topics€¦ · web viewgeometrical optics at the end of this topic, the students should be able to:...

PHYSICS

TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES REMARKS HOUR

17.0 GEOMETRICAL OPTICS

At the end of this topic, the students should be able to: 5

17.1 Reflection at a plane surface

a) State laws of reflection.

b) State the characteristics of image formed by a plane mirror.

Sketch ray diagrams with minimum two rays.

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17.2 Reflection at a sphericalsurface

a) Sketch and use ray diagrams to determine the characteristics of image formed by spherical mirrors.

b) Use for real object only

Magnification,

Use sign convention for focal length: + f for concave mirror and – f for convex mirror.


r = 2f only applies to spherical mirror.

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17.3 Refraction at a plane and spherical surfaces

a) State and use the laws of refraction (Snell’s Law) for layers of materials with different densities.

b) Apply for spherical surface

Maximum three layers.

Use sign convention for r : +ve if centre of curvature is located in more dense medium andve if centre of curvature is located in less dense medium.

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TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES REMARKS HOUR2

17.4 Thin lenses a) Sketch and use ray diagrams to determine the characteristics of image formed by diverging and converging lenses.

b) Use equation stated in 17.3(b) to derive thin lens

formula, for real object only

c) Use lensmaker’s equation .

d) Use the thin lens formula for a combination of converging lenses.

Magnification,


Use sign convention for focal length: – f for diverging lens and + f for converging lens.

System of two separated lenses

Magnification, mf =m1m2

18.0 PHYSICAL OPTICS At the end of this topic, the student should be able to: 9

18.1 Huygen’s principle

a) Explain Huygen’s principle governing the propagation of wave fronts

b) Explain diffraction patterns by using Huygen’s principle.

Include spherical and plane wavefronts.

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118.2 Constructive interference and destructive interference

a) Define coherence.

b) State the conditions to observe interference of light.

c) State the conditions of constructive and destructive interference.

18.3 Interference of transmitted light through double-slits

a) Derive with the aid of a diagram and use

i) for bright fringes (maxima)

ii) for dark fringes (minima),

where m = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, … .

b) Use expression and explain the effect

of changing any of the variables.

Bright fringes:m = 0, central/ 0th order maxm =1, first bright / 1st order max

Dark fringes:m = 0, first dark / 0th order minm = 1, 2nd dark /1st order min

y : separation between two consecutive dark or bright fringes

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PHYSICS


18.4 Interference of reflected light in thin films

a) Explain with the aid of a diagram the interference of light in thin films for normal incidence.

For non-reflective coating: Constructive interference

2nt = mλ Destructive interference

2nt = (m + ½ )λ

For reflective coating: Constructive interference

2nt = (m + ½ )λ Destructive interference

2nt = mλwhere m = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, …

Limited to three media.

Emphasize on the phase change due to reflection.

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PHYSICS


18.5 Interference of reflected light in air wedge and Newton’s rings

a) Explain with the aid of a diagram the interference in air wedge.

b) Explain with the aid of a diagram the formation of Newton’s rings.

c) Use

i) 2t = (m + ½)λ for bright fringes (maxima)

ii) 2t = mλ for dark fringes (minima), where m = 0, 1, 2, 3, …

Newton’s rings experiment.Derivation is not required.Explain the formation of dark spot at the centre of the rings.

Bright fringes :m = 0, 1st bright / 0th order maxm = 1, 2nd bright / 1st order max

Dark fringes :m = 0, 1st dark /0th order minm =1, 2nd dark /1st order min

Limit to air only.

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18.6 Diffraction by a single slit

a) Explain with the aid of a diagram the diffraction of a single slit.

b) Derive and use formula

i) for dark fringes (minima)

ii) for bright fringes (maxima),

where n = ±1, ±2, ±3, ...

c) Explain with the aid of a diagram the effect of changing wavelength on the resolution of single slit from two coherent sources.

Dark fringes :n = 1, 1st dark / 1st order minn = 2, 2nd dark / 2nd order min

Bright fringes :n = 1, 1st bright /1st order maxn = 2, 2nd bright / 2nd order max

Central bright:Use formulae for first dark.

Emphasize on differences between diffraction and interference patterns in terms of intensity and width.

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18.7 Diffraction grating

a) Explain with the aid of a diagram the formation of diffraction.

b) Apply formula d sin θ = nλ where .

c) Describe with the aid of diagram the formation of spectrum by using white light.

Use compact disc as an example of a reflection diffraction grating

Bright fringes :n = 0, central / 0th order maxn = 1, first bright / 1st order max

N : number of slits per unit length

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PHYSICS


19.0 ELECTROSTATICS At the end of this topic, the student should be able to: 7

19.1 Coulomb’s law a) State Coulomb’s law, .

b) Apply Coulomb’s law for a system of point charges. Simple configuration of charges with a maximum of three charges.

