TopicsTopics Two worldviewsTwo worldviews

The fossil recordThe fossil record The Cambrian explosionThe Cambrian explosion Famous “transitions” used to support evolutionFamous “transitions” used to support evolution

The mechanism for changeThe mechanism for change Natural selectionNatural selection MutationsMutations A case studyA case study

Evolution History of the LifeEvolution History of the LifeAll species evolved over billions of years All species evolved over billions of years

from a common ancestorfrom a common ancestor

The Bible and the History of LifeThe Bible and the History of Life

And God made the beast of the earth after his And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepth upon the earth after his kind: and that creepth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was good. God saw that it was good.

Genesis 1:25Genesis 1:25

EvidenceEvidence

1.1. The fossil record (history)The fossil record (history)

2.2. Mechanism for changeMechanism for change

Each model (evolution and creation) can best be determined by examining two lines of evidence

The Fossil Record and EducationThe Fossil Record and Education

““Fossils offer the most direct evidence that Fossils offer the most direct evidence that evolution takes place….evolution takes place….

Fossils, therefore, provide an actual record of Fossils, therefore, provide an actual record of Earth’s past life-forms. Change over time Earth’s past life-forms. Change over time (evolution) can be seen in the fossil record.”(evolution) can be seen in the fossil record.”

Is this true?Is this true?

Biology: Principles and Explorations, Holt, Rinehart, Winston, 2001, p. 283.

Fossil RecordFossil Record

CambrianPrecambrian

540 – 500650 - 540

Examining the EvidenceExamining the Evidence

MorphologyMorphology

TimeTimeCambrianCambrian

PrecambrianPrecambrian

Darwinian Model

Actual Actual DataData

Sudden appearance of complex creatures

Created after their kind

Sudden appearance of complex creatures

Created after their kind

Tree of lifeTree of life

What do the Facts Support?What do the Facts Support?

Where are the thousands of observable intermediates?

Where are the thousands of observable intermediates?

Created after their kindPrecambrian – Cambrian

Invertebrate – Vertebrate

Fish – Amphibian

Horse

Whale

Invertebrate to Vertebrate (Fish)Invertebrate to Vertebrate (Fish)

““Fishes are considered to be the most Fishes are considered to be the most primitive living vertebrates…primitive living vertebrates………similarities in structure and embryological similarities in structure and embryological development show that fishes and modern development show that fishes and modern invertebrate chordates probably did evolve invertebrate chordates probably did evolve from common invertebrate ancestors that from common invertebrate ancestors that lived many millions of years ago.”lived many millions of years ago.”

Biology, Miller and Levine, 2000, p. 680.

There is not one single intermediate in the textbook to support this claim!

There is not one single intermediate in the textbook to support this claim!

Early fish according to the Early fish according to the BiologyBiology textbook textbookMiller and LevineMiller and Levine

InvertebrateInvertebrate(jellyfish)(jellyfish)

TrilobiteTrilobite

??

??Where are the thousands

of observable intermediates?

Where are the thousands of observable intermediates?

Invertebrate to Vertebrate (Fish)Invertebrate to Vertebrate (Fish)

What do the Facts Support?What do the Facts Support?

““However, we have virtually no However, we have virtually no evidence in the fossil record or evidence in the fossil record or elsewhere for any of the changes elsewhere for any of the changes proposed during this ‘immensity of proposed during this ‘immensity of time’; but the public hears nothing of time’; but the public hears nothing of this problem.”this problem.”

Aerial Roth (Ph.D. Zoology), Origins, p. 189.

What do the Facts Support?What do the Facts Support?

Where are the millions of observable intermediates?Where are the millions of

observable intermediates?

Created after their kind

Created after their kind

Precambrian – Cambrian

Invertebrate – Vertebrate

Fish – Amphibian

Horse

Whale

Fish to AmphibianFish to Amphibian

““Because of these Because of these similarities, scientists think similarities, scientists think the first amphibians were the first amphibians were descendants of the lobe-descendants of the lobe-finned fishes, a group finned fishes, a group whose modern members whose modern members include the coelacanth and include the coelacanth and the lungfishes.”the lungfishes.”

Biology: Visualizing Life, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1998, p. 461.

This is supposedly evolving into legsThis is supposedly evolving into legs

CoelacanthCoelacanth Extinct for 70 million yearsExtinct for 70 million years 1938 living coelacanths were found1938 living coelacanths were found It is still 100% fishIt is still 100% fish

The front fins (lobes) are still finsThe front fins (lobes) are still fins

Coelacanth QuestionCoelacanth Question

If coelacanth’s lived 300 million years ago and became extinct 65 million years ago

Why have no fossils been found that date younger than 65 million years?

