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CHE COURSE INTEGRATION 1
ENGR. JOHN LESTER MORILLO
(ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS)
BASIC RULES OF ALGEBRA1. Commutative Property
addition: a + b = b + amultiplication: a·b = b·a
2. Associative Propertyaddition: (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)multiplication: (a · b) · c = a · (b · c)
3. Identity Propertyaddition: a + 0= 0 + a = amultiplication: a · 1= 1 · a = a
BASIC RULES OF ALGEBRA
4. Inverse Propertyaddition: a + (-a) = (-a) + a = 0multiplication: a · (1/a) = (1/a) · a = 1
5. Distributive Property of Multiplication5. Distributive Property of Multiplicationa ( b + c ) = ab + ac
PROPERTIES OF EQUALITY
1. Reflexive Propertya = a
2. Symmetric Propertyif a = b, then b = aif a = b, then b = a
3. Transitive Propertyif a = b and b = c, then a = c
PROPERTIES OF EQUALITY
4. Zero Product Propertyif ab=0, then a = 0 or b = 0 or both
a and b = 05. Addition Property of Equality5. Addition Property of Equality
if a = b, then a + c = b + c6. Multiplication Property of Equality
if a = b, then ac = bc
PROPERTIES OF EXPONENT
1. aman = am+n
2. am /an = am-n
3. (am) n = amn
4. (ab) m = ambm4. (ab) = a b5. (a/b) m = am /bm
6. a-m = 1 /am
7. a0 = 1
PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHM
1. log (xy) = log x + log y2. log (x/y) = log x – log y3. log (x) = n log x4. log 1 = 04. log 1 = 05. log a x = log x / log a6. log e x = ln x
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
An = A1 + (n-1)dSn = (n/2)(A1 + An) Sn = (n/2)[2A1 + (n-1)d]
An : last termA1 : first termn : number of termsd : common difference
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
An = A1 + (n-1)d aman = am+n
Gn = G1(r)n-1
Sn = G1(rn -1) / (r-1)Infinite Geometric Series: Sn = G1 / (1-r)Infinite Geometric Series: Sn = G1 / (1-r)
Gn : last termG1 : first termn : number of termsr : common ratio
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
sin A = opposite side/ hypotenuse sidecos A = adjacent side/hypotenuse sidetan A = opposite side/ adjacent sidecsc A = hypotenuse side / opposite sidecsc A = hypotenuse side / opposite sidesec A = hypotenuse side /adjacent sidecot A = adjacent side/ opposite side
LAW OF SINEa/sinA = b/sinB = c/sinC
LAW OF COSINE (SSS, SAS)LAW OF COSINE (SSS, SAS)a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bccos(A)b2 = a2 + c2 – 2accos(B)c2 = a2 + b2 – 2abcos(C)
Pythagorean Relation
sin2 A + cos2 A = 1
csc2 A= 1 + cot2 A
sec2 A= 1 + tan2 A
Sum and Difference of Angles
sin (A +/- B) = sinAcosB +/- cosAsinBcos (A +/- B) = cosAcosB – sinAsinBtan (A +/- B) = (tanA +/- tanB)/(1 -/+ tanAtanB)Double angleDouble anglesin (2A) = 2sinAcosAcos (2A) = cos2 A - sin2 A = 2cos2 A – 1
= 1 - 2sin2 A tan (2A) = (2tanA)/(1 - tan2 A)
Area of Triangle
A = ½ abA = [s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)] ½
A = ½ ab sinCA = ½ bc sinAA = ½ bc sinAA = ½ ac sinB
Triangle inscribed in a circleA = abc/4r
Triangle circumscribing a circleA = rs
Triangle with escribed circleA = r(s-a)
Circle
Area: A = π r2
Circumference: C = 2 πr = πdArc: s= rθArea of Sector: A = ½ r2 θArea of Sector: A = ½ r θArea of a segment: A =area of sector –area
of triangle= ½ r2 (θ – sin θ)
Quadrilateral
Square A = s2P = 4s
Rectangle A = LWP = 2(L + W)P = 2(L + W)
Rhombus A = bh = s2 sin θ = ½ d1d2
P = 4sTrapezoid A = (h/2) (b1 + b2)
Ellipse and Parabolic Segment
Ellipse A = πabParabolic Segment: A = 2/3 bh
REGULAR POLYGON
Sum of Interior Angle: S = (n-2)(180)Size of Interior Angle: IA = (n-2)(180)/nNumber of Diagonals: Diagonals = (n-3)(n/2)Area:Area:
A = ½ (Perimeter)(apothem)Perimeter:
P = n (side length)
REGULAR POLYGON
A = ¼ nL2 cot (180/n)
Regular Polygon circumscribing a circle:A = nr2 tan (180/n)P = 2nr tan (180/n)P = 2nr tan (180/n)
Regular Polygon inscribed in a circle:A = ½ nr2 sin (360/n)P = 2nr sin(180/n)
Volumes and Surface AreasCube: V = s3
SA = 6s2Rectangular Parallelepiped:
V = LWHSA = 2(LW + WH + LH)
Right Prism and Right CylinderV = BhSA = 2 B + Lateral Area
Lateral area = (base perimeter)(h)
Oblique Prism and CylinderV = Bh = KeSA = 2 B + Lateral AreaLateral Area = (perimeter of Lateral Area = (perimeter of
the right section) x lateral edge
Pyramid and Cone:V = 1/3 Bh
Truncated Prism:V = Bh AVE
Frustum:V = h/3 [B1 + B2 + (B1B2)½ ]
Prismatoid: (Prismoidal Formula)V = L/6 (A1 + 4 Am + A2)
Sphere: V = 4/3 π r3 = π d3 /6 SA = 4 π r2 =
Zone: A = 2πrh Spherical Segment: V = (π h2/3) (3r – h)Spherical Sector: V = 1/3 (Area of Zone) rTorus: V = 2 π2 Rr2 Torus: V = 2 π2 Rr2
A = 4π2Rr
Ellipsoid
V = 4/3 π abc
Prolate Spheroid:V = 4/3 π ab2V = 4/3 π ab
Oblate Spheroid:V = 4/3 π a2b
ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY
Circle – locus of pt that w/c moves so that it is equidistant from a fixed pt called center.