Limit to 2D.

1

19.2 Electric field

a) Define electric field

b) Define electric field strength, .

c) Sketch the electric field lines of isolated point charge, two charges and uniformly charged parallel plates.

d) Obtain numerically and pictorially the electric field strength E of a point charge and a system of charges.

Emphasize as a vector.q0= positive test charge

Simple configuration of charges with a maximum of three charges in 2D.

2

19.3 Charge in a uniform electric field

a) Sketch the trajectory of a charged particle moving in a uniform electric field.

b) Determine the velocity and the angle of deflection of a charged particle on exit from a uniform electric field.

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PHYSICS


219.4 Electric Potential

a) Define electric potential.

b) Determine the electric potential due to a point charge and a system of charges.

c) Calculate potential difference between two points.

VAB = VA – VB

VAB =

d) Explain the relationship between electric field strength and electric potential.

e) Obtain the change in potential energy, U when a charge is moved between two points in a uniform electric field.

f) Calculate potential energy of a system of point

charges.

Maximum three charges in 2-D.

Consider sign of charge.

Maximum three charges.Consider sign of charge.

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PHYSICS

TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES REMARKS HOUR 1

19.5 Equipotential Lines and Surfaces

a) Define and sketch equipotential lines and surfaces of i) an isolated chargeii) a uniform electric fieldiii) an electric dipole

20. 0 CAPACITOR AND DIELECTRICS

At the end of this topic, the student should be able to:5

20.1 Capacitors and dielectric

a) Define capacitance.

b) Use formula .

c) State and explain the geometrical factors affecting the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor

d) Determine capacitance of parallel plate capacitor.

e) Describe the effect of dielectric on a parallel plate capacitor.

f) Determine the energy stored in a capacitor

Capacitance measures the charge on the capacitor for unit voltage across it

Air-filled capacitor

, C = εrCo

Table of dielectric constant

Other types of capacitors are not discussed.

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PHYSICS


20.2 Capacitors in series and parallel

a) Deduce and use the effective capacitance of capacitors in series and parallel.

b) Obtain the electric potential across each capacitor

Include their combination. Limit to five capacitors.

2

20.3 Charging and discharging of capacitors

a) Explain the process of charging and discharging capacitor.

b) Define and explain the physical meaning of time constant ,

c) Sketch and explain the characteristics of Q-t and I-t

graph for charging and discharging of a capacitor.

= RC.

No derivation.

1

21.0 ELECTRIC CURRENT AND DIRECT-CURRENT CIRCUITS

At the end of this topic, the student should be able to: 10

21.1 Electrical Conduction

a) Define electric current b) Determine the current from Q-t graphc) Define electromotive force (emf)

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PHYSICS


21.2 Ohm’s law and Resistivity

a) State Ohm’s law.

b) Define resistance and relate it to resistivity .

c) State and discuss the factors affecting the resistivity of a resistor.

d) Explain the potential drop across a resistor in a simple circuit.

e) Explain the effect of internal resistance to the potential difference across battery terminals.

V=IR

Introduce conductivity as the inverse of resistivity

V = - Ir.

2

21.3 Variation of resistance with temperature

a) Explain the effect of temperature on electrical resistance in metals.

b) Determine the resistance change due to variation of temperature.

= 0 [ 1 + α T ]R =Ro [1+ α(T - To)].

1

21.4 Electrical energy and power

a) Explain joule heating and relate it to the dissipative power of a resistor.

b) Determine the dissipative power and energy loss in a simple circuit

Include P =I2R and P = V2/R for power. Emphasize on V as potential difference across resistors. P = VI and W = VIt

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PHYSICS


21.5 Resistors in series and parallel

a) Determine effective resistance of resistors in series and effective resistance of resistors parallel.

b) Determine effective resistance of resistors connected in parallel-series combination.

c) Obtain the voltage and current in the circuit.

Include combination of resistors. Limit to five resistors.

2

21.6 Kirchhoff’s Laws a) State Kirchhoff’s current and voltage law.b) Label the high and low potential points across resistors

and batteries for a given current direction.c) Use Kircchoff’s laws to determine currents flowing in

two loops closed circuit.

Current direction is already specified.Maximum two closed circuit loops.

No need to calculate potential between two points in the circuit

2

21.7 Potential divider a) Explain the principle and usage of a potential divider.

b) Determine the potential across a chosen resistor in a circuit by using the potential divider equation.

1

22.0 MAGNETIC FIELD At the end of this topic, the student should be able to: 7

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PHYSICS


22.1 Magnetic field a) Define magnetic field.

b) Identify magnetic field sources.

c) Sketch the magnetic field lines.

Bar magnet and current carrying conductor

Introduce earth magnetic field.Consider also magnetic flux.