If coelacanth’s lived 300 million years ago and became extinct 65 million years ago

Why have no fossils been found that date younger than 65 million years?

Three PrinciplesThree Principles

Three Principles About FossilsThree Principles About Fossils

2.2. All living and extinct organisms could have All living and extinct organisms could have existed at the same time.existed at the same time.

3.3. There cannot ever be an index fossil unless There cannot ever be an index fossil unless the time span during which the represented the time span during which the represented creature lived is exactly known.creature lived is exactly known.

1.1. If the coelacanth can exist for 65 million years If the coelacanth can exist for 65 million years without leaving any fossil evidence, how do without leaving any fossil evidence, how do we know it did not live 400 mya, 500 mya, or we know it did not live 400 mya, 500 mya, or 1 mya? This would also be true of any 1 mya? This would also be true of any creature. We have no exact dating method.creature. We have no exact dating method.

ScenarioScenario

We find a new coelacanth fossil that is We find a new coelacanth fossil that is 1,000 years old1,000 years old

Suppose the sediments cannot be directly Suppose the sediments cannot be directly dated by radioisotope dating methodsdated by radioisotope dating methods

Since we assume coelacanth’s died out Since we assume coelacanth’s died out over 65 mya, we would incorrectly date over 65 mya, we would incorrectly date this new fossil being at least 65 myo!this new fossil being at least 65 myo!

Suppose we did not know Suppose we did not know the coelacanth was still alivethe coelacanth was still alive

What do the Facts Support?What do the Facts Support?

Where are the thousands of observable intermediates?

Where are the thousands of observable intermediates?

Created after their kind

Created after their kind

Created after their kind

Precambrian – Cambrian

Invertebrate – Vertebrate

Fish – Amphibian

Horse

Whale

Alleged IntermediatesAlleged Intermediates

HorseHorse

WhalesWhales

Life SciencesLife Sciences, Prentice , Prentice Hall, 2002, p. 164.Hall, 2002, p. 164.

The HorseThe Horse““The horse is a well-documented case study The horse is a well-documented case study in evolution. The fossil record shows clear in evolution. The fossil record shows clear steps in the progression from a four-toed, steps in the progression from a four-toed, small browsing animal - one of a line that small browsing animal - one of a line that gave rise to tapirs, rhinoceroses, and other gave rise to tapirs, rhinoceroses, and other mammals in addition to horses - to the mammals in addition to horses - to the modern horse,…”modern horse,…”

"Evolutionary History of the Modern Horse," Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000. © 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation.

Evolution Horse EvidenceEvolution Horse Evidence

Reduced number of toesReduced number of toes Smaller to larger in sizeSmaller to larger in size Teeth modified for grazingTeeth modified for grazing

Two Views – Which is Correct?Two Views – Which is Correct?

Ordered small to large in the fossil recordOrdered small to large in the fossil record Many transitionsMany transitions

Evolution

Bible (Creation)

Small and large horses (genetic variation)Small and large horses (genetic variation) Mixed in the fossil recordMixed in the fossil record No transitionsNo transitions

Critical Thinking and ToesCritical Thinking and Toes A reduction in number of toes is a loss of

information not a gain There are rare cases of living horses

having more than one toe Why is one toe an advantage over three

toes? The cheetah has five toes on each foot

A reduction in number of toes is a loss of information not a gain

There are rare cases of living horses having more than one toe

Why is one toe an advantage over three toes?

The cheetah has five toes on each foot

There is no clear advantage to having one toe or four toes

Critical Thinking and SizeCritical Thinking and Size How does size give an advantage? Being smaller might allow an animal to

hide better

How does size give an advantage? Being smaller might allow an animal to

hide better

There is no clear advantage to size

“The Thompson gazelle, despite being both small and delicate and having two weight-bearing toes, is quite able to outrun all savannah predators, except for the cheetah.”

“The Thompson gazelle, despite being both small and delicate and having two weight-bearing toes, is quite able to outrun all savannah predators, except for the cheetah.”

Horses TodayHorses Today

Clydesdale draughthorse, one of the largest of horses, with a miniature horse

If there is such genetic variability today this would also apply for the past

Horse FossilsHorse Fossils

North-eastern Oregon, the three-toed North-eastern Oregon, the three-toed NeohipparionNeohipparion and one-toed and one-toed PliohippusPliohippus were found in the same layer. This were found in the same layer. This indicates that they were living at the same indicates that they were living at the same time, and thus provides no evidence that time, and thus provides no evidence that one evolved from the other one evolved from the other

Vij Sodera (MD, author of 3 surgical textbooks), One Small Speck to man: The Evolution Myth, 2003, p. 73.