1. Gen. Equation x2+y2+Dx+Ey+F=02. Std Equation c(0,0) x2+y2=r2 2. Std Equation c(0,0) x +y =r3. Std Equation c(h,k) (x-h)2+(y-k)2=r2
Parabola – locus of a pt w/c moves so that it is always equidistant to a fixed pt called focus and to fixed straight line called directrix.
1. Gen. Equation1. Gen. EquationAxis parallel to the y axis: Ax2+Dx+Ey+F=0Axis parallel to the x-axis: Cy2+Dx+Ey+F=0
2. Std. Equation, v(0,0)Axis along the y-axis x2=4ayAxis along the x-axis y2=4ax
3. Std. Equation, v(h,k)3. Std. Equation, v(h,k)Axis parallel to y-axis (x-h) 2=4a(y-k)Axis parallel to x-axis (y-k) 2=4a(x-h)
4. Eccentricity : e=15. Length of Latus Rectum: LR=Ι 4a Ι6. Distance from vertex to directrix: a6. Distance from vertex to directrix: a7. Distance from vertex to focus: a8. Distance from focus to directrix: 2a
Ellipse – locus of a pt w/c moves so that the sum of the distances to the two fixed points called foci is constant and is equal to the length of the major axis (2a).
1. General Equation: Ax2+Cy2+Dx+Ey+F=01. General Equation: Ax2+Cy2+Dx+Ey+F=02. Std. Equation, c(0,0)Major axis along y-axis y2/a2 + x2/b2 = 1Major axis along x-axis x2/a2 + y2/b2 = 1
3. Std. equation, c(h,k)Major axis parallel to y-axis
(y-k)2/a2 + (x-h)2/b2 = 1Major axis parallel to x-axisMajor axis parallel to x-axis
(x-h)2/a2 + (y-k)2/b2 = 14. Relationship bet. a, b and c : a2=b2+c2
5. Eccentricity : e=c/a ( less than 1)6. Length of Latus Rectum : LR=2b2/a
7. Length of major axis : 2a8. Length of semi-major axis: a9. Length of minor axis : 2b10. Length of semi-minor axis:b10. Length of semi-minor axis:b11. Distance between foci: 2c12. Distance from the center to focus: c
Hyperbola – locus of a pt w/c moves so that the difference of its distance to the two fixed pts called foci is constant and is equal to the length of the transverse axis (2a).
