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2014 PRC

Community Health

Needs Assessment

Report

Total Service Area

Sponsored by

Ephraim McDowell Regional Medical Center

Professional Research Consultants, Inc. 11326 “P” Street Omaha, Nebraska 68137-2316

(800) 428-7455 www.prconline.com 2014-0699-02 © PRC, 2014

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Table Of Contents

INTRODUCTION 5

Project Overview ................................................................................................................... 6 Project Goals 6 Methodology 6

IRS Form 990, Schedule H Compliance............................................................................ 13

Summary of Findings ......................................................................................................... 14 Significant Health Needs of the Community 14 Prioritization of Health Needs 16 Summary Tables: Comparisons With Benchmark Data 17

GENERAL HEALTH STATUS 33

Overall Health Status.......................................................................................................... 34 Self-Reported Health Status 34 Activity Limitations 35 Caregiving 38

Mental Health & Mental Disorders .................................................................................. 40 Mental Health Status 41 Depression 42 Stress 44 Suicide 46 Mental Health Treatment 47

DEATH, DISEASE & CHRONIC CONDITIONS 49

Leading Causes of Death ................................................................................................... 50 Distribution of Deaths by Cause 50 Age-Adjusted Death Rates for Selected Causes 50

Cardiovascular Disease ....................................................................................................... 52 Age-Adjusted Heart Disease & Stroke Deaths 52 Prevalence of Heart Disease & Stroke 55 Cardiovascular Risk Factors 57

Cancer ................................................................................................................................... 65 Age-Adjusted Cancer Deaths 65 Prevalence of Cancer 67 Cancer Screenings 69

Respiratory Disease ............................................................................................................ 75 Age-Adjusted Respiratory Disease Deaths 76

Injury & Violence ................................................................................................................ 81 Leading Causes of Accidental Death 81 Unintentional Injury 82 Intentional Injury (Violence) 91

Diabetes ................................................................................................................................ 97 Age-Adjusted Diabetes Deaths 97 Prevalence of Diabetes 99

Alzheimer’s Disease ......................................................................................................... 102 Age-Adjusted Alzheimer’s Disease Deaths 102

Kidney Disease.................................................................................................................. 104 Age-Adjusted Kidney Disease Deaths 104 Prevalence of Kidney Disease 105

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Potentially Disabling Conditions ................................................................................... 107 Arthritis, Osteoporosis, & Chronic Pain 107 Vision & Hearing Impairment 110

INFECTIOUS DISEASE 112

Influenza & Pneumonia Vaccination ............................................................................ 113 Flu Vaccinations 113 Pneumonia Vaccination 114

Tuberculosis ...................................................................................................................... 116

HIV...................................................................................................................................... 118 HIV Testing 118

Sexually Transmitted Diseases ....................................................................................... 120 Gonorrhea 121 Acute Hepatitis B 122 Safe Sexual Practices 123

BIRTHS 126

Prenatal Care .................................................................................................................... 127

Birth Outcomes & Risks .................................................................................................. 129 Low-Weight Births 129 Infant Mortality 130

Family Planning ................................................................................................................ 131 Births to Teen Mothers 131

MODIFIABLE HEALTH RISKS 133

Actual Causes Of Death ................................................................................................... 134

Nutrition ............................................................................................................................ 135 Daily Recommendation of Fruits/Vegetables 136 Access to Fresh Produce 137 Health Advice About Diet & Nutrition 138

Physical Activity ............................................................................................................... 141 Leisure-Time Physical Activity 142 Activity Levels 143 Health Advice About Physical Activity & Exercise 145 Children’s Physical Activity 146

Weight Status ................................................................................................................... 148 Adult Weight Status 148 Weight Management 152 Childhood Overweight & Obesity 154

Substance Abuse .............................................................................................................. 156 Age-Adjusted Cirrhosis/Liver Disease Deaths 157 High-Risk Alcohol Use 158 Age-Adjusted Drug-Induced Deaths 161 Illicit Drug Use 162 Alcohol & Drug Treatment 163

Tobacco Use ...................................................................................................................... 165 Cigarette Smoking 165 Other Tobacco Use 170

ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES 173

Health Insurance Coverage ............................................................................................ 174 Type of Healthcare Coverage 174 Lack of Health Insurance Coverage 174

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Difficulties Accessing Healthcare .................................................................................. 178 Difficulties Accessing Services 178 Barriers to Healthcare Access 179 Prescriptions 180 Accessing Healthcare for Children 182

Primary Care Services ...................................................................................................... 185 Specific Source of Ongoing Care 185 Utilization of Primary Care Services 187

Emergency Room Utilization ......................................................................................... 189

Oral Health ........................................................................................................................ 190 Dental Care 191 Dental Insurance 193

Vision Care ........................................................................................................................ 195

LOCAL RESOURCES 196

Perceptions of Local Healthcare Services..................................................................... 197

Resources Available to Address the Significant Health Needs ................................. 199

Collaboration .................................................................................................................... 201

APPENDIX 202

Boyle County Results ....................................................................................................... 203 Summary Table 203

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INTRODUCTION

6

Project Overview

Project Goals

This Community Health Needs Assessment, a follow-up to a similar study conducted in

2011, is a systematic, data-driven approach to determining the health status, behaviors

and needs of residents in the service area of Ephraim McDowell Regional Medical Center.

Subsequently, this information may be used to inform decisions and guide efforts to

improve community health and wellness.

A Community Health Needs Assessment provides information so that communities may

identify issues of greatest concern and decide to commit resources to those areas,

thereby making the greatest possible impact on community health status. This

Community Health Needs Assessment will serve as a tool toward reaching three basic

goals:

To improve residents’ health status, increase their life spans, and elevate

their overall quality of life. A healthy community is not only one where its

residents suffer little from physical and mental illness, but also one where its

residents enjoy a high quality of life.

To reduce the health disparities among residents. By gathering demographic

information along with health status and behavior data, it will be possible to

identify population segments that are most at-risk for various diseases and

injuries. Intervention plans aimed at targeting these individuals may then be

developed to combat some of the socio-economic factors which have historically

had a negative impact on residents’ health.

To increase accessibility to preventive services for all community residents.

More accessible preventive services will prove beneficial in accomplishing the first

goal (improving health status, increasing life spans, and elevating the quality of

life), as well as lowering the costs associated with caring for late-stage diseases

resulting from a lack of preventive care.

This assessment was conducted on behalf of Ephraim McDowell Regional Medical Center

by Professional Research Consultants, Inc. (PRC). PRC is a nationally-recognized

healthcare consulting firm with extensive experience conducting Community Health

Needs Assessments such as this in hundreds of communities across the United States

since 1994.

Methodology

This assessment incorporates data from both quantitative and qualitative sources.

Quantitative data input includes primary research (the PRC Community Health Survey)

and secondary research (vital statistics and other existing health-related data); these

quantitative components allow for trending and comparison to benchmark data at the

state and national levels. Qualitative data input includes primary research gathered

through a Key Informant Focus Group and Online Key Informant Survey.

7

PRC Community Health Survey

Survey Instrument

The survey instrument used for this study is based largely on the Centers for Disease

Control and Prevention (CDC) Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), as well

as various other public health surveys and customized questions addressing gaps in

indicator data relative to health promotion and disease prevention objectives and other

recognized health issues. The final survey instrument was developed by Ephraim

McDowell Regional Medical Center and PRC, and is similar to the previous survey used in

the region, allowing for data trending.

Community Defined for This Assessment

The study area for the survey effort (referred to as the “Total Service Area” in this report)

includes Boyle, Casey, Garrard, Lincoln, Mercer, and Washington counties in Kentucky.

This community definition, determined based on the areas of residence of recent patients

of Ephraim McDowell Regional Medical Center, is illustrated in the following map.

Sample Approach & Design

A precise and carefully executed methodology is critical in asserting the validity of the

results gathered in the PRC Community Health Survey. Thus, to ensure the best

representation of the population surveyed, a telephone interview methodology — one

that incorporates both landline and cell phone interviews — was employed. The primary

advantages of telephone interviewing are timeliness, efficiency and random-selection

capabilities.

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The sample design used for this effort consisted of a stratified random sample of 1,000

individuals age 18 and older in the Total Service Area, including 504 in Boyle County, 100

each in Casey, Garrard, Lincoln, and Mercer counties, and 96 in Washington County.

Once the interviews were completed, these were weighted in proportion to the actual

population distribution so as to appropriately represent the Total Service Area as a whole.

All administration of the surveys, data collection and data analysis was conducted by

Professional Research Consultants, Inc. (PRC).

Sampling Error

For statistical purposes, the maximum rate of error associated with a sample size of 1,000

respondents is ±3.1% at the 95 percent level of confidence.

Expected Error Ranges for a Sample of 1,000

Respondents at the 95 Percent Level of Confidence

Note: The "response rate" (the percentage of a population giving a particular response) determines the error rate associated with that response.

A "95 percent level of confidence" indicates that responses would fall within the expected error range on 95 out of 100 trials.

Examples: If 10% of the sample of 1,000 respondents answered a certain question with a "yes," it can be asserted that between 8.1% and 11.9% (10% 1.9%)

of the total population would offer this response.

If 50% of respondents said "yes," one could be certain with a 95 percent level of confidence that between 46.9% and 53.1% (50% 3.1%)

of the total population would respond "yes" if asked this question.

±0.0

±0.5

±1.0

±1.5

±2.0

±2.5

±3.0

±3.5

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Sample Characteristics

To accurately represent the population studied, PRC strives to minimize bias through

application of a proven telephone methodology and random-selection techniques. And,

while this random sampling of the population produces a highly representative sample, it

is a common and preferred practice to “weight” the raw data to improve this

representativeness even further. This is accomplished by adjusting the results of a

random sample to match the geographic distribution and demographic characteristics of

the population surveyed (poststratification), so as to eliminate any naturally occurring

bias. Specifically, once the raw data are gathered, respondents are examined by key

demographic characteristics (namely gender, age, race, ethnicity, and poverty status) and

a statistical application package applies weighting variables that produce a sample which

more closely matches the population for these characteristics. Thus, while the integrity of

each individual’s responses is maintained, one respondent’s responses may contribute to

the whole the same weight as, for example, 1.1 respondents. Another respondent, whose

demographic characteristics may have been slightly oversampled, may contribute the

same weight as 0.9 respondents.

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The following chart outlines the characteristics of the Total Service Area sample for key

demographic variables, compared to actual population characteristics revealed in census

data. [Note that the sample consisted solely of area residents age 18 and older; data on

children were given by proxy by the person most responsible for that child’s healthcare

needs, and these children are not represented demographically in this chart.]

Population & Survey Sample Characteristics(Total Service Area, 2014)

Sources: Census 2010, Summary File 3 (SF 3). U.S. Census Bureau.

2014 PRC Community Health Survey, Professional Research Consultants, Inc.

48

.3%

51

.7%

33

.9%

45

.9%

20

.2%

93

.1%

43

.5%

48

.3%

51

.7%

33

.5%

46

.2%

20

.3%

93

.9%

43

.2%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Men Women 18 to 39 40 to 64 65+ White <200% FPL

Actual Population Weighted Survey Sample

Further note that the poverty descriptions and segmentation used in this report are

based on administrative poverty thresholds determined by the US Department of Health

& Human Services. These guidelines define poverty status by household income level

and number of persons in the household (e.g., the 2014 guidelines place the poverty

threshold for a family of four at $23,850 annual household income or lower). In sample

segmentation: “low income” refers to community members living in a household with

defined poverty status or living just above the poverty level, earning up to twice the

poverty threshold; “mid/high income” refers to those households living on incomes

which are twice or more the federal poverty level.

The sample design and the quality control procedures used in the data collection ensure

that the sample is representative. Thus, the findings may be generalized to the total

population of community members in the defined area with a high degree of confidence.

Key Informant Input

As part of the community health assessment, one focus group was held on March 25,

2014 from 11:30am to 1:30pm. Focus group participants included 13 key informants:

representatives from public health, social service providers, employers, and other

community leaders.

A list of recommended participants for the focus group was provided by the sponsors.

Potential participants were chosen because of their ability to identify primary concerns of

the populations with whom they work, as well as of the community overall. Participants

included a representative of public health, as well as several individuals who work with

low-income, minority or other medically underserved populations, and those who work

with persons with chronic disease conditions.

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Focus group candidates were first contacted by letter to request their participation.

Follow-up phone calls were then made to ascertain whether or not they would be able to

attend. Confirmation calls were placed the day before the groups were scheduled to

insure a reasonable turnout.

Those who could not attend were offered the alternative to complete an Online Key

Informant Survey to give their input to the process; this yielded participation from an

additional 11 respondents. Their input is blended with focus group participant comments

throughout this report.

Audio from the focus group sessions was recorded, from which verbatim comments in

this report are taken. There are no names connected with the comments, as participants

were asked to speak candidly and assured of confidentiality.

Final participation (through the focus group or online survey) included representatives of

the organizations outlined below. Through this process, input was gathered from

representatives of public health, as well as several individuals whose organizations work

with low-income, minority (including Hispanic, African American), or other medically

underserved populations (specifically, the elderly, disabled, young adults, LGTB

community, the mentally ill, inmates, hearing impaired, Medicaid recipients, and the

uninsured).

Organizations Represented in the Key Informant

Focus Group or Online Key Informant Survey

Populations Served

Med

icall

y

Un

ders

erv

ed

Lo

w-I

nco

me

Resi

den

ts

Min

ori

ty

Po

pu

lati

on

s

Organization

Key Informant Focus Group

Bluegrass.org X X X

Boyle County Detention Center X X X

Boyle County Health Department

Centre College

Danville Christian Academy

Danville Fire Department

Garrard County Health Department

Heart of Kentucky United Way X X X

Lincoln County Health Department X

Mercer County Health Department

St. Catherine's College X X X

Wilderness Trace Family YMCA

Online Key Informant Survey

BCTC - Danville Campus

Boyle & Lincoln County Schools

Eastern Kentucky University - Danville Campus X X X

Ephraim McDowell Health X X X

Garrard County School System

National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) X X

Parsons Health at Centre College, Danville

X X

The Salvation Army

UK Danville Center for Rural Health

Washington County School System

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NOTE: These findings represent qualitative rather than quantitative data. The focus group

and online survey were designed to gather input from participants regarding their opinions

and perceptions of the health of the residents in the area. Thus, these findings are based on

perceptions, not facts.

Public Health, Vital Statistics & Other Data

A variety of existing (secondary) data sources was consulted to complement the research

quality of this Community Health Needs Assessment. Data for the Total Service Area

were obtained from the following sources (specific citations are included with the graphs

throughout this report):

Centers for Disease Control & Prevention

National Center for Health Statistics

Kentucky State Police

Kentucky Cabinet for Health and Human Services, Department for Public Health

National KIDS COUNT, KIDS COUNT Data Center, Annie E. Casey Foundation

US Census Bureau

US Department of Health and Human Services

US Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation

Benchmark Data

Trending

A similar survey was administered in the Total Service Area in 2011 by PRC on behalf of

Ephraim McDowell Regional Medical Center. Trending data, as revealed by comparison

to prior survey results, are provided throughout this report whenever available. Historical

data for secondary data indicators are also included for the purposes of trending.

Ephraim McDowell Health also sponsored a survey of Boyle County in 2008; a summary

limited to Boyle County findings, including trending to 2008 results, is provided as an

appendix to this report.

Kentucky Risk Factor Data

Statewide risk factor data are provided where available as an additional benchmark

against which to compare local survey findings; these data are reported in the most

recent BRFSS (Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System) Prevalence and Trend Data

published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the US Department of

Health & Human Services. State-level vital statistics are also provided for comparison of

secondary data indicators.

Nationwide Risk Factor Data

Nationwide risk factor data, which are also provided in comparison charts, are taken from

the 2013 PRC National Health Survey; the methodological approach for the national study

is identical to that employed in this assessment, and these data may be generalized to

the US population with a high degree of confidence. National-level vital statistics are also

provided for comparison of secondary data indicators.

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Healthy People 2020

Healthy People provides science-based, 10-year national

objectives for improving the health of all Americans. The

Healthy People initiative is grounded in the principle that

setting national objectives and monitoring progress can

motivate action. For three decades, Healthy People has

established benchmarks and monitored progress over time in order to:

Encourage collaborations across sectors.

Guide individuals toward making informed health decisions.

Measure the impact of prevention activities.

Healthy People 2020 is the product of an extensive stakeholder feedback process that is

unparalleled in government and health. It integrates input from public health and

prevention experts, a wide range of federal, state and local government officials, a

consortium of more than 2,000 organizations, and perhaps most importantly, the public.

More than 8,000 comments were considered in drafting a comprehensive set of Healthy

People 2020 objectives.

Information Gaps

While this assessment is quite comprehensive, it cannot measure all possible aspects of

health in the community, nor can it adequately represent all possible populations of

interest. It must be recognized that these information gaps might in some ways limit

the ability to assess all of the community’s health needs.

For example, certain population groups — such as the homeless, institutionalized

persons, or those who only speak a language other than English or Spanish — are not

represented in the survey data. Other population groups — for example, pregnant

women, lesbian/gay/bisexual/transgender residents, undocumented residents, and

members of certain racial/ethnic or immigrant groups — might not be identifiable or

might not be represented in numbers sufficient for independent analyses.

In terms of content, this assessment was designed to provide a comprehensive and broad

picture of the health of the overall community. However, there are certainly a great

number of medical conditions that are not specifically addressed.

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IRS Form 990, Schedule H Compliance For non-profit hospitals, a Community Health Needs Assessment (CHNA) also serves to

satisfy certain requirements of tax reporting, pursuant to provisions of the Patient

Protection & Affordable Care Act of 2010. To understand which elements of this report

relate to those requested as part of hospitals’ reporting on IRS Form 990 Schedule H, the

following table cross-references related sections.

Part V Section B Line 1a .......................................................................................................... See Page 7

A definition of the community served by the hospital facility

Part V Section B Line 1b ........................................................................................................... See Page 9

Demographics of the community

Part V Section B Line 1c ..................................................................................................... See Page 199

Existing health care facilities and resources within the community

that are available to respond to the health needs of the community

Part V Section B Line 1d ........................................................................................................... See Page 6

How data was obtained

Part V Section B Line 1e ....................................................................................................... See Page 14

The health needs of the community

Part V Section B Line 1f ................................................................................... Addressed Throughout

Primary and chronic disease needs and other health issues of

uninsured persons, low-income persons, and minority groups

Part V Section B Line 1g ........................................................................................................ See Page 16

The process for identifying and prioritizing community health

needs and services to meet the community health needs

Part V Section B Line 1h .......................................................................................................... See Page 9

The process for consulting with persons

representing the community's interests

Part V Section B Line 1i ........................................................................................................ See Page 12

Information gaps that limit the hospital facility's

ability to assess the community's health needs

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Summary of Findings

Significant Health Needs of the Community

The following “areas of opportunity” represent the significant health needs of the

community, based on the information gathered through this Community Health Needs

Assessment and the guidelines set forth in Healthy People 2020. From these data,

opportunities for health improvement exist in the area with regard to the following health

issues (see also the summary tables presented in the following section).

Areas of Opportunity Identified Through This Assessment

Access to Health Services Insurance Instability

Children’s Routine Medical Checkups

Arthritis, Osteoporosis

& Chronic Back Conditions

Arthritis/Rheumatism

Sciatica/Chronic Back Pain

Cancer

Cancer Deaths (#1 Leading Cause of Death)

Lung, Prostate, Female Breast, and Colorectal Cancer Deaths

Cancer Prevalence (Skin and Non-Skin Cancers)

Cancer Screenings (Breast, Cervical, Colorectal)

Chronic Kidney Disease Kidney Disease Deaths

Dementias, Including

Alzheimer's Disease Alzheimer’s Disease Deaths

Diabetes

Diabetes Deaths

Diabetes Prevalence

Key Informants ranked Diabetes as their #4 top concern

o Lack of knowledge/education

o Nutrition

o Proper management

Disability Activity Limitations

Family Planning Teen Birth Rate

Hearing & Other Sensory or

Communication Disorders Deafness/Trouble Hearing

Heart Disease & Stroke

Heart Disease Deaths (#2 Leading Cause of Death)

Stroke Deaths

Hypertension Prevalence & Management

High Blood Cholesterol Prevalence & Management

Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Immunization & Infectious

Diseases

HIV Testing

Flu Vaccines (Seniors)

Hepatitis B Vaccinations

Injury & Violence Prevention

Unintentional Injury Deaths (Including Motor Vehicle)

Use of Seat Belts (Adults)

Use of Bicycle Helmets (Children 5-17)

Firearm-Related Deaths

Firearm Safety (Prevalence & Storage)

Key Informants ranked Child Abuse as their #5 top concern.

— continued next page —

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Areas of Opportunity (continued)

Mental Health & Mental

Disorders

“Fair/Poor” Mental Health Status

Suicide Deaths

Key Informants ranked Mental Health as their #3 top concern;

they emphasized:

o Lack of providers/treatment options

o Youth services

o Co-occurrence with substance abuse

o Stigma

Nutrition,

Physical Activity & Weight

Fruit/Vegetable Consumption

Lack of Leisure-Time Physical Activity

Meeting Physical Activity Guidelines

Overweight & Obesity

Medical Advice About Weight

Key Informants ranked Nutrition as their #2 top concern; they

emphasized:

o Poor nutrition habits

o Cultural traditions

o Nutrition education

o Hunger concerns

Oral Health

Recent Dental Visits

Dental Insurance

Key Informants ranked Oral Health as their #4 top concern; they

emphasized:

o Importance of regular preventive dental care

o Access barriers, especially for Medicaid recipients

Respiratory Diseases

Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease (CLRD) Deaths

Pneumonia/Influenza Deaths

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Prevalence

Asthma Prevalence

Substance Abuse

Cirrhosis/Liver Disease Deaths

Drug-Induced Deaths

Seeking Professional Help for Alcohol/Drug Problems

Key Informants ranked Substance Abuse as their #1 top concern;

they emphasized:

o Prevalence of substance abuse

o Cultural acceptance

o Substance use in adolescence

o Barriers to treatment (cost/insurance, lack of treatment

options)

Tobacco Use

Cigarette Smoking Prevalence

Cigarette Smoke in the Home (Including Homes w/Children)

Use of Smokeless Tobacco

Key Informants ranked this as their #6 top concern; they

emphasized:

o Related health concerns

o Historical acceptance of use

o Resistance to smoke-free areas

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Key Informants’ Perceptions

In both the focus group and in the online survey, key informants giving input to this

process were asked to rate each of 21 health issues as a “major problem,” “moderate

problem,” “minor problem,” or “not a problem at all” in the local community. As can be

seen in the following chart, substance abuse, nutrition/physical activity/weight, mental

health, oral health, and diabetes were perceived as the top “major problem” health issues

among these key informants.

Top-Ranked Issues

Key Informants: Relative Position of

Health Topics as Problems in the Community

89.3%

88.4%

75.0%

66.1%

62.5%

61.6%

44.6%

44.6%

31.3%

29.5%

24.1%

23.2%

23.2%

21.4%

20.5%

14.3%

13.4%

0.0%

9.8%

9.8%

23.2%

26.8%

27.7%

28.6%

52.7%

47.3%

50.0%

47.3%

46.4%

66.1%

62.5%

62.5%

68.8%

52.7%

74.1%

39.3%

63.4%

33.9%

32.1%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Substance Abuse

Nutrition/Physical Activity/Weight

Mental Health

Diabetes

Child Abuse

Tobacco Use

Oral Health

Heart Disease & Stroke

Family Planning

Infant & Child Health

Respiratory Diseases

Access to Health Services

Cancer

STDs

Dementias/Alzheimer's Disease

Arthritis/Osteoporosis/Back Conditions

Injury & Violence

Chronic Kidney Disease

Immunization & Infectious Diseases

Hearing/Vision Problems

HIV/AIDS

Major Problem Moderate Problem Minor Problem No Problem At All

Keep in mind that these rankings reflect only the perceptions of those individuals taking

part in the qualitative phase of this study, and do not take into account the data collected

for this assessment.

Prioritization of Health Needs

Upon review of the Community Health Needs Assessment findings, internal stakeholders

of Ephraim McDowell Regional Medical Center determined the following to be the top

health priorities for the hospital to address in the community for the coming years:

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Related Risk Factors (e.g., hypertension, BMI,

glucose, tobacco use, physical activity, nutrition)

Cancer Early Detection

Childhood Obesity

These priority areas, and plans to address these, will be integrated into the hospital’s

Implementation Strategy. The rationale for selecting these areas is an understanding that

impacting these would also impact many other areas of need identified in the

assessment, such as diabetes, dementia, mental health, sensory impairment, kidney

17

disease, respiratory disease, and disability. These areas also represent a continuation of

existing work and allow the hospital to build on past successes.

Summary Tables: Comparisons With Benchmark Data

The following tables provide an overview of indicators in the Total Service Area, including

comparisons among the individual counties, as well as trend data. These data are

grouped to correspond with the Focus Areas presented in Healthy People 2020.

Reading the Summary Tables

In the following charts, Total Service Area results are shown in the larger, blue column.

The green columns [to the left of the Total Service Area column] provide comparisons

among the six counties, identifying differences for each as “better than” (B), “worse than”

(h), or “similar to” (d) the combined opposing counties.

The columns to the right of the Total Service Area column provide trending, as well

as comparisons between local data and any available state and national findings, and

Healthy People 2020 targets. Again, symbols indicate whether the Total Service Area

compares favorably (B), unfavorably (h), or comparably (d) to these external data.

Note that blank table cells signify that data are not available or are not reliable for that

area and/or for that indicator.

TREND SUMMARY

(Current vs. Baseline Data)

Survey Data Indicators:

Trends for survey-derived

indicators represent significant

changes since 2011.

Other (Secondary) Data

Indicators: Trends for other

indicators (e.g., public health

data) represent point-to-point

changes between the most

current reporting period and

the earliest presented in this

report (typically representing

the span of roughly a decade).

Each Sub-Area vs. Others Total

Service Area

TSA vs. Benchmarks

General Health Status Boyle Casey Garrard Lincoln Mercer Washington vs. KY vs. US vs.

HP2020 TREND

% "Fair/Poor" Physical Health d d h d d d 20.9 B h B 17.7 20.1 32.8 22.4 18.3 14.4 23.9 15.3 24.9

% Activity Limitations d d h d d d 27.4 d h h 26.1 26.9 38.4 32.0 31.3 27.8 26.2 21.5 23.3

Note: In the green section, each county is compared against all others combined. Throughout these tables, a blank or empty cell indicates that

data are not available for this indicator or that sample sizes are too small to provide meaningful results.

B d h

better similar worse

Each Sub-Area vs. Others Total Service

Area

TSA vs. Benchmarks

Access to Health Services Boyle Casey Garrard Lincoln Mercer Washington vs. KY vs. US vs.

HP2020 TREND

% [Age 18-64] Lack Health Insurance d d B h B B 16.6 B d h B 20.2 23.5 8.1 24.5 9.7 6.9 20.9 15.1 0.0 22.0

% [Insured] Went Without Coverage in Past Year d d h d d d 10.4 d h 9.9 11.2 17.2 8.2 8.7 6.9 8.1 7.0

% Difficulty Accessing Healthcare in Past Year (Composite) B h d d d d 43.4 d d 38.3 54.7 51.7 44.2 35.3 42.2 39.9 43.6

% Inconvenient Hrs Prevented Dr Visit in Past Year B h d B d h 15.2 d d 11.6 24.8 20.7 6.1 12.9 26.9 15.4 14.9

% Cost Prevented Getting Prescription in Past Year d h d d B B 15.7 d B 18.0 29.8 12.1 16.2 8.5 7.2 15.8 23.1

% Cost Prevented Physician Visit in Past Year d d d d d d 17.3 d d 17.5 22.8 20.4 16.4 12.9 14.5 18.2 20.0

% Difficulty Getting Appointment in Past Year d d d d d d 15.2 d d 12.6 18.1 17.0 19.3 12.8 10.9 17.0 15.0

% Difficulty Finding Physician in Past Year d d d d d d 9.2 d d 7.0 13.3 10.8 12.8 6.1 5.3 11.0 11.8


Service Area

TSA vs. Benchmarks

Access to Health Services (continued) Boyle Casey Garrard Lincoln Mercer Washington vs. KY vs. US vs.

HP2020 TREND

% Transportation Hindered Dr Visit in Past Year d d d d d d 6.3 B B 5.5 6.7 6.9 6.0 7.5 5.1 9.4 9.2

% Skipped Prescription Doses to Save Costs d d d d B d 17.1 d B 19.3 21.9 16.0 19.6 10.5 12.9 15.3 25.2

% Difficulty Getting Child's Healthcare in Past Year 4.4 d d 6.0 1.9

% [Age 18+] Have a Specific Source of Ongoing Care d d d d d B 81.0 B h d 80.5 78.7 81.3 83.7 75.7 89.2 76.3 95.0 77.5

% [Age 18-64] Have a Specific Source of Ongoing Care 79.9 B h d 75.6 89.4 78.1

% [Age 65+] Have a Specific Source of Ongoing Care 84.9 d h B 80.0 100.0 73.5

% Have Had Routine Checkup in Past Year d d d d d d 67.0 d d 64.8 69.4 66.9 66.5 67.5 69.5 65.0 65.6

% Child Has Had Checkup in Past Year 77.9 h h 84.1 87.1

% Two or More ER Visits in Past Year d d d d d B 9.4 d d 10.6 6.3 8.7 11.2 10.8 4.6 8.9 10.4

% Rate Local Healthcare "Fair/Poor" d h d d d d 15.1 d B 12.7 23.0 9.9 16.1 17.0 13.8 16.5 19.8



B d h



Service Area

TSA vs. Benchmarks

Arthritis, Osteoporosis & Chronic Back Conditions Boyle Casey Garrard Lincoln Mercer Washington vs. KY vs. US vs.

HP2020 TREND

% [50+] Arthritis/Rheumatism d h B h B d 43.8 h d 40.5 55.6 30.4 61.8 32.1 43.3 37.3 48.1

% [50+] Osteoporosis d d d d d d 10.4 d h d 9.8 15.7 10.9 10.4 9.4 5.4 13.5 5.3 13.0

% Sciatica/Chronic Back Pain d h d d d d 27.3 h d 23.4 36.7 30.9 27.7 22.4 27.3 18.4 25.1



B d h



Service Area

TSA vs. Benchmarks

Cancer Boyle Casey Garrard Lincoln Mercer Washington vs. KY vs. US vs.

HP2020 TREND

Cancer (Age-Adjusted Death Rate) B h B h h B 217.9 h h h d 196.8 283.4 200.0 224.5 227.9 165.7 205.7 174.2 160.6 214.5

Lung Cancer (Age-Adjusted Death Rate) 80.4 h h h 72.4 48.5 45.5

Prostate Cancer (Age-Adjusted Death Rate) 26.2 h h h 22.5 22.3 21.2

Female Breast Cancer (Age-Adjusted Death Rate) 27.4 h h h 22.4 22.3 20.6

Colorectal Cancer (Age-Adjusted Death Rate) 21.6 h h h 18.8 16.1 14.5

% Skin Cancer d d d d d d 9.1 d h d 9.1 9.2 13.6 6.6 8.6 8.8 7.3 6.7 7.1

% Cancer (Other Than Skin) d d d d d d 8.3 d h h 6.6 11.7 8.1 9.2 8.2 7.4 7.1 6.1 5.9


Service Area

TSA vs. Benchmarks

Cancer (continued) Boyle Casey Garrard Lincoln Mercer Washington vs. KY vs. US vs.

HP2020 TREND

% [Women 50-74] Mammogram in Past 2 Years 73.3 d h h d 74.6 83.6 81.1 70.7

% [Women 21-65] Pap Smear in Past 3 Years d d d d d d 79.3 d d h h 79.9 83.5 77.2 73.2 83.5 80.1 76.6 83.9 93.0 84.4

% [Age 50+] Sigmoid/Colonoscopy Ever d d d d d d 70.0 B h d 72.0 71.2 69.3 69.5 65.6 73.8 65.9 75.2 67.3

% [Age 50+] Blood Stool Test in Past 2 Years d B d d d h 24.3 B h h 21.5 38.7 21.9 30.1 17.6 14.8 13.9 36.9 30.6

% [Age 50-75] Colorectal Cancer Screening d d d d d d 67.3 h d d 67.7 66.1 71.9 68.0 59.4 76.2 75.1 70.5 68.2

Note: In the green section, each county is compared against all others combined. Throughout these tables, a blank or empty cell indicates that data are not available for

this indicator or that sample sizes are too small to provide meaningful results.

B d h



Area

TSA vs. Benchmarks

Caregiving Boyle Casey Garrard Lincoln Mercer Washington vs. KY vs. US

vs. HP2020

TREND

% Caregiver for Family or Friend in the Past Month d d d d B d 30.2 26.1 26.9 38.4 32.0 13.3 27.8



B d h



Area

TSA vs. Benchmarks

Chronic Kidney Disease Boyle Casey Garrard Lincoln Mercer Washington vs. KY vs. US

vs. HP2020

TREND

Kidney Disease (Age-Adjusted Death Rate) B d d 28.1 h h h 25.1 39.0 39.6 21.7 15.0 21.6

% Kidney Disease d d d d d B 3.3 d d 4.5 1.7 5.2 3.6 2.5 0.5 3.0 3.0



B d h



Service Area

TSA vs. Benchmarks

Diabetes Boyle Casey Garrard Lincoln Mercer Washington vs. KY vs. US vs.

HP2020 TREND

Diabetes Mellitus (Age-Adjusted Death Rate) 23.7 B h h B 26.5 21.7 20.5 26.0

% Diabetes/High Blood Sugar d d d d d B 15.7 h h d 14.3 16.6 21.4 17.2 13.9 9.5 10.7 11.7 13.6

% Borderline/Pre-Diabetes d d d d d B 5.3 d 4.4 2.8 5.6 9.8 5.4 1.4 5.1

% [Non-Diabetes] Blood Sugar Tested in Past 3 Years h d d d d d 53.1 d 46.5 60.2 62.2 46.8 55.6 56.3 49.2



B d h



Service Area

TSA vs. Benchmarks

Dementias, Including Alzheimer's Disease Boyle Casey Garrard Lincoln Mercer Washington vs. KY vs. US vs.

HP2020 TREND

Alzheimer's Disease (Age-Adjusted Death Rate) h d B 40.9 h h h 61.6 41.6 39.5 30.8 24.3 29.0



B d h



Service Area

TSA vs. Benchmarks

Family Planning Boyle Casey Garrard Lincoln Mercer Washington vs. KY vs. US vs.

HP2020 TREND

Teenage Birth Rate (15-19)/1,000 B h B h h B 48.4 h h B 34.4 58.9 44.1 60.8 52.0 32.0 45.7 34.5 52.9



B d h



Area

TSA vs. Benchmarks

Hearing & Other Sensory or Communication Disorders Boyle Casey Garrard Lincoln Mercer Washington vs. KY vs. US vs.

HP2020 TREND

% Deafness/Trouble Hearing d d d d d d 14.0 h d 13.1 13.0 15.8 17.0 12.7 11.7 10.3 15.7



B d h



Area

TSA vs. Benchmarks

Heart Disease & Stroke Boyle Casey Garrard Lincoln Mercer Washington vs. KY vs. US

vs. HP2020

TREND

Diseases of the Heart (Age-Adjusted Death Rate) B h B d d d 189.3 B d h B 182.8 219.1 158.4 192.1 194.5 193.7 214.8 183.7 158.9 269.5

Stroke (Age-Adjusted Death Rate) d h d B B h 42.5 B h h B 42.2 51.2 43.2 38.5 37.6 49.1 45.7 39.9 33.8 60.3

% Heart Disease (Heart Attack, Angina, Coronary Disease) d h B d d d 8.2 d d 7.4 15.5 2.5 8.6 8.8 7.3 6.1 10.7

% Stroke d d B d d d 3.1 d d d 3.7 2.1 0.5 3.7 4.0 4.3 4.2 3.9 3.5

% Blood Pressure Checked in Past 2 Years d d d d d d 94.2 B B d 94.9 93.1 96.7 89.8 95.3 97.2 91.0 92.6 94.7

% Told Have High Blood Pressure (Ever) d d d d d d 41.8 h h h d 41.7 40.9 38.4 46.3 39.8 42.8 38.0 34.1 26.9 41.0

% [HBP] Taking Action to Control High Blood Pressure 90.6 d h 89.2 96.1

% Cholesterol Checked in Past 5 Years d d d d d B 90.3 B B B d 89.5 85.3 93.1 88.7 91.6 96.9 75.7 86.6 82.1 88.0

% Told Have High Cholesterol (Ever) d d d d d d 38.0 B h h d 35.5 40.7 45.6 32.6 36.8 43.2 41.3 29.9 13.5 36.9

% [HBC] Taking Action to Control High Blood Cholesterol 86.4 d h 81.4 92.4


Area

TSA vs. Benchmarks

Heart Disease & Stroke (continued) Boyle Casey Garrard Lincoln Mercer Washington vs. KY vs. US

vs. HP2020

TREND

% 1+ Cardiovascular Risk Factor d d d d d d 90.5 h h 88.8 93.0 93.7 89.3 92.4 85.6 82.3 86.6



B d h



Area

TSA vs. Benchmarks

HIV Boyle Casey Garrard Lincoln Mercer Washington vs. KY vs. US

vs. HP2020

TREND

% [Age 18-44] HIV Test in the Past Year 10.8 h h d 19.3 18.9 13.5



B d h



Area

TSA vs. Benchmarks

Immunization & Infectious Diseases Boyle Casey Garrard Lincoln Mercer Washington vs. KY vs. US

vs. HP2020

TREND

% [Age 65+] Flu Vaccine in Past Year 53.4 h d h h 61.8 57.5 90.0 72.5

% [High-Risk 18-64] Flu Vaccine in Past Year 39.4 d h d 45.9 90.0 43.6

% [Age 65+] Pneumonia Vaccine Ever 60.3 d d h d 65.6 68.4 90.0 63.0

% [High-Risk 18-64] Pneumonia Vaccine Ever 35.2 d h d 41.9 60.0 31.7

Tuberculosis Incidence per 100,000 B B h B h h 1.1 B B h B 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 1.6 5.6 1.8 3.6 1.0 3.7

% Have Completed Hepatitis B Vaccination Series d h d d d d 34.9 h d 36.6 25.2 37.1 34.2 40.7 31.9 44.7 37.4



B d h



Service Area

TSA vs. Benchmarks

Injury & Violence Prevention Boyle Casey Garrard Lincoln Mercer Washington vs. KY vs. US vs.

HP2020 TREND

Unintentional Injury (Age-Adjusted Death Rate) B d B h B h 63.5 h h h h 56.7 63.9 50.0 84.3 57.7 66.7 55.4 38.1 36.0 57.1

Motor Vehicle Crashes (Age-Adjusted Death Rate) 23.6 h h h d 19.5 12.2 12.4 24.7

% "Always" Wear Seat Belt B h d d d d 72.7 h h h h 79.9 55.4 73.3 68.1 79.3 73.7 91.0 84.8 92.0 76.6

% Child [Age 0-17] "Always" Uses Seat Belt/Car Seat 91.7 d d 92.2 92.6

% [12/Under] Children’s Use of Car Seats/Booster Seats 57.7

% Child [Age 5-17] "Always" Wears Bicycle Helmet 28.3 h d 48.7 20.7

Firearm-Related Deaths (Age-Adjusted Death Rate) 12.2 B h h B 13.0 10.2 9.2 14.0

% Firearm in Home B d d d d h 67.1 h h 57.3 66.8 70.0 71.4 68.8 76.1 34.7 61.1

% [Homes With Children] Firearm in Home 71.2 h h 37.4 61.7

% [Homes With Firearms] Weapon(s) Unlocked & Loaded d d h d d B 25.7 h d 21.1 26.3 36.7 23.9 29.8 14.9 16.8 21.9

Homicide (Age-Adjusted Death Rate) 3.9 B B B 5.1 6.0 5.5

Violent Crime per 100,000 h d d d h B 139.7 B B h 281.1 89.8 90.7 93.0 120.5 68.8 270.2 431.4 123.2

% Victim of Violent Crime in Past 5 Years d d d d d B 1.2 B B 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.1 0.6 0.0 2.8 3.2


Service Area

TSA vs. Benchmarks

Injury & Violence Prevention (continued) Boyle Casey Garrard Lincoln Mercer Washington vs. KY vs. US vs.

HP2020 TREND

% Victim of Domestic Violence (Ever) d d d d d B 10.4 B B 8.0 10.9 10.8 13.2 12.8 5.5 15.0 13.7



B d h



Service Area

TSA vs. Benchmarks

Maternal, Infant & Child Health Boyle Casey Garrard Lincoln Mercer Washington vs. KY vs. US vs.

HP2020 TREND

Less Than Adequate Prenatal Care (Percent) h h d d d B 32.1 B d 33.1 38.3 31.7 30.5 31.0 28.0 35.3 31.9

Low Birthweight Births (Percent) B h h h B B 8.5 B d h B 7.8 8.8 11.0 9.0 7.5 6.9 11.2 8.2 7.8 9.0

Infant Death Rate 6.7 d d h h 7.0 6.4 6.0 5.7



B d h



Service Area

TSA vs. Benchmarks

Mental Health & Mental Disorders Boyle Casey Garrard Lincoln Mercer Washington vs. KY vs. US vs.

HP2020 TREND

% "Fair/Poor" Mental Health d d d d d d 15.9 h d 13.2 17.7 17.6 18.9 14.2 14.9 11.9 15.6

% Diagnosed Depression d d d d B d 22.8 d 20.9 23.2 30.2 28.4 15.8 17.3 20.4

% Symptoms of Chronic Depression (2+ Years) d d d d d d 28.5 d B 26.5 30.0 33.5 30.2 28.4 20.8 30.4 34.7


Service Area

TSA vs. Benchmarks

Mental Health & Mental Disorders (continued) Boyle Casey Garrard Lincoln Mercer Washington vs. KY vs. US vs.

HP2020 TREND

Suicide (Age-Adjusted Death Rate) 15.1 h h h h 13.8 11.7 10.2 11.7

% [Those With Diagnosed Depression] Seeking Help 72.0 d 76.6

% Typical Day Is "Extremely/Very" Stressful d d d d d d 10.8 d d 9.5 11.5 9.9 14.7 8.7 10.3 11.9 12.2



B d h



Service Area

TSA vs. Benchmarks

Nutrition & Weight Status Boyle Casey Garrard Lincoln Mercer Washington vs. KY vs. US vs.

HP2020 TREND

% Eat 5+ Servings of Fruit or Vegetables per Day d d d d d d 33.2 h h 33.4 27.9 31.2 31.6 38.1 36.7 39.5 48.5

% "Very/Somewhat" Difficult to Buy Fresh Produce B d d d d d 23.6 d 19.3 30.0 31.2 25.2 20.3 17.3 24.4

% Medical Advice on Nutrition in Past Year h d d d h B 37.6 d d 32.5 39.8 45.4 44.2 24.2 48.4 39.2 39.4

% Healthy Weight (BMI 18.5-24.9) B d h d d d 26.1 h h h h 32.5 30.6 15.1 24.0 24.7 26.3 31.1 34.4 33.9 32.3

% Overweight (BMI 25+) B d h d d d 72.5 h h h 66.6 68.6 82.0 76.0 72.6 72.1 66.9 63.1 66.5

% Obese (BMI 30+) B d h d d d 34.9 h h h d 28.6 28.1 47.6 34.7 40.2 32.5 31.3 29.0 30.5 30.8

% Medical Advice on Weight in Past Year d d d d h d 21.7 d h 20.1 20.0 28.6 25.1 14.8 23.6 23.7 26.3


Service Area

TSA vs. Benchmarks

Nutrition & Weight Status (continued) Boyle Casey Garrard Lincoln Mercer Washington vs. KY vs. US vs.

HP2020 TREND

% [Overweights] Counseled About Weight in Past Year d d d d h d 27.0 h h 25.8 25.2 32.8 32.7 16.4 30.4 31.8 32.7

% [Obese Adults] Counseled About Weight in Past Year 37.7 h h 48.3 47.1

% [Overweights] Trying to Lose Weight Both Diet/Exercise d d d d d d 35.9 d d 31.6 29.9 41.3 37.8 33.3 45.7 39.5 37.4

% Children [Age 5-17] Overweight (85th Percentile) 36.4 d d 31.5 36.8

% Children [Age 5-17] Obese (95th Percentile) 15.7 d d B 14.8 14.5 24.3



B d h



Service Area

TSA vs. Benchmarks

Oral Health Boyle Casey Garrard Lincoln Mercer Washington vs. KY vs. US vs.

HP2020 TREND

% [Age 18+] Dental Visit in Past Year d h d d d B 55.8 h h B d 55.0 46.1 56.5 50.8 63.8 66.4 60.3 65.9 49.0 58.6

% Child [Age 2-17] Dental Visit in Past Year 81.3 d B d 81.5 49.0 76.4

% Have Dental Insurance d h B h B d 53.9 h d 53.5 44.8 72.4 42.0 62.8 47.6 65.6 50.9



B d h



Service Area

TSA vs. Benchmarks

Physical Activity Boyle Casey Garrard Lincoln Mercer Washington vs. KY vs. US vs.

HP2020 TREND

% No Leisure-Time Physical Activity B d d d d d 35.7 h h h h 31.2 38.0 29.5 42.9 40.7 28.8 29.7 20.7 32.6 28.5

% Meeting Physical Activity Guidelines B d d d d d 37.2 h h 42.0 37.9 33.4 35.9 31.7 41.2 50.3 43.8

% Moderate Physical Activity d d d d d d 23.8 h h 23.9 29.0 24.6 20.6 22.1 25.3 30.6 28.3

% Vigorous Physical Activity d d d d d d 27.9 h h 32.0 31.1 21.7 24.7 25.5 32.7 38.0 32.2

% Medical Advice on Physical Activity in Past Year h d B d h B 43.3 d d 37.6 50.6 59.4 41.9 26.2 60.1 44.0 41.0

% Child [Age 2-17] Physically Active 1+ Hours per Day 56.3 d 48.6



B d h



Service Area

TSA vs. Benchmarks

Respiratory Diseases Boyle Casey Garrard Lincoln Mercer Washington vs. KY vs. US vs.

HP2020 TREND

CLRD (Age-Adjusted Death Rate) B h B h h B 69.1 h h h 56.0 74.6 51.6 95.1 73.4 61.2 62.7 43.2 55.6

Pneumonia/Influenza (Age-Adjusted Death Rate) 21.4 d h B 21.5 16.5 38.1

% COPD (Lung Disease) d d d d d d 14.4 h h d 13.7 15.4 9.7 12.7 18.8 17.1 11.2 8.6 13.0

% [Adult] Currently Has Asthma d d d d d d 10.8 d d h 11.2 11.5 11.0 11.7 7.2 13.7 11.1 9.4 7.8


Service Area

TSA vs. Benchmarks

Respiratory Diseases (continued) Boyle Casey Garrard Lincoln Mercer Washington vs. KY vs. US vs.

HP2020 TREND

% [Child 0-17] Currently Has Asthma 10.3 d d 7.1 9.1



B d h



Service Area

TSA vs. Benchmarks

Sexually Transmitted Diseases Boyle Casey Garrard Lincoln Mercer Washington vs. KY vs. US vs.

HP2020 TREND

Gonorrhea Incidence per 100,000 h B B B h h 38.0 B B h 52.6 8.4 21.7 20.1 70.4 45.1 100.5 104.2 24.9

% [Unmarried 18-64] 3+ Sexual Partners in Past Year 9.4 d d 11.7 11.3

% [Unmarried 18-64] Using Condoms 32.3 d d 33.6 33.2



B d h



Service Area

TSA vs. Benchmarks

Substance Abuse Boyle Casey Garrard Lincoln Mercer Washington vs. KY vs. US vs.

HP2020 TREND

Cirrhosis/Liver Disease (Age-Adjusted Death Rate) 10.7 h h h h 8.4 9.2 8.2 5.5

% Current Drinker d d d d d h 35.0 B B d 33.8 37.6 28.7 29.4 38.3 51.2 40.7 56.5 33.9

% Chronic Drinker (Average 2+ Drinks/Day) d d d d d d 3.1

B d

3.3 2.0 6.3 2.9 1.8 2.3

5.2 4.0


Service Area

TSA vs. Benchmarks

Substance Abuse (continued) Boyle Casey Garrard Lincoln Mercer Washington vs. KY vs. US vs.

HP2020 TREND

% Binge Drinker (Single Occasion - 5+ Drinks Men, 4+ Women) d d d d d h 8.6 B B B d 7.5 6.3 10.8 6.3 9.2 15.7 14.9 19.5 24.4 9.8

% Drinking & Driving in Past Month d d d d d d 0.4 B d 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.8 5.0 0.5

Drug-Induced Deaths (Age-Adjusted Death Rate) 18.1 d h h h 19.0 12.6 11.3 10.0

% Illicit Drug Use in Past Month B B B d d d 0.9 B B B 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 2.6 0.5 4.0 7.1 2.4

% Ever Sought Help for Alcohol or Drug Problem d h d d d d 3.0 h d 4.4 0.0 3.6 3.9 2.2 2.4 4.9 3.2



B d h



Service Area

TSA vs. Benchmarks

Tobacco Use Boyle Casey Garrard Lincoln Mercer Washington vs. KY vs. US vs.

HP2020 TREND

% Current Smoker d d d d h B 23.5 B h h d 20.4 25.4 22.6 21.4 34.8 13.7 28.3 14.9 12.0 21.3

% Someone Smokes at Home B d d d d d 19.5 h d 14.3 23.7 22.4 19.3 23.9 14.8 12.7 21.7

% [Non-Smokers] Someone Smokes in the Home d d d d d d 8.2 d d 5.7 9.2 9.8 10.4 8.9 6.1 6.3 9.1

% [Household With Children] Someone Smokes in the Home 19.0 h d 9.7 17.7

% [Smokers] Received Advice to Quit Smoking 70.1 d d 67.8 64.6


Service Area

TSA vs. Benchmarks

Tobacco Use (continued) Boyle Casey Garrard Lincoln Mercer Washington vs. KY vs. US vs.

HP2020 TREND

% [Smokers] Have Quit Smoking 1+ Days in Past Year 47.1 d h d 55.9 80.0 48.8

% Smoke Cigars d d d d B d 3.4 d h d 4.5 2.9 5.2 3.8 0.0 3.4 4.1 0.2 4.2

% Use Smokeless Tobacco h d B d d B 7.4 h h d 10.0 4.7 2.5 11.9 6.5 2.2 4.0 0.3 6.8



B d h



Service Area

TSA vs. Benchmarks

Vision Boyle Casey Garrard Lincoln Mercer Washington vs. KY vs. US vs.

HP2020 TREND

% Blindness/Trouble Seeing d d d d d d 10.0 d d 9.5 7.6 10.9 11.8 11.1 7.5 8.5 10.4

% Eye Exam in Past 2 Years d d d d d d 54.9 d d 56.3 53.5 52.3 51.5 61.8 51.1 56.8 58.8



B d h


33

GENERAL HEALTH STATUS

34

Overall Health Status

Self-Reported Health Status

A total of 46.9% of Total Service Area adults rate their overall health as “excellent”

or “very good.”

Another 32.2% gave “good” ratings of their overall health.

Self-Reported Health Status(Total Service Area, 2014)

Sources: 2014 PRC Community Health Survey, Professional Research Consultants, Inc. [Item 5 ]

Notes: Asked of all respondents.

Excellent 14.4%

Very Good 32.5%

Good 32.2%

Fair 13.4%

Poor 7.5%

However, 20.9% of Total Service Area adults believe that their overall health is

“fair” or “poor.”

Better than statewide findings.

Worse than national findings.

Unfavorably high in Garrard County.

Note the statistically significant decrease (improvement) that has occurred when

comparing “fair/poor” overall health reports to 2011 survey results.

Experience “Fair” or “Poor” Overall Health

Sources: PRC Community Health Surveys, Professional Research Consultants, Inc. [Item 5 ]

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey Data. Atlanta, Georgia. United States Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control

and Prevention (CDC): 2012 Kentucky data.

2013 PRC National Health Survey, Professional Research Consultants, Inc.


24.9%20.9%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

17.7%20.1%

32.8%

22.4%18.3%

14.4%

20.9%23.9%

15.3%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

KY US

The initial inquiry of the PRC

Community Health Survey

asked respondents the

following:

“Would you say that in

general your health is:

excellent, very good, good, fair

or poor?”

NOTE:

Differences noted in the

text represent significant

differences determined

through statistical testing.

Where sample sizes

permit, county-level data are

provided.

Trends are measured

against baseline data – i.e.,

the earliest year that data

are available or that is

presented in this report.

35

Adults more likely to report experiencing “fair” or “poor” overall health include:

Those aged 40 and older.

Residents living at lower incomes.

Other differences within demographic groups, as illustrated in the following

chart, are not statistically significant.

Experience “Fair” or “Poor” Overall Health(Total Service Area, 2014)

Sources: 2014 PRC Community Health Survey, Professional Research Consultants, Inc. [Item 5]


Hispanics can be of any race. Other race categories are non-Hispanic categorizations (e.g., “White” reflects non-Hispanic White respondents).

Income categories reflect respondent's household income as a ratio to the federal poverty level (FPL) for their household size. “Low Income” includes households

with incomes up to 200% of the federal poverty level; “Mid/High Income” includes households with incomes at 200% or more of the federal poverty level.

21.9% 19.9%

10.2%

28.9%

21.3%

30.2%

12.1%

21.0%

15.5%20.9%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Men Women 18 to 39 40 to 64 65+ Low

Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA

Activity Limitations

An individual can get a disabling impairment or chronic condition at any point in life. Compared with people

without disabilities, people with disabilities are more likely to:

Experience difficulties or delays in getting the health care they need.

Not have had an annual dental visit.

Not have had a mammogram in past 2 years.

Not have had a Pap test within the past 3 years.

Not engage in fitness activities.

Use tobacco.

Be overweight or obese.

Have high blood pressure.

Experience symptoms of psychological distress.

Receive less social-emotional support.

Have lower employment rates.

There are many social and physical factors that influence the health of people with disabilities. The following

three areas for public health action have been identified, using the International Classification of Functioning,

Disability, and Health (ICF) and the three World Health Organization (WHO) principles of action for addressing

health determinants.

Improve the conditions of daily life by: encouraging communities to be accessible so all can live in,

move through, and interact with their environment; encouraging community living; and removing barriers

in the environment using both physical universal design concepts and operational policy shifts.

Charts throughout this report

(such as that here) detail

survey findings among key

demographic groups –

namely by gender, age

groupings, income (based on

poverty status), and

race/ethnicity.

36

Address the inequitable distribution of resources among people with disabilities and those without

disabilities by increasing: appropriate health care for people with disabilities; education and work

opportunities; social participation; and access to needed technologies and assistive supports.

Expand the knowledge base and raise awareness about determinants of health for people with

disabilities by increasing: the inclusion of people with disabilities in public health data collection efforts

across the lifespan; the inclusion of people with disabilities in health promotion activities; and the

expansion of disability and health training opportunities for public health and health care professionals.

– Healthy People 2020 (www.healthypeople.gov)

A total of 27.4% of Total Service Area adults are limited in some way in some

activities due to a physical, mental or emotional problem.

Comparable to the prevalence statewide.

Less favorable than the national prevalence.

No statistical difference when viewed by county.

Marks a statistically significant increase in activity limitations since 2011.

Limited in Activities in Some Way

Due to a Physical, Mental or Emotional Problem

Sources: PRC Community Health Surveys, Professional Research Consultants, Inc. [Item 105]





27.0%22.6%

28.4%31.4%

28.9%

22.1%27.4% 26.2%

21.5%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

KY US

23.3%27.4%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

In looking at responses by key demographic characteristics, note the following