topic: reproduction and development aim: how do cells divide? do now: explain the differences...
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TopicTopic: Reproduction and : Reproduction and DevelopmentDevelopment
AimAim: How do cells divide? : How do cells divide?
Do NowDo Now: Explain the differences between sexual and : Explain the differences between sexual and asexual reproduction. What types of things reproduce asexual reproduction. What types of things reproduce
sexually? Asexually? sexually? Asexually?
HW: PAGE 96-97 10 MAIN POINTS & FINISH HANDOUTHW: PAGE 96-97 10 MAIN POINTS & FINISH HANDOUT
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What are the two types of What are the two types of reproduction?reproduction?
• Asexual reproductionAsexual reproduction • Sexual reproductionSexual reproduction
MITOSISMITOSIS MEIOSISMEIOSIS
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What is What is ASEXUALASEXUAL Reproduction?Reproduction?
•Requires one parent that Requires one parent that dividesdivides– AsexualAsexual “A”parent “A”parent
•Offspring are identical to Offspring are identical to parents parents
•Same # of chromosomesSame # of chromosomes
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How does How does ASEXUALASEXUAL reproduction reproduction occur?occur?
•MITOSISMITOSIS – cell division – cell division•One cell divides into two One cell divides into two
identical daughter cells (same identical daughter cells (same # of chromosomes as parent)# of chromosomes as parent)
•Occurs in all body cells Occurs in all body cells EXCEPTEXCEPT sex cells sex cells
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What are the steps of What are the steps of Mitosis?Mitosis?
• InterphaseInterphase• ProphaseProphase• MetaphaseMetaphase• AnaphaseAnaphase• TelophaseTelophase
– CytokinesisCytokinesis
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InterphaseInterphase
The mass of DNA inside The mass of DNA inside the nucleus during the nucleus during interphase is known as interphase is known as CHROMATIN.CHROMATIN.
CHROMATINCHROMATIN
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ProphaseProphase
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MetaphaseMetaphase
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AnaphaseAnaphase
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TelophaseTelophase
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What are the steps of What are the steps of Mitosis?Mitosis?
1.1. INTERPHASEINTERPHASE: cell grows to mature size and : cell grows to mature size and chromatin replicate (makes copy of DNA)chromatin replicate (makes copy of DNA)
2.2. PROPHASEPROPHASE: chromatin forms : chromatin forms chromosomes, nuclear membrane chromosomes, nuclear membrane disappears and spindle fibers formdisappears and spindle fibers form
3.3. MMETAPHASEETAPHASE: chromosomes line up in the : chromosomes line up in the MMiddleiddle of the cell of the cell
4.4. AANAPHASENAPHASE: chromosomes separate and : chromosomes separate and move move AAwayway from each other from each other
5.5. TELOPHASETELOPHASE: nuclear membrane starts to : nuclear membrane starts to formform
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What is Cytokinesis?What is Cytokinesis?
• Part of telophasePart of telophase• Cell membrane pinches in Cell membrane pinches in
(cytoplasm separates) resulting in 2 (cytoplasm separates) resulting in 2 new cellsnew cells
CYTOKINESISCYTOKINESIS
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How is mitosis different in plant How is mitosis different in plant cells?cells?
1.1. Cell membrane DOES NOT pinch in Cell membrane DOES NOT pinch in • Instead a Instead a CELL PLATECELL PLATE forms forms
between 2 new cellsbetween 2 new cells
2.2. Plant cells do not have centrioles Plant cells do not have centrioles (animal cells do)(animal cells do)
CELL PLATECELL PLATE
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CytokinesisCytokinesis – Animal and – Animal and PlantPlant
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What is Cancer?
• Abnormal and uncontrolled cell division
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What are the different types of ASEXUAL Reproduction?
1. Binary Fission – one celled organism divides into two identical cells (mitosis)
• Binary Fission means “equal division”• Examples: ameba and paramecia
2. Budding – unequal division of organisms
• Examples: hydra, yeast
3. Sporulation – spores (specialized cells) develop into new organisms (mitosis)
• Examples: mold, mushrooms
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What are the different types of ASEXUAL Reproduction?
4. Vegetative Propagation – Asexual reproduction used by plants
a. Runners (strawberries)
b. Buds (potatoes)
c. Grafting (roses)
d. Bulbs (onions)
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Binary Fission & Budding
BINARY FISSION BUDDING
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Sporulation
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Vegetative Propagation
RUNNERS
BUDS
GRAFTING
BULBS
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Topic: Reproduction and Development
Aim: What is sexual reproduction?
Do Now: Why does sexual reproduction require two parents?
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What is sexual reproduction?
• Requires 2 parent cells, each with half the normal number of chromosomes
• Involves sex cells
• Human: sperm + egg → zygote
23 + 23 → 46
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What is meiosis?
• Cell division occurs only in sex organs to produce sex cells (sperm and egg)
• Produces 4 daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as parent cell (23 in humans)
• 2 divisions (1 → 2 → 4)
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Meiosis
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How does meiosis occur in males?
• Occurs in testes to produce sperm
• Produces 4 new sperm cells
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How does meiosis occur in females?
• Occurs in ovaries
• Produces 1 egg cell and 3 polar bodies
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What is fertilization?• Union of egg and sperm to form a zygote
• Two types:
• Internal fertilization: occurs inside the female (humans)
• External fertilization: occurs outside the female (frogs); can occur on land or in water
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What happens to the zygote after fertilization?
• Zygote divides by MITOSIS to form 3 layers that will develop into different parts of the embryo
1. Outer layer: forms the skin and nerves
2. Middle layer: forms muscles
3. Inner layer: forms heart and stomachOuter layer
Middle layer
Inner layer