topping. question 1 why do plants have leaves? as a store for seed production
TRANSCRIPT
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Topping
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Question 1
Why do plants have leaves? As a store for seed production
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Historical Perspective
Late topping/ full Late topping/ full bloombloom Past DemandPast Demand
Lighter bodied Lighter bodied style of tobaccostyle of tobacco
Milder tasteMilder taste Non-filteredNon-filtered
Sucker controlSucker control Hand removalHand removal No chemical No chemical
controlcontrol
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Physiological Aspect of Topping
Leaf Spread Removal of non-beneficial nutrient sink Root stimulation
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Timing Best when 10-25% of
plants have one flower open Effects on plant
Darker cured leaf color
Prior to physiological maturity Prior to stalk hardening
Increases root development More leaf expansion in lower
part of plant
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Yield TrendsYield Trends Bud Topping
Yield loss in most varieties Good for late maturing varieties
10-25% Best for most varieties Good quality
50-75% Suckers initiated in some varieties
100%+ Yield decline Sucker initiation in all varieties Opportunistic diseases Senescence
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Disease Incidence Hollow Stalk
Late Top Harden Stalk Ragged Top
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Effects of Topping Time on Yield
504 553 570 579
1666 1755 1729 1657
625 631 594 604
2958 2876 28402795
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Bud 10-25% 50-75% 100%
Bloom Stage
Yie
ld l
b/a
12 trials over 10 years
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Topping Height Root system
Supports a finite leaf yield Leaf number
20 leaves Larger leaves Highest Yield sometimes
26 leaves Smaller leaves Slightly higher Yield most times
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Effects of Topping Time on Yield
608 612 586 598 625 630
1374 1442 1368 1421 1451 1390
686 701 710 703 686 676
269727632722266427552668
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
20 26 - Bud 10-25% 50-75% 100%
Leaf Number Bloom Stage
Yie
ld l
b/a
17 trials over 9 years
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Effects of Topping Time on Leaf Yield
8.286.58 7.32 7.45 7.57 7.38
0
2
4
6
8
10
20 26 - Bud 10-25% 50-75% 100%
Leaf Number Bloom Stage
Yie
ld g
/leaf
17 trials over 9 years
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Topping Study Labor ComparisonsLawrence Co. – Malcom Smith Farm
465 432
703 678
495 577
784 778
2447 2465
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
20 26
Leaf Number
Yie
ld l
b/a
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Topping Study Labor ComparisonsLawrence Co. – Malcom Smith Farm
19.3333.83
154.67
203.00
21.1336.40
169.07
218.39
0
50
100
150
200
250
Cut hr/a Strip hr/a Cut Cost/a Strip Cost/a
20
26
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Topping Study Returns ComparisonsLawrence Co. – Malcom Smith Farm
$3,744.00 $3,771.00
3000
3500
4000
Gross returns/a
$/a
20
26
Based on $1.53 average price
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On a Larger Scale
6 leaves per plant 42,000 per acre
Based on 7000 population 420,000
Based on 10 acres 1,035,000
Based on 24 acres
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Mechanical Topping
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Sucker Control
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Systemic Maleic Hydrazide
Form Potassium Salt
Brands Royal MH 30 Super Sucker Stuff Fair Plus Etc.
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Systemic Maleic Hydrazide
Activity Systemic Control of whole plant Control Cell Division
Application 1.5 to 2 gal/a regular concentrate 1 to 1.5 gal/a high concentrate Avoid heat of the day Nozzles
Fine – Hollow Cone Course – Solid Cone
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Advantages
Lasts for 3 to 4 weeks Ease of application Systemic
Basipetal movement Reaches ground suckers
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Major Disadvantage Residues in cured tobacco
Standard Industry
80 ppm Maximum
European 60 ppm Maximum
Over application due to lack of confidence in the product
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Disadvantages (Cont’d)
Breakdown of control Poor application methods
Too little volume Coverage
Poor weather conditions Leaf not receptive under dry
conditions
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Disadvantages (Cont’d)
Artificial maturity Bronzing Tip burn
Stops cell division Retards leaf
expansion on small leaves
Not rain safe Reapply full rate if rain
within 6 hrs Reapply ½ rate if rain
occurs within 6 to 12 hrs
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MH Injury Residual MH left in sprayers from previous years
can injure young plants
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Contacts
Fatty alcohols Brands
Royal-Tac Fair 85 Sucker Plucker Off-Shoot T
Activity Contact Control Kills actively growing tissue
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Application
Coarse spray (Full cone 3 nozzles arrangement)
Rate (4-6% solution) Avoid temperatures in excess of 90 oF
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Advantages
No residue No bronzing Does not stop cell division Rain safe after 2 hrs
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Disadvantages
Short residual control Reapplication required If chemical misses sucker, no control (not
systemic) Leaf Drop under high temperatures
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Local Systemic Dinitroanaline
(DNA) Prime+, Butralin & FluPro
Activity Stops cell division
Application Coarse spray (Full cone 3 nozzles arrangement)
Drop lines
Rate (2% solution in 50 gal/a) Run Down
Jug method
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Equipment Hand
Jug method Backpack
High Clearance Sprayer Drop Lines
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Advantages
Low residue Extended Control 5-7 weeks Stops cell expansion only in small
suckers Slightly darker top grade when cured
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Disadvantages Residual activity of chemical on
cover crops Difficult to apply correctly with
high clearance sprayer Escapes Liberation of dormant ground
suckers
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Combination
MH & Prime+ or Butralin Activity
Dual approach Systemic and Local systemic
Controls Cell division
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Why Coarse Nozzles? Provide large droplet size
Like rain Runs down stalk
Contacts all leaf axils Where suckers are
Suckers more receptive than Leaf During dry weather
Leaf cuticle more waxy
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Fine Nozzles Nozzles
Coverage on upper third of plant Covers mostly leaf During drought
Dries on contact Does not come in contact with sucker bud
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Application
Coarse nozzles TG-5 / CE-5 or
equivalent at 4-4.5 mph
TG-3 / CE-3 or equivalent at 2.5-3 mph
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Effects of Application of MH by Coarse vs Fine Nozzles on Yield of
Burley Tobacco
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Yie
ld lb
/a
Fine 2398 3105 1713 2352 2074 2697 2194 2911 2355
Coarse 2617 3474 1998 2498 2291 2949 2397 3014 2524
Bath Fleming Jackon Knox LaurelLawrenc
eNelson
Pendleton
Average*
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Rate
1.5 gal/a MH (regular concentrate)+ .5 gal/a of Prime+ or Butralin
1 gal high concentrate +.5 gal/a of Prime+ or Butralin
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Influence of Sucker Control Across Four Location on Burley Tobacco Yield
2380 2507 2557 2411 2578 2546
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Yie
ld lb
/a
Locations = Bath, Knox, Jackson & Pendleton LSD 0.05 = 177
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Average MH Residues by State1997-2004
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
KY IN MO NC OH TN VA Other ALL
ppm MH
Limited sample numbers on all but KY and TN 2000 & 2004 values are from warehouse sales only
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Distribution of MH Residue of MH Residue Across All States 2000 & 2004Across All States 2000 & 2004
0
30
60
90
120
ppm MH
Frequency
2000 (169) 2001 (275) 2002 (252) 2003(241) 2004(184)
2000 (169) 28 62 50 20 7 2
2001 (275) 87 105 62 10 5 5 1
2002 (252) 92 79 50 21 5 1 1 2 1
2003(241) 76 95 53 12 3 2
2004(184) 61 75 27 9 7 1 2 2
0 1-40 41-8081-120
121-160
161-200
201-240
241-280
281-320
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MH MH Residue Frequency Data for Frequency Data for Kentucky 2000 & 2004Kentucky 2000 & 2004
01020304050607080
ppm MH
Frequency
2000 (116) 2001 (169) 2002(149) 2003(145) 2004(109)
2000 (116) 16 41 38 15 5 1
2001 (169) 37 70 45 8 5 3 1
2002(149) 49 47 33 13 3 1 0 2 1
2003(145) 32 62 38 10 2 1
2004(109) 28 49 17 7 5 0 2 1
0Jan-40
41-8081-120
121-160
161-200
201-240
241-280
>280
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Range of MH Residues in Kentucky for 1997 - 2004
0102030405060708090
100
%
Extremely High 2.11 8.73 5.45 0 0.59 2.01 0 2.75
Very High 14.21 9.82 14.55 5.17 4.73 2.68 2.07 4.59
High 20.53 13.82 21.09 12.93 4.73 8.72 6.9 6.42
Medium 29.47 29.82 25.45 32.76 26.63 22.15 26.21 15.6
Low 33.68 37.82 33.45 49.14 63.31 64.43 63.45 70.64
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Low < 41, Medium = 41-80, High = 81-120, Very High = 120 - 200, Extremely High >200 ppm
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Advantages of Combination of Combination Higher yields Better returns Improved sucker control Lower MH residue Extended Control 5-7 wks Rain safety after 2 hrs Produces darker cured leaf Not as weather dependent No cover crop concern No ground sucker concern Improved grower confidence
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Disadvantage
Higher Cost
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Controlling Late Season
Insects
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Aphid OptionsAphid OptionsInsecticide Rate/Acre Harvest Interval
Small PlantsSmall Plants Large PlantsLarge Plants (days)
Acephate, Bracket, Orthene 2/3 lb 1 lb 3
Orthene 97 3/4 lb 3/4 lb 3
Fulfill 50 WDG 2.75 oz 2.75 oz 14
Golden Leaf Tobacco Spray 2/3 qt 1 - 1/3 qt 5*
Phaser 3E 2/3 qt 1 - 1/3 qt 5*
Pravado 1.6 F 2 to 4 fl oz 2 to 4 fl oz 14
Thiodan (Endosulfan) 2/3 qt 1 - 1/3 qt 5*
Lannate 90 SP 1/2 lb 1/2 lb 14
*Application of products containing endosulfan within 28 days of harvest can lead to increased residue on the crop. Do not spray in the heat of the day
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Hornworm OptionsInsecticide Rate/Acre
Harvest Interval
(days)
Acephate (Orthene 75, Bracket) 1 lb 3
Orthene 97 1/2 lb 3
BT products (Agree, Biobit, Dipel, Javelin, Lepinox, Xentari)
0
Denim 0.16 EC 8 to 12 fl. oz. 14
Endosulfan (Golden Leaf Tobacco Spray, Thiodan, Phaser)
2/3 to 1-1/3 qt 5*
Lannate SP 1/2 lb 14
Sevin 80S 2-1/2 lbs 0
Warrior 1.92 – 3.84 fl oz 40
Tracer 4SC 1.4 to 2.9 fl oz* 3
*Application of products containing endosulfan within 28 days of harvest can lead to increased residue on the crop. Do not spray in the heat of the day