total biomasse en final 1

7/24/2019 Total Biomasse en Final 1

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BIOMASS MEETING THEBIOTECHNOLOGY CHALLENG


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DEVELOPING ASUSTAINABLE ENERGSOURCETHROUGH

ENTERPRISING R&D


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ABUNDANT, RENEWABLE AND STORABLE, BIOMASS IS A SUSTAINAB

SOLUTION TO THE PLANETS GROWING ENERGY NEEDS. TOTAL IS FUL

COMMITTED TO BIOMASS, THROUGH INDUSTRIAL PARTNERSHIPS AN

ENTERPRISING RESEARCH PROGRAMS.

o help meet growing global energy demand,Total is working to develop new energies thatemit less greenhouse gas and can partner the

oil and gas we supply. Biomass makes up around10% (1) of the world energy consumption and iscurrently used mostly for heating and cooking. It isthe only renewable alternative to fossil fuels for trans-portation fuels, such as biodiesel, bioethanol andbio-jet fuel, for lubricants, and for the building blockmolecules used by the chemical industry to producesolvents and polymers.Together with solar, biomass is a strategic growtharea for Total in new energies. We have launchedseveral ambit ious R&D programs and formedinnovative industrial partnerships to identify, testand commercially scale up the most socially,environmentally and economically promising biomassconversion pathways. In our view, large-scale

biomass conversion is an industrial and technolochal lenge that must reconci le the fol lowrequirements:

Technical performance:Technological differetion and compatibility with current equipment industrial processes.

Environmental performance: Reducing grhouse gas emissions, combating deforestationsoil erosion, and protecting the natural environmand the water cycle.

Social acceptability: Compatibility with the needs of populations and a driver of economicsocial development in host country communities

Economic viability.

Biomass R&D demands a wide range of technical andscientific capabilities, in biology, genetics, chemistry,agronomy and more. Through an open innovationresearch strategy, Total has entered into a number of

international partnerships with universities and prlaboratories and acquired equity interests in innovstart-ups.

(1) IEA, World Energy Outlook 2012.


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CO2

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

PHOTOTROPHIC

PATHWAY(pages 10 and 11)

LIGNO-CELLULOSIC

SUGARS

PLANTSUGARSAND

STARCH

MICRO-ALGAE

Farmingwaste

(straw,bagasseand corn

stover)

Energyplants

(miscanthus)

Sugarbeets

Sugarcane

Grains

Microalgae

Wood

DECONSTRUCTION - JBEI(1), Futurol(2)

SELECTION AND GENETICS - CEA

SUGARS

EXTRACTION

BIOCHEMICAL

PATHWAY(pages 8 and 9)

(1) Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI) in the U.S.(2) Partnership between Agro-Industrie Recherches et Dveloppements, Champagne Crales, Confdration Gnrale des Planteurs de Betterav

Crdit Agricole du Nord-Est, IFP nergies Nouvelles, the French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Lesaffre, Office National des (ONF), Tereos, Total and Unigra ins.

(3) Galactic/ Total joint venture.


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ADDITIVEGASOLINE

BIOETHAN

BIO-JET FU

BIODIESEL

PLASTICS

LUBRICAN

FERMENTATION USINGGENETICALLY MODIFIED

MICROORGANISMS

OILS

Amyris

Futerro(3)

Gevo

Downstream pro(conversion

Amyris, Futurol(2)

GROWING ALGAE IN BIOREACTORS - AlgaePARC

MOLECULES

OF INTEREST

ISOBUTANOL

LACTIC ACID

FARNESENE

TOTAL IS CONDUCTING A VARIETY OF R&D PROJECTS TO BECOME

PROFICIENT IN THE TECHNOLOGIES NEEDED TO DEVELOP BIOMASS

CONVERSION PATHWAYS.


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AMYRISAND ITS CUTTING-EDGEBIOTECHNOLOGY PLATFORMCreated in 2003, Amyris has developed an innovative technology to consugar to building block molecules for fuels and chemicals. Active acrthe biotech value chain, Amyris has both research laboratories anproduction plant.

Since June 2010, Total has been the California companys lead indus

shareholder, with an approximately 18% equity share at year-end 20Teams from Total and Amyris are working on joint research programs whprimary aim is to develop and market new molecules to produce biofuand feedstock for green chemicals.

AMYRIS LABOR ATORY, EMERYVILLE,CALIFORNIA , UNITED STATES.


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myris technology is based on using sugarfrom starch or sugar plants, such as thesugar cane produced in Brazil. Eventually

it will be able to conver t sugar extracted from thenon-food parts of plants, or lignocellulose, using

fermentation techniques (see page 8)Specifically, Amyris has a cutting-edge syntheticbiology platform that can engineer and screen fastermicroorganisms such as yeast strains that are able to

cost-effectively convert sugar to various moleculeinterest.

Amyris has research laboratories and a pilot unCalifornia and a demonstration facility and produc

plant in Brazil. Commercial-scale production oflagship molecule, farnesene (see page 6), begathe Brotas plant in Brazil in early 2013.

Researchers seek to obtain a stable microorganism (such as a yeast strain or bacteria) t

can produce the molecule of interest for chemical applications. To do that, they must fidentify the cellular metabolic pathways to be able to reprogram the microorganism, to optim

production of the target molecule, as illustrated in the diagram above.

Molecular BiologyEngineer a large number

of strains usingthis biological pathway.

DNA AnalysisIdentify the best biological pathway

to produce the target molecule.

ScreeningTest the most efficientstrains for producingthe target molecule.

AMYRIS EXPERTISE: SCREENING AND ENGINEERINGA YEAST STRAIN USING SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY

1 2

33


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FROM FARNESENE TO FARNESANE

Farnesene, Amyris flagship molecule, has a very broad range of applications, from cosmetics

biofuels. Farnesene molecules can be hydrogenated into farnesane, which can be directly blend

into diesel or aviation fuels and does not require technical modifications to engin

Farnesane has properties that are superior to the fatty acid methyl esters that currently account

most of the biodiesel market, specifically better cold resistance and the ability to be blended in hig

proportions into conventional diesel.

THE TOTAL-AMYRIS TEAM RACESON BIODIESEL

At the Monte Carlo New Energies Rally (RAMCEN) in March 2Total and Amyris proved the mettle of their 45%-farnesane blemade by converting sugar cane, for the first time under real raconditions, on an open road with a ser ies-produced car.

Biodiesel

The biodiesel fuels on the market today consist pri-marily of vegetable-oil fatty acid methyl esters, which

have different properties than conventional diesel,limiting them to 7% of the final fuels energy. Our goalis to market biodiesel with higher biofuel content thancurrent blends.

In Brazil, Amyris has initiated tests on the lascale use of farnesane; its marketing affiliate

been supplying the Sao Paulo transit authowith biofuel containing 10% farnesane siSeptember 2011.

BUS OPERATED BY THE SAO PAULO, BRAZ IL TRANSITAUTHORITY, RUNNING ON AMYRIS BIODIESEL.


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DEMONSTRATION FLIGHT USINGBIO-JET FUEL

During the Paris Airshow 2013, Total and Amyris supprenewable jet fuel, composed of 10% farnesane, for the

demonstration flight in Europe. The Airbus A321 made a cessful flight between Toulouse and Paris proudly spons

by the Joining our Energies - Biofuel Initiative Franinvolving Airbus, Air France, Safran and Total.

Renewable aviation fuel

With sales of more than 10 million tons in 2011, Totalis one of the worlds biggest suppliers of aviation fuel,

or jet fuel. We are looking for solutions to meetairlines growing demand while curtailing carbonemissions. The air transportation sector has set agoal of halving its greenhouse gas emissions by 2050(2005 baseline).

Tota l and Amyris have spec if ical ly developed abreakthrough jet fuel blend with up to 10%

farnesane which meets the stringent requiremset for standard Jet A/A-1 fuel. Since June 20

this renewable jet fuel meets newly updated AStandard, the American Society for Testing Materials, guarantying its full compatibil ity aircraft and engine components and systems,is now ready for use in commercial aviation.

The farnesane blend could lead to a meaninreduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

10%The target percentage of renewables,

mainly biofuel, in transportation fuel in 2020,

set by European Union Directive 2009/28/EC.

The current percentage in Europe is 4.5%(2).

(2) Source: EurObservER, 2011.

Around6%(compared to 2%today)Percentage of biofuel in the energy usedfor transportation worldwide in 2035(1)

(1) IEA, Wor ld Energy Outlook 2012.

NEW AMYRIS SUG AR CANE FE RMENTATIONPLANT IN BROTAS, BRAZI L.


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In addition to our research with Amyris, we areexploring other biochemical pathways, in particularto convert the non-food part of the plant (lignocel-

lulose) into sugar. Our biotech R&D teams are workingin partnership with European and American laborato-ries and start-ups.

Total is also interested in microorganisms that canconvert gas containing carbon monoxide like thatproduced by the metalworking industry, refineries orgasification of agricultural waste, municipal solidwaste or coal into molecules of interest to thechemical industry.

Gevo:Total has acquired an interest in the U.S. sup Gevo, which is developing a process to consugar to isobutanol, for use in fuels or petrochemproduction. The first commercial plant star ted uLuverne, Minnesota in May 2012.

BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAY:HARNESSING THE ENERGY OF SUGAThe biochemical pathway uses microorganisms (yeast or bacteria) to fer

biomass and convert it to a variety of molecules usable for fuel and che

production. One of the research goals is to develop microorganisms tha

genetically modif ied to produce new molecules, then optimize them to o

eff icient, robust strains.


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Futerro:Created in 2007 by Belgiums Galactic andTotal, Futerro is a 50-50 joint venture that can producebioplastics from lactic acid. Futerro has the capabilityto manufacture a complete line of products forthe packaging market, especially food packaging,that also have applications in such areas as textilefibers and cell phone casings.

Toulouse White Biotechnology (TWB):Tis an industry partner of the TWB project launchethe French National Institute for Agricultural Rese(INRA) in early 2011. It aims to develop new sustainpathways to produce chemicals, biofuels and bioterials, using enzyme biocatalysis or the microorism fermentation of renewable resources.

Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI):Total is amajor strategic partner of the Joint BioEnergyInstitute led by Dr. Jay Keasling. This cutting-edgesynthetic biology research center was created bythe U.S. Department of Energy to advance R&Dto enable the wide-scale use of lignoce llulosic bio-mass as biofuels.

Total and the JBEI are col laborat ing on three majorresearch programs: converting biomass, developingnew synthetic pathways to produce molecules forour chemicals business and increasing the toleranceof microorganisms for the molecules produced.

Futurol:Total sits on Futurols Scientific Command provides industrial expert ise in blendbio-components into existing fuels. Futurol aimproduce bioethanol from lignocellulose by 2An industr ial pi lot was launched near Reims, Frain 2011.

EXTRACTING

LIGNOCELLULOSIC

SUGARS FROMTHE PLANT

Sourcing feedstock is a major challenge for biochemical biomass conversion processes. To promote s

tainability, Total is actively researching the use of lignocellulose, the non-edible part of plants.Lig

an extremely hard-to-break-down molecule, is a fibrous component that helps give plants their struct

Expensive, energy-intensive processes are required to break it and allow hydrolysis of the cellulose

hemicellulose to release sugars, such as glucose and xylose. Once extracted, the sugars can be fermen

into farnesene-type molecules (see Amyris, page 6) or bioethanol.

Sugar molPlant cells Main wall of plant cellsCrop

Lignin

Hemicellulose

Cellulose

Lignin

Hemicellulose

Cellulose


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Phototrophs like microalgae are microorganismsthat can produce molecules of interest for fuelsand chemical manufacturing directly, by

means of photosynthesis, which uses sunlight as asource of energy and carbon dioxide as a source ofcarbon. Microalgae could be grown on non-arableland to avoid interfering with food crops. Per-acreyields for microalgae could be much higher than withthe land-based plants currently used to producebiodiesel.

Total is working to leverage these advantages iexploratory research program to select the mostcient species, optimize their biology through genengineering and fine-tune commercial scale-up cesses by studying molecule treatment and extracmethods and related environmental impacts. A of potential applications could ultimately involve our business lines, including biofuels, lubricantsmolecules for chemicals. We are partners in varresearch projects to assess the long-term feasiof microalgae technologies.

PHOTOTROPHIC PATHWAY:FROM MICROALGAETO MOLECULES OF INTEREST


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Using microalgae to produce biofuels may turn out to be a promisi

pathway. Further research and development are needed before it will

feasible to use microalgae technologies for the large-scale, cost-effecti

energy-efficient production of molecules useful in making fuels a

chemicals.

AlgaePARC

Total is collaborating with Wageningen University in theNetherlands on the Algae Production And ResearchCentre (AlgaePARC) project. AlgaePARC aims todesign, by 2015, a reactor model and a cultivationprocess whose performance is more sustainable froma technical, financial and energy ef ficiency standpointthan conventional processes, while expanding ourknowledge base in preparation for the technologyscommercial scale-up.

QIBEBT

Tota l launched a research program wi th ChinasQingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess toscreen and identify enzymes that can be efficientlyused to produce biofuels and feedstock for greenchemicals.

CEA and CNRS partnership

R&D teams from Total and CEA have developejoint research program on the optimization of phsynthetic organisms (microalgae). The objectivesto enhance their properties and raise their efficieto lower production costs, too high today to addthe commodity markets.Research, involving researchers from CEA, CNRSTOTAL are conducted at the Laboratory of CelPhysiology & Plant (LPCV) a unit of the ReseInstitute of Science and Technology (iRTSV) at Grenoble, France.

CO2fixing

SUGARS

PROTEINS

LIPIDS

O2 Photons

O)(HWater

Oxygen

2

Carbon dioxide

(inorganic salts: iron, nitrogen, phosphate, etc.)

OILS

LUBRICAN

Photosynthesis

A MICROALGAE CELL

Nutrients

BIO-JET FU

BIODIESE

BUSY MICROALGAE FACTORIE

PRODUCING LIPIDS THAT

CAN BE CONVERTED DIRECTLY

TO FUELS OR LUBRICANTS


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GLOSSARY

Biofuel:A liquid or gaseous fuel for transport produced from biom(European Union Directive 2009/28/EC).

Biochemical conversion:Conversion of energy sources (usubiomass) through biological transformation (reactions in living organisExamples include fermentation (in the presence of enzymes).

Biodiesel:A biofuel used in diesel engines and produced by conversion of vegetable oils, sugars or synthetic gas.

Bioethanol:A biofuel miscible in gasoline produced by fermentindistilling sugars from biomass (sugar plants or lignocellulose).

Bio-jet fuel or biokerosene:A biofuel for aviation use.

Biomass:Biodegradable fraction of products, waste and residuebiological origin from agriculture (including plant and animal substancforestry and related industries, including fisheries and aquaculture whthrough chemical transformation, can become beneficial molec

(carbon molecules) for the production of fuels and specialty chemi(European Union Directive 2009/28/EC).

Biotechnology: The application of science and technology to livorganisms, as well as parts, products and models thereof, to alter lor non-living materials for the production of knowledge, goods services (OECD 2005).

Distillation:The process of separating a liquid mixture throvaporization. Substances vaporize at dif ferent boiling points, allowthem to be collected separately.

Fermentation:A biochemical reaction that converts the chemical enin a carbon source (often sugar) to another form of energy (alcothrough interaction with yeast or bacteria.

Hydrolysis:The breakdown of a substance by splitting water molecinto hydrogen (H+) and hydroxyl (OH-) ions.

Lignocellulose:Lignocellu lose makes up the wall of plant cells. Inbiofuel sector, this term is used to designate wood and strtwo resources that can be used for biofuel production. Lignocellucan be gasified (thermochemical conversion) or split into its bcomponents (sugars from cellulose and lignin) in order to transform tthrough biochemical conversion.

Photosynthesis:The chlorophyll found in plants is capable of captu

light energy. The captured energy is used to make sugar molecules fwater taken from the soil and carbon dioxide found in the air. The suproduced are then distributed through the plant and the oxygereleased into the air.

Phototrophic organisms:Living organisms such as plants microalgae that make their organic matter by drawing energy from via photosynthesis.


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