1. General Equation: Ax2+Cy2+Dx+Ey+F=01. General Equation: Ax2+Cy2+Dx+Ey+F=02. Std. Equation, c(0,0)Transverse axis along the y-axis:y2/a2-x2/b2=1Transverse axis along the x-axis:x2/a2-y2/b2=1
3. Std. equation, c(h,k)Transverse axis parallel to y-axis
(y-k)2/a2 - (x-h)2/b2 = 1Transverse axis parallel to x-axisTransverse axis parallel to x-axis
(x-h)2/a2 - (y-k)2/b2 = 14. Relationship bet. a, b and c : c2=a2+b2
5. Eccentricity : e=c/a ( greater than 1)6. Length of Latus Rectum : LR=2b2/a
7. Length of transverse axis : 2a8. Length of semi-transverse axis: a9. Length of conjugate axis : 2b10. Length of semi-conjugate axis: b10. Length of semi-conjugate axis: b11. Distance between foci: 2c12. Distance from the center to focus: c
Polar Coordinates:1. x = rcosθ2. y = rsinθ3. r2 = x2 + y23. r = x + y4. θ=arctan (y/x)
Differential Calculus
Derivative of Algebraic Functions:1. d/dx(c) = 02. d/dx (x) = 13. d/dx (u±v) = du/dx ± dv/dx3. d/dx (u±v) = du/dx ± dv/dx4. d/dx (uv) = u dv/dx + v du/dx5. d/dx (u/v) = (v du/dx – u dv/dx) / v2
6. d/dx (u) n = n un-1 du/dx
Derivative of Exponential Functions:1. d/dx (a) u = au ln a du/dx2. d/dx (e) u = eu d/dx
Derivative of Logarithmic Function1. d/dx (log u) = 0.4343 (du/dx) / u2. d/dx (ln u) = (du/dx) / u3. d/dx(log b u) = log b (du/dx) / u
Derivative of trigonometric functions1. d/dx (sin u) = cos u du/dx2. d/dx (cos u) = -sin u du/dx3. d/dx (tan u) = sec2 u du/dx3. d/dx (tan u) = sec u du/dx4. d/dx (cot u) = -csc2 u du/dx5. d/dx (sec u) = sec u tan u du/dx6. d/dx (csc u) = -csc u cot u du/dx
Derivative of Inverse Trigonometric Functions:
1. d/dx (arcsin u) = 1/(1-u2) 1/2 (du/dx)2. d/dx (arccos u) = -1/(1-u2) 1/2 (du/dx)3. d/dx (arctan u) = 1/(1+u2) (du/dx)3. d/dx (arctan u) = 1/(1+u ) (du/dx)4. d/dx (arccot u) = -1/(1+u2) 1/2 (du/dx)5. d/dx (arcsec u) = 1/u(u2-1) 1/2 (du/dx)6. d/dx (arccsc u) = -1/u(u2-1) 1/2 (du/dx)
Critical Points:1. At maximum point
y’ = 0 and y” is negative2. At Minimun point2. At Minimun point
y’= 0 and y” is positive3. At point of Inflection
y” = 0
L’Hopital’s Rule:lim xàa f(x) / g(x) = f(a) / g(a) = 0/0 or ∞/∞
lim xàa f(x)/g(x) = lim xàa f’(x)/g’(x) = f’(a)/g’(a)
1. Differentiate separately the numerator and denominator.
2. Substitute the value of the limit to the variables
Integral CalculusBasic Integral:1. ∫ du = u + C2. ∫ a du = au + C3. ∫ un du = (un+1) / (n+1) + C3. ∫ u du = (u ) / (n+1) + C4. ∫ du / u = ln Ι u Ι + C
Exponential and Logarothmic Functions:1. ∫ e du = e + C2. ∫ au du = au / ln Ι a Ι + C3. ∫ ln u du = u ln Ι u Ι – u + C3. ∫ ln u du = u ln Ι u Ι – u + C
Trigonometric Functions:1. ∫ sin u du = -cos u + C2. ∫ cos u du = sin u + C3. ∫ tan u du = ln Ι sec u Ι + C 3. ∫ tan u du = ln Ι sec u Ι + C
= -ln Ι cos u Ι + C4. ∫ cot u du = ln Ι sin u Ι + C
= -ln Ι csc u Ι + C
5. ∫ sec u du = ln Ι sec u + tan u Ι + C6. ∫ csc u du = ln Ι csc u - cot u Ι + C7. ∫ sec2 u du = tan u + C8. ∫ csc2 u du = -cot u + C8. ∫ csc u du = -cot u + C9. ∫ sec u tan u du = sec u + C10. ∫ csc u cot u u du = -csc u + C
Inverse Trigonometric Functions1. ∫arcsin u du = u arcsin u + (1-u2) 1/2 + C2. ∫arccos u du = u arccos u - (1-u2) 1/2 + C3. ∫arctan u du = u arctan u - ln Ι(1-u2)Ι 1/2 +C3. ∫arctan u du = u arctan u - ln Ι(1-u )Ι +C4. ∫du/ (a2-u2) 1/2 = arcsin (u/a) + C5. ∫du/ (a2 +u 2)= (1/a) arctan (u/a) + C6. ∫du/ u(u2-u2) 1/2 = (1/a) arcsec (u/a) + C
Trigonometric Substitution:1. ∫ (a2-u2) 1/2 du
Let: u = a sinθ and 1 – sin2θ = cos2θ2. ∫ (a2+u2) 1/2 du2. ∫ (a +u ) du
Let: u = a tanθ and 1 + tan2θ = sec2θ3. ∫ (u2-a2) 1/2 du
Let: u = a secθ and sec2θ – 1 = tan2θ
Integration by Parts
1. ∫ u dv = uv - ∫v du
Wallis’ Formula:1. ∫ sinm θ cosn θ dθLower limit = 0 and upper limit = π/2
=Where α = π/2 if both m and n are even
= 1 if otherwise