Ash Falls NebraskaAsh Falls Nebraska70 Skeletons of horses were found together 70 Skeletons of horses were found together belonging to five different ‘types’ of horsesbelonging to five different ‘types’ of horses

What does this suggest?

They all lived at the same timeThey all lived at the same time

Generic variation within the Generic variation within the horse kindhorse kind

Horse SenseHorse Sense

““Most non-technical surveys of horse Most non-technical surveys of horse evolution present the story as if it were a evolution present the story as if it were a series of established facts. In reality, it is series of established facts. In reality, it is a web of hypotheses and theories,…”a web of hypotheses and theories,…”

Richard Hulbert (Prof of Vertebrate paleontology), Horses Through Time, 1997, p.33.

Evolution and the HorseEvolution and the Horse

““As the biologist Heribert-Nilsson said, ‘The As the biologist Heribert-Nilsson said, ‘The family tree of the horse is beautiful and family tree of the horse is beautiful and continuous only in the textbooks’, and the continuous only in the textbooks’, and the famous paleontologist Niles Eldredge called famous paleontologist Niles Eldredge called the textbook picture ‘lamentable’ and ‘a the textbook picture ‘lamentable’ and ‘a classical case of paleontologic museology'.” classical case of paleontologic museology'.”

Jonathan Sarfati (Ph.D. Physical Chemistry), Creation Ex Nihilo, 1999

Why would someone make this statement?

What Textbooks Don’t ContainWhat Textbooks Don’t ContainThe rib count, vertebrae count, tooth count The rib count, vertebrae count, tooth count and the size of the animal, varies widely and and the size of the animal, varies widely and does not show any direct line of progression does not show any direct line of progression (18, 15, 19, 18) (18, 15, 19, 18)

1. Notice the line drawings

The PictureThe Picture

2. Similarity could be genetic variability

What do the Facts Support?What do the Facts Support?

Where are the thousands of observable intermediates?

Where are the thousands of observable intermediates?

Created after their kindPrecambrian – Cambrian

Invertebrate – Vertebrate

Fish – Amphibian

Horse

Whale

Created after their kind

Created after their kind

Created after their kind

Whale Evolution: A Study of DeceptionWhale Evolution: A Study of Deception

““For instance, modern For instance, modern whales are the whales are the descendants of four-descendants of four-legged land animals that legged land animals that are also the ancestors of are also the ancestors of horses and cows. As you horses and cows. As you can, fossil intermediates can, fossil intermediates between modern whales between modern whales and their 60-million-year-and their 60-million-year-old ancestor reveal a old ancestor reveal a history of slow history of slow transformation.”transformation.”Biology: Visualizing Biology: Visualizing

Life, Holt, Rinehart and Life, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1998, p. 177.Winston, 1998, p. 177.

DeceptionDeceptionKenneth Miller, Finding Darwin’s God,1999, p. 265.

Ambulocetus skeleton, as Ambulocetus skeleton, as drawn in Miller’s bookdrawn in Miller’s book

Ambulocetus Ambulocetus reconstruction, as drawn reconstruction, as drawn in Miller’s bookin Miller’s book

Actual bones found Actual bones found (shaded portion)(shaded portion)

The Faith of EvolutionThe Faith of Evolution

““The skeleton of Pakicetus is unknown, The skeleton of Pakicetus is unknown, but a very tentative reconstruction shows but a very tentative reconstruction shows a semi-aquatic coast dwelling carnivore a semi-aquatic coast dwelling carnivore which could still move about on land.”which could still move about on land.”

Michael Benton, Vertebrate Paleontology, 1990, p. 289.

PakicetusPakicetus

DeceptionDeceptionPakicetus: another candidate Pakicetus: another candidate

for whale evolutionfor whale evolution

Artist Artist reconstructionreconstruction

Only the shaded Only the shaded portions of the skull portions of the skull were foundwere found

Did Whales Have Legs?Did Whales Have Legs?

Some modern whales have a pair of Some modern whales have a pair of bones embedded in their tissuesbones embedded in their tissues

Are these left over legs?

Whales Do NOT Have LegsWhales Do NOT Have Legs

They are not attached to the They are not attached to the vertebral columnvertebral column

They are used to strengthen the They are used to strengthen the pelvic wall and act as an organ pelvic wall and act as an organ anchor for reproductionanchor for reproduction

They have a known function and They have a known function and differ in males and femalesdiffer in males and females

Another ClaimAnother ClaimIn 1956, a Sperm Whale was found with a 5-In 1956, a Sperm Whale was found with a 5-inch tibia projecting into a 5 ½ inch bumpinch tibia projecting into a 5 ½ inch bump

Sperm whales are large - up to 62 feet long Sperm whales are large - up to 62 feet long A 5 ½ inch bump on its side would look like A 5 ½ inch bump on its side would look like

a pimplea pimple People are sometimes born with People are sometimes born with

abnormalities such as an extra finger, or an abnormalities such as an extra finger, or an extra ribextra rib

Was this a leg?