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22.2 Magnetic field produced by current-carrying conductor

a) Apply magnetic field formula

i) for a long straight wire

ii) for a circular coil and

iii) for a solenoid.

Suggest Right Hand Rule to determine direction of .

Magnetic field at the centre only.

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22.3 Force on a moving

charged particle in a uniform magnetic field

a) Use formulae

b) Describe circular motion of a charge in a uniform magnetic field.

c) Use relationship FB = FC.

For electron, q = e

Limit to motion of charge perpendicular to magnetic field.Anything about circular motion FB : magnetic forceFC : centripetal force

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22.4 Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field

a) Use formulae . Emphasize on magnitude and direction of .Suggest Right Hand Rule.

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PHYSICS


22.5 Forces between two parallel current-carrying conductors

a) Derive force per unit length of two parallel current-carrying conductors.

b) Use formulae .

c) Define one ampere.

The direction of force experienced by the conductors depends on the direction of current flow.

The coulomb is defined in terms of the ampere and the ampere is defined in terms of the mutual force between parallel current-carrying conductors.

1

122.6 Torque on a coil

a) Use formulae

where N = number of turns b) Explain the working principles of a moving coil

galvanometer

c) Explain the DC electrical measuring instruments The use of shunt and multiplier, voltmeter, ammeter, resistance meter and multimeter

22.7 Motion of charged particle in magnetic field and electric field

a) Explain the motion of a charged particle in both magnetic field and electric field.

b) Derive and use formulae in a velocity selector.

FB = FE

Working principle of a mass spectrometer.

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PHYSICS


23.0 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION At the end of this topic, the student should be able to:

7

23.1 Magnetic flux a) Define and use magnetic flux,

Emphasize on the angle, θ between magnetic field and the normal to plane of the coil

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PHYSICS


223.2 Induced emf a) Explain induced emf.

b) State Faraday’s law and Lenz’s law.

c) Apply formulae .

d) Derive induced emf of a straight conductor and a coil in changing magnetic flux.

e) Apply formula of:

i. a straight conductor, ,

ii. a coil, or

iii. a rotating coil,

Emphasize on describing electromagnetic induction based on Faraday’s law and Lenz’s law.

Use Lenz’s law to determine the direction of induced current.

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PHYSICS


23.3 Self-inductance

a) Define self-inductance.

b) Apply formulae =

for a loop and solenoid

1

23.4 Energy stored in inductor

a) Derive and use formulae for energy stored in an inductor,

½

23.5 Mutual Inductance a) Define mutual inductance.

b) Derive and use formulae for mutual inductance of two

coaxial coils,

c) Explain the working principle of transformer and the effect of eddy current in transformer.

Derivation of mutual inductance is not required in examination.

2

23.6 Back emf in DC motor a) Explain back emf and its effect on DC motor. ½

24.0 ALTERNATING CURRENT


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PHYSICS

TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES REMARKS HOUR 24.1 Alternating current

a) Define alternating current (AC).

b) Sketch and use sinusoidal AC waveform.

c) Write and use sinusoidal voltage and current equations.

1

24.2 Root mean square (rms)

a) Define root mean square (rms) current and voltage for AC source.

b) Use ,

DC equivalent current is rms current.

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24.3 Resistance, reactance and impedance

a) Use phasor diagram and sinusoidal waveform to show the phase relationship between current and voltage for a circuit consisting of i) pure resistorii) pure capacitor iii) pure inductor.

b) Define capacitive reactance, inductive reactance and impedance.

c) Analyse voltage, current and phasor diagrams for a series circuit consisting ofi) RLii) RC iii) RLC.

Emphasize on phasor diagram of single component circuit.

Explain graphically the dependence of R,, XC , XL and Z on f.

XC = , XL = 2 f L ,

,

For resonance : XC = XL

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PHYSICS


24.4 Power and power factor

a) Applyi) average power, Pav = I V cos θ,

ii) instantaneous power,

iii) power factor,

in AC circuit consisting of R, RC, RL and RLC in series.

Emphasize on power loss only in resistor of the AC circuit.

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24.5 Rectification

a) Explain half-wave and full wave rectification by using a circuit diagram and V-t graph.

b) Explain the smoothing of rectified output voltage by capacitor by using a circuit diagram and V-t graph.

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25.0 QUANTIZATION OF LIGHT


25.1 Planck’s Quantum Theory

a) Explain briefly Planck’s quantum theory and classical theory of energy.

b) Write and use Einstein’s formulae for photon energy,

Quantum energy, E = nhfClassical energy, E = kB T

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PHYSICS

TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES REMARKS HOUR 25.2 The Photoelectric Effect

a) Explain the phenomenon of photoelectric effect.

b) Define threshold frequency, work function and stopping potential.

c) Describe and sketch diagram of the photoelectric effect experimental set-up.

d) Explain by using graph and equations the observations of photoelectric effect experiment in terms of the dependence of :i) kinetic energy of photoelectron on the frequency of

light; ii) photoelectric current on intensity of incident light;iii) work function and threshold frequency on the types

of metal surface; .

e) Explain the failure of wave theory to justify the photoelectric effect.

Einstein’s photoelectric equation,

1. Electrons are emitted spontaneously.

2. Maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons does not depend on intensity of light

3. The existence of threshold frequency of photons.

3

26.0 WAVE PROPERTIES OF PARTICLE


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PHYSICS


26.1 The de Broglie wavelength

a) State and use formulae for wave-particle duality of

de Broglie,Emphasize on

where wavelength, λ represents property of wave; and momentum, p represents property of particle.

1

126.2 Electron diffraction

a) Describe Davisson-Germer experiment by using a

schematic diagram to show electron diffraction.

b) Explain the wave behaviour of electron in an electron microscope and its advantages compared to optical microscope.

Relate de Broglie wavelength of electron with the resolving power of the microscope.

27.0 BOHR’S MODEL OF HYDROGEN ATOM


27.1 Bohr’s Atomic Model

a) Explain Bohr’s postulates of hydrogen atom. 1

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PHYSICS


27.2 Energy level of hydrogen atom

a) Derive Bohr’s radius and energy level in hydrogen atom.

b) Use rn = n2ao= ,

En =

Bohr radius, ao = 0.53 Å 1

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PHYSICS


127.3 Line spectrum

a) Explain the emission of line spectrum by using energy level diagram.

b) Define ground state energy, excitation energy and ionisation energy.

c) State the line series of hydrogen spectrum.

d) Use formula .

Lyman (n = 1), Balmer (n = 2), Paschen (n = 3), Brackett (n = 4) and Pfund (n = 5) series.

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PHYSICS


28.0 X-RAY At the end of this topic, the students should be able to: 2

28.1 X-ray spectra

a) Explain with the aid of a diagram, the production of X-ray from an X-ray tube.

b) Explain the production of continuous and characteristic X-ray spectra.

c) Derive and use the formulae for minimum wavelength for continuous X-ray spectra,

d) Identify the effects of the variation of current, accelerating voltage and atomic number of the anode on the continuous and characteristic X-ray spectra.

1

28.2 Moseley’s Law

a) State Moseley’s Law and explain its impact on the periodic table.

f Z² ½

28.3 X-ray diffraction

a) Derive with the aid of a diagram the Bragg’s equation.

b) Use 2d sin θ = nλ

Condition for diffraction, d λ

Emphasize that , the glancing angle is different from incident angle.

½

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PHYSICS


29.0 NUCLEUS At the end of this topic, the student should be able to: 3

29.1 Properties of nucleus a) State the properties of proton and neutron.

b) Define i) proton numberii) nucleon numberiii) isotopes

c) Use to represent a nucleus.

d) Explain the working principle and the use of mass spectrometer to identify isotopes.

Consider Bainbridge mass spectrometer

1

29.2 Binding energy and mass defect

a) Define mass defect and binding energy.

b) Use formulae E = ∆ mc².

c) Identify the average value of binding energy per nucleon of stable nuclei from the graph of binding energy per nucleon against nucleon number.

Include binding energy per nucleon.

Emphasize on Δm.

1 atomic mass unit,

2

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PHYSICS


30.0 NUCLEAR REACTION At the end of this topic, the student should be able to:2

30. 1 Nuclear reaction a) State the conservation of charge (Z) and nucleon number (A) in a nuclear reaction.

b) Write and complete the equation of nuclear reaction.

c) Calculate the energy liberated in the process of nuclear reaction

Conservation of momentum is not discussed.

Emphasize on Δm = mi – mf

1

30.2 Nuclear fission and fusion

a) Distinguish the processes of nuclear fission and fusion.

b) Explain the occurrence of fission and fusion in the form of graph of binding energy per nucleon.

c) Explain chain reaction in nuclear fission of a nuclear reactor.

d) Describe the process of nuclear fusion in the sun.

Use related diagram

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31.0 RADIOACTIVITY At the end of this topic, the student should be able to: 3

31.1 Radioactive decay a) Explain α, β+, βˉ and γ decays.

b) State decay law and use .

c) Define activity, A and decay constant,

d) Derive and use

e) Define half-life and use

Radioactive decay as spontaneous and random process.

N : number of remaining nuclei

Consider decay curve

2

31.2 Radioisotope as tracers a) Explain the application of radioisotopes as tracers. Use dilution method to explain the principles of tracers,

A1V1 = A2V2.(A : activity; V : volume)

Limit to 3 applications only.

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topics€¦ · web viewgeometrical optics at the end of this topic, the students should be able to:...

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