topsecret doc, june 1947 - relationships with inhabitants of celestrial bodies

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8/9/2019 TopSecret Doc, June 1947 - Relationships With Inhabitants of Celestrial Bodies http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/topsecret-doc-june-1947-relationships-with-inhabitants-of-celestrial-bodies 1/7 DRAFT June 1947 Relationships with Inhabitants of Celestial Bodies Relationships with extraterrestrial men presents no basically new problem from the standpoint of international law; but the possibility of confronting intelligent beings that do not belong to the human race would bring up problems whose solution it is difficult to conceive. In principle, there is no difficulty in accepting the possibility of coming to an understanding with them, and of establishing all kinds of relationships. The difficulty lies in trying to establish the principles on which these relationships should be based. In the first place, it would be necessary to establish communication with them through some language or other, and afterwards, as a first condition for all intelligence, that they should have a psychology similar to that of men. At any rate, international law should make place for a new law on a different basis, and it might be called "Law Among Planetary Peoples," following the guidelines found in the Pentateuch. Obviously, the idea of revolutionizing international law to the point where it would be capable of coping with new situations would compel us to make a change in its structure, a change so basic that it would no longer be international law, that is to say, as it is conceived today, but something altogether different, so that it could no longer bear the same name. If these intelligent beings were in possession of a more or less culture, and a more or less perfect political organization, they would have an absolute right to be recognized as independent and overeign eoples, we would have to come to an agreement with them to establish the legal regulations upon which future relationships should be based, and it would be necessary to accept many of their principles. Finally, if they should reject all peaceful cooperation and become an imminent threat to the earth, we would have the right to legitimate defense, but only insofar as would be necessary to annul this danger. ***** Another possibility may exist, that a species of homo sapiens might have established themselves as an independent nation on another celestial body in our solar system and File

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Page 1: TopSecret Doc, June 1947 - Relationships With Inhabitants of Celestrial Bodies

8/9/2019 TopSecret Doc, June 1947 - Relationships With Inhabitants of Celestrial Bodies

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DRAFT June 1947

Relationships with Inhabitantsof Celestial Bodies

Relationships with extraterrestrial men presentsno basically new problem from the standpoint of internationallaw; but the possibility of confronting intelligent beingsthat do not belong to the human race would bring up problemswhose solution it is difficult to conceive.

In principle, there is no difficulty in accepting thepossibility of coming to an understanding with them, and ofestablishing all kinds of relationships. The difficulty liesin trying to establish the principles on which theserelationships should be based.

In the first place, it would be necessary to establishcommunication with them through some language or other, andafterwards, as a first condition for all intelligence, thatthey should have a psychology similar to that of men.

At any rate, international law should make place fora new law on a different basis, and it might be called "LawAmong Planetary Peoples," following the guidelines found inthe Pentateuch. Obviously, the idea of revolutionizinginternational law to the point where it would be capable ofcoping with new situations would compel us to make a changein its structure, a change so basic that it would no longerbe international law, that is to say, as it is conceivedtoday, but something altogether different, so that it couldno longer bear the same name.

If these intelligent beings were in possession of amore or less culture, and a more or less perfect politicalorganization, they would have an absolute right to berecognized as independent and overeign eoples, we wouldhave to come to an agreement with them to establish thelegal regulations upon which future relationships should be

based, and it would be necessary to accept many of theirprinciples.

Finally, if they should reject all peacefulcooperation and become an imminent threat to the earth, wewould have the right to legitimate defense, but only insofaras would be necessary to annul this danger.

* * * * *

Another possibility may exist, that a species of homosapiens might have established themselves as an independent

nation on another celestial body in our solar system and

File

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TOP SECRET

' * : •

evolved culturely independently from ours. Obviously, thispossibility depends on many circumstances, whose conditionscannot yet be foreseen. However, we can make a study of the

basis on which such a thing might have occurred,.

In the first place, living conditions on these bodieslets say the moon,-or the planet Mars, would have to be suchas to permit a stable, and to a certain extent, independentlife, from an economic standpoint. Much has been speculatedabout the possibilities for life existing outside of ouratmosphere and beyond, always hypothetically. and there are

those who mo so far as to give formulas for the creation ofan artificial atmosphere on the noon, which undoubtedly havea certain scientific foundation, and which may one day cometo light. Lets assume that magnesium silicates on the moonmay exist and contain up to 13 per cent water. Using energyand machines brought to the moon, perhaps from a space station,the rooks could be broken up, pulverized, and then backed todrive off the water of crystallization. This could be collectedand then decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen, using an electric.current or the short wave radiation of the sun. The oxygencould be used for breathing purposes; the hydrogen night beused as a fuel.

In any case, if no existence is possible on celestial 'bodies except for enterprises for the exploration of their

natural riches, with a continuous interchange of the men whowork on them, unable to establish themselves there indefinitelyand be able to live isolated life, independence will nevertake place.

Now we come to the problem of determining what todo if the inhabitants of celestial bodies, or extraterrestrialbiological entitles (EBE) desire to settle here.

1. If they are politically organised and possess acertain culture similar to our own, they may be recognized asa independent people. They could consider what degree ofdevelopment would be required on earth for colonizing.

2. If they consider our culture to e evoid of politicalunity, they would have the right to colonize. Of course, thiscolonization cannot be conducted on classic linos. • .«

A superior form of colonizing will have to be conceived,that could be a kind of tutelage, possibly through the tacitapproval of the United Nations. But would the United Nationslegally have the right of allowing such tutelage over us in such

-2-fashion?

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have no right of tutelage, since its domain does not extendbeyond relationships between its members. It would have theright to intervene only if the relationships of a membernation with a celestial body affected another member nationwith an extraterrestrial people is beyond the domain of theUnited Nations, But if those relationships entailed aconflict with another member nation, the United. Nations wouldhave the right to intervene•

(b) If the United Nations were a supra-nationalorganisation, it would have competency to deal with allproblems related to extraterrestrial peoples. Of course,

even though it is merely an international organisation, itcould have this competence if itsmember states would bewilling to recognize it.

It is difficult to predict what the attitude ofinternational law will bo with regard to the occupation bycelestial peoples of certain locations on our planet, butthe only thing that can be foreseen is that there will bea profound change in traditional concepts•

We cannot exclude the possibility that a race of

extraterrstrial people more advanced technologically andeconomically may take upon itself the right to occupyanother celestial body. How, then, would this occupationcome about?

1. The idea of exploitation by one celestialstate would be rejected, they may think it would be advisableto grant it to all others capable of reaching anothercelestial body. But this would be to maintain a situationof privilege for these states.

2. The division of a celestial body into zonesand the distribution of them among other celestial states.

This would present the problem of distribution. Moreover,other celestial states would be deprived of the possibilityof owning an area, or if they were granted one it wouldinvolve complicated operations.

3. Indivisible co-sovereignty, giving each celestialstate the right to make whatever use is most convenient to. .its interests, independently of the others. This wouldcreate a situation of anarchy, as the strongest one wouldwin out in the end*

4. A moral entity? The most feasible solution it v

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seem would be this one, submitt an agreement providing far the

peaceful absorbtion of a celestial race(s) in such a mannerthat our culture would remain intact with guarantees thattheir presence not be revealed.

Actually, we do not believe it necessary to go thatfar. It would merely be a natter of internationalizingcelestial peoples, and creating an international treatyintsrument preventing exploitation of all nations belongingto the United Nations.

*****

Occupation by states here on earth, which has lost

all interest for international law, since there were no moreres nullius territories, is beginning to regain all itsimportance in cosmic international law.

Occupation consists in the appropriation by a stateof res nullius.

Until the last century, occupation was the normalmeans of acquiring sovereignty over territories, whenexplorations made possible the discovery of new regions,either unihabited or in an elementary state of civilization.

The imperialist expansion of the states came to anend with the end of regions capable of being occupied, whichhave now been drained from the earth and exist only ininterplanetary space, where the celestial states presentnew problems.

Res nullius is something that belongs to nobody suchas the moon. In international law a celestial body is notsubject to the sovereignty of any state is considered resnullius. If it could be established that a celestial bodywithin our solar system such as our moon was, or is occupiedby another ce les tia l race, there could be no claim of resnullius by any state on earth (if that state should decide

in the future to send explorers to lay claim to it). It wouldexist as res communis, that is that all celestial stateshave the same rights over it.

*****

And now to the final question of whether the presenceof celestial astroplanes in our atmosphere is a directresult of our testing atomic weapons?

The presence of unidentified space craft flying inour atmosphere (and possibly maintaining orbits about ourplanet) is now, however, accepted by our military.

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On every question of whether the United States will

(hydrogen bombs), or reach an agreement to disarm and theexclusion of weapons that are too destructive, with theexception of chemical warfare, on which, by some miracle we

cannot explain, an agreement has been reached, the

lamentations of philosophers, the efforts of politicians, and

the conferences of diplomats have been doomed to failure and

have accomplished nothing.The use of the atomic bomb combined with space

vehicles poses a threat on a scale which makes it absolutelynecessary to come to an agreement in this area. With theappearance of unidentified space vehicles (opinions aresharply divided as to their origin) over the skies of Europe

and the United States has sustained an ineradical fear, ananxiety about security, that is driving the great powers tomake an effort to find a solution to the threat.

Military strategists foresee the use of space craftwith nuclear warheads as the ultimate weapon of war. Eventhe deployment of artificial satellites for intelligencegathering and. target selection is not far off. The militaryimportance of space vehicles, satellites as well as rocketsis indisputable, since they project war from the horizontalplane to the vertical plane in its fullest sense. Attack nolonger comes from an exclusive direction, nor from adetermined country, but from the sky, with the practicalimpossibility of determining who the aggressor is, how tointercept the attack, or how to effect immediate reprisals•These problems are compounded further by identification.How does the air defense radar operator identify , or moreprecisely, classify his target?

At present, we can breath a little easier knowingthat slow moving bombers are the mode of delivery of atomicbombs that can be detected by long-range early warning radar.But what do we do in lets say ten years from now? Whenartificial satellites and missiles find their place in space,we must consider the potential threat that unidentifiedspace craft pose. One must consider the fact thatmis-identification of these space craft for a intercontenental

missile in a re-entry phase of flight could lead to accidental

Lastly, we should consider the possibility that ouratmospheric tests of late could have influenced the arrivalof celestial scrutiny. They could have been, curious or evenalarmed by such activity (and rightly so, for the Russianswould make every effort to observe and record such ests).

In conclusion, it is our professional opinion based onsubmitted data that this situation i extremely perilous, and

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measures must be taken to rectify a very serious problem arevery apparent. ,

Respectfully,

/ s / \

Dr. J.Robert Oppenheimer

Director of Advanced Studies

Princeton, New Jersey

/s /

Professor Albert Einstein

Princeton, New Jersey

Myself and M a rs h a l l h a v e r e a d t h i s and I must admit therei s s o m e l o g i c . But I hardly t h i n k the P re s i d e n t w i l l c o n s i d e ri t for the obv ious reasons- I unders t and Oppenhe imerapproached M ars hal l while th ey a t ten de d ceremony a t

As I understand i t Marshall rebuffed the i d e aof Oppenheimer d iscuss ing th is wi th the P r e s i d e n t . I talkedto Gordon, and he a g r e e d .

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