Where is the Evidence?Where is the Evidence?

The changes required in the The changes required in the evolutionary belief system for a land evolutionary belief system for a land

animal to become a whale are animal to become a whale are incredibly complex and far reachingincredibly complex and far reaching

Whales: Unique FeaturesWhales: Unique Features Enormous lung capacity with efficient Enormous lung capacity with efficient

oxygen exchange for long divesoxygen exchange for long dives

Powerful tail with large horizontal flukesPowerful tail with large horizontal flukes

Eyes designed to see underwater and Eyes designed to see underwater and withstand high pressurewithstand high pressure

Ears designed to pick up airborne sound Ears designed to pick up airborne sound waves and eardrum to withstand high waves and eardrum to withstand high pressurepressure

Skin lacking hair and sweat glands, but Skin lacking hair and sweat glands, but incorporate fatty blubberincorporate fatty blubber

Whale fins and tongues have counter-Whale fins and tongues have counter-current heat exchangers to minimize heat current heat exchangers to minimize heat lossloss

Nostrils on top of the head (blowholes)Nostrils on top of the head (blowholes) Breastfeed under waterBreastfeed under water Sonar capacitySonar capacity

Is there any observable evidence of these changes or is it all based on

artists drawings?

What do the Facts Support?What do the Facts Support?

Where are the thousands of observable intermediates?

Where are the thousands of observable intermediates?

Precambrian – Cambrian

Invertebrate – Vertebrate

Fish – Amphibian

Horse

Whale

Created after their kind

Created after their kind

Created after their kind

Created after their kind

Created after their kind

All IdeasAll Ideas

DeceptionDeception

Evolutionists want to believe in evolution Evolutionists want to believe in evolution so bad they will resort to deceiving their so bad they will resort to deceiving their followers and anybody else they can followers and anybody else they can control in the education system, including control in the education system, including professors, teachers, and students by professors, teachers, and students by making up data that does not exist.making up data that does not exist.

Summary: Fossil RecordSummary: Fossil Record

““Given the fact of evolution, Given the fact of evolution,

one would expect the fossils to document a one would expect the fossils to document a gradual steady change from ancestral forms to gradual steady change from ancestral forms to the descendants. But this is not what the the descendants. But this is not what the paleontologists finds. Instead, he or she finds paleontologists finds. Instead, he or she finds gaps in just about every phyletic series.”gaps in just about every phyletic series.”

Ernst Mayr (Professor Emeritus in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University, Hailed as the Darwin of the 20th century), What Evolution Is, 2001, p. 14.

QuestionQuestionWhat about the fossil sequence in the geologic column?

‘It is well recognized that during an entombing event dead creatures are subject to some form of segregation (whether by size, shape or density) by the effect of fluid movements.”

Vij Sodera, One Small Speck to Man, 2003, p. 38.

Mechanism for ChangeMechanism for ChangeSingle cellSingle cell InvertebrateInvertebrate

InvertebrateInvertebrate Vertebrate (fish)Vertebrate (fish)

FishFish AmphibianAmphibian

AmphibianAmphibian reptilereptile

ReptileReptile Bird/mammalBird/mammal

Ape-like creatureApe-like creature HumanHuman

What was the mechanism that could cause all this to happen?

What was the mechanism that could cause all this to happen?

Evolution and ChangeEvolution and Change

2.2. Natural selection selects this mutation Natural selection selects this mutation over any existing genes or other over any existing genes or other detrimental mutations that code for this detrimental mutations that code for this functionfunction

3.3. The mutation is inherited by offspringThe mutation is inherited by offspring

KEY: This process must add

New InformationNew Information

1.1. A beneficial mutation occursA beneficial mutation occurs

Natural SelectionNatural Selection

Ability to adapt to the environmentAbility to adapt to the environment Survival of the fittestSurvival of the fittest

Can natural selection cause one kind (species) to become a new kind?

Can natural selection cause one kind (species) to become a new kind?

