is Applied (per week)
Position China
Hong Kong
Japan
Korea
Malaysia
Taiwan
Vietnam
Academic/Teacher Trainer
4 4 2 3 2 2 2
Ministry Official
2 6 0 0 0 0 1
Publisher 2 3 1 1 0 2 0
Teacher 5 6 5 3 4 7 1
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Data Collection for China Through face to face interviewDocumentary analysisEducation society of China The syllabuses for the middle and high school
systemCoastal, urban and nonurban areas
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Findings
English was introduced as a compulsory subject in graded 3 in all elementary schools in September 2001 Lessons: Primary schools (two or three 40-minute lessons a week) Secondary schools (five or six 45-minute lessons)Teaching English is developing as a private business outside regular schools and universities, particularly in big cities.Syllabuses are based on functional view of English and learner-centeredness.
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Hong kong • English symbolizes wealth and power in
Hong Kong.• CMI : EMI=1:9 (Until the late 1990s)• 70% students were unable to cope with
English language.• Primary school-4-6 hours-a week Secondary school-7-9 hours-a week• CLT and learner-centeredness are
declared to use• English is used more as a medium of
instruction comparing to other countries.• A major problem is a lack of trained
teachers. 4 Academic Teachers6 Ministry Officials3 publishers6 Teachers
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Japan • 9 years of compulsory education =6
years at the primary+3 years at the junior high level
• 6 years at the primary-In 2002, introduced “General studies” for fun, not to teach “English”.
3times-a week to 3rd through 6th graders• 3 years at the junior high level- 3 class- 50 min lessons (each class)-a week• Declare to stress practical
communication skills but have to stress reading and writing for exams.
• Under JET (Japan Exchange and Teaching) program from 15 years.
4 Academic Teachers6 Ministry Officials3 publishers6 Teachers
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Korea• Introduced English in the third grade ( at
the age of 9)• Grades 3-6 1-2 hours a
week Grades 7-9 2-4 hours a week Grades 10-12 4 hours a week • Lack of teachers’ proficiency and
confidence to teach in English language.• 1995-the sixth National Curriculum takes
a communicative, grammatical-functions syllabus.
• Huge financial investment in teaching English.
• Concern with negative effects on national identity due to early introduction of English
3 Academic Teachers0 Ministry Officials1 publishers3 Teachers
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Malaysia
• National schools-at the age of 7• Vernacular schools-at the age of 9• Primary schools-90 minutes – a week• secondary schools-4 hours- a week• One of the first countries to embrace
TBT (task based teaching)• Fear of impact on national language.
2 Academic Teachers0 Ministry Officials0 publishers4 Teachers
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Taiwan • Compulsory English lowered from Grade 5
to Grade 1 in 2002.• The objective of the elementary/junior high
school curriculum should be to instill a basic communicative ability to prepare students to take a global perspective, and to give individuals confidence in communicating in the global area. Elementary and middle schools should provide a natural and enjoyable language learning environment (p.2) (Ministry of Education, Taiwan, 2000)
• Introduction of a new initiative, “The Nine Year Program”. 2 Academic
Teachers0 Ministry Officials2 publishers7 Teachers
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Vietnam • Junior high school- 4 class-45 minutes
(each class)-a week Senior high school-3 class-45 minutes(each class)- a week• High school-focus on reading Year 7-textbooks covers four skills. Year 12-students review the materials they have studied in previous years. • English plays central role in education
and employment • English proficiency now required for
most professional employment.2 Academic Teachers1 Ministry Officials0 publishers1 Teachers
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Generalization
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Policy impact of English as a global language
Had a significant impactYounger is better Age shifted down
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Access to English
Inequity exists Quality so poor “no one learns English in school”Private
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Teacher education
InadequateMillions of dollars have been poured
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Principles of language education
TBLT (the latest methodological realization of CLT)
Commercial textbooks aimed at the public school sector
Poor understanding of the ideas
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Discussion
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Language proficiency of teachers
Not sufficient A high level of proficiency desirableTechnology and input based
programs Appropriate materials
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Extended exposure to and interaction in English
Need adequate exposure An average of 50-60 hoursTake part in authentic communicative
interactionGap between ministerial rhetoric and
classroom reality
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Teacher education
Need special trainingA major problem
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Policy questions of age and intensity
Is English a necessity in the countries in question?
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Recommendation
A review of the starting age and intensity of foreign language instruction, along with the articulation of a rationale for both
An audit of the human and material resources allocated to english language instruction and an assessment of the adequacy of these in relation to the needs of the learners, along with a cost benefit analysis of english language education within the educational system as a whole
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Continue
An investigation into the extent to which principles enshrined in official curriculum documentation are effectively realized at the level of classroom practice
A critical review of the principles underlying the curriculum and an assessment of the appropriateness of the principles to the context in which the curriculum is used
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Conclusion
Teachers are adequately trained in language teaching methodology appropriate to range of learner ages and stages
Teachers’ own language skills are significantly enhanced
Classroom realities meet curricular rhetoric
Students have sufficient exposure to English in instructional contexts