Genetic Variation

Can only select from existing informationCan only select from existing information Can cause a loss of informationCan cause a loss of information Has no foresight into the futureHas no foresight into the future

Natural Selection and MutationsNatural Selection and Mutations

Time

Natural selection should eliminate harmful disorders

Mut

atio

ns a

nd d

isor

ders

If evolution is trueIf evolution is true

Natural Selection and MutationsNatural Selection and Mutations12000

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

01965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999

MIM

Ent

ries

Mendelian Inheritance in Manencyclopedia of human

genes and disorders

Mendelian Inheritance in Manencyclopedia of human

genes and disorders

Observed data

Mutation

Detrimental Neutral Beneficial

No change

No evolution

Disease

No evolution

Evolution possible ?

yesyes

Add information

No evolution

NoNo

Change morphology

NoNo

YesYes

MutationsMutations InsertionsInsertions DeletionsDeletions InversionsInversions DuplicationsDuplications TranslocationsTranslocations Recombination'sRecombination's

Programmed Gene ExpressionsProgrammed Gene Expressions

MutationsMutations

““But in all the reading I’ve done in the But in all the reading I’ve done in the life-sciences literature, I’ve never found life-sciences literature, I’ve never found a mutation that added information… a mutation that added information…

All point mutations that have been All point mutations that have been studied on the molecular level turn out studied on the molecular level turn out to reduce the genetic information and to reduce the genetic information and not increase it.”not increase it.”

Lee Spetner (Ph.D. Physics – MIT, taught information and communications at Johns Hopkins University), Not By Chance, 1997, pp. 131, 138

ScientistsScientistsLinda K. Walkup Ph.D. GeneticsTodd Wood Ph.D. GeneticsLane Lester Ph.D. GeneticsJames S. Allan Ph.D. GeneticsAndre Eggen Ph.D. GeneticsMaciej Giertych Ph.D. Genetics Leonard Korochkin M.D. Genetics and NeurobiologyRay Bohlin Ph.D. Molecular and Cell BiologyKimberly Berrine Ph.D. Microbiology & Immunology David A. DeWitt Ph.D. Biochemistry Duane Gish Ph.D. BiochemistryGeorge T. Javor Ph.D. BiochemistryHarriet Kim Ph.D. Biochemistry John Marcus Ph.D. Molecular Biology David Menton Ph.D. Cell Biology

“… “… most species, including most horses, most species, including most horses, appear abruptly in the fossil record, change appear abruptly in the fossil record, change very little over their entire history and then very little over their entire history and then disappear just as unceremoniously. disappear just as unceremoniously.

This pattern is well known to paleontologists This pattern is well known to paleontologists who have actually attributed it to the who have actually attributed it to the imperfection of the fossil record: the missing imperfection of the fossil record: the missing links between one species and another have links between one species and another have all died without the decency to leave their all died without the decency to leave their remains as fossils.”remains as fossils.”

Johnjoe McFadden (Professor of Molecular Biology and Quantum Physics), Quantum Evolution, 2000, p. 71.

Case StudyCase Study

Case Study QuestionCase Study Question

How many generations would it take for a creature like Lucy to evolve into a human?

Case StudyCase Study

Lucy is claimed to be 3.5 million years old

Apes are claimed to be 3% different from humans

Background Information

Case Study – Set-UpCase Study – Set-Up Let each generation be 20 years

Triple the time to 10 million years

20 years10 million years 500,000

generations

Let every generation get one beneficial mutation for 500,000 generations

Case Study DataCase Study Data A human DNA molecule contains

about 3-billion bits of information

3% of 3-billion = 90 million differences

We need to make 90 million changes in 500,000 generations

Case Study – The FactsCase Study – The Facts

One beneficial mutation per generation (every 20 years) for 500,000 generations (10 million years) effects less than 1% of the genome

90,000,000500,000

Case Study ConclusionCase Study Conclusion

90,000,000

500,000

No known mechanism for evolution

No known mechanism for evolution

EvidenceEvidence

1.1. The fossil record (history)The fossil record (history)

2.2. Mechanism for changeMechanism for change

Each model (evolution and creation) can best be determined by examining two lines of evidence

The evidence supports creation

The Bible starts with, “In the beginning God created…”The Bible starts with, “In the beginning God created…” TrueTrue

The Bible teaches, “created after their kind”The Bible teaches, “created after their kind” TrueTrue

If I have told you earthly things, and ye believe not, how shall ye believe, if I tell you of heavenly things?

John 3:12

The Bible teaches, we have no excuse for not believing (Romans 1:19-20)The Bible teaches, we have no excuse for not believing (Romans 1:19-20)

But I will show you whom you should fear: Fear Him who, after He has killed, has power to cast into hell; yes, I say to you, fear Him!

Luke 12:5

But I will show you whom you should fear: Fear Him who, after He has killed, has power to cast into hell; yes, I say to you, fear Him!

Luke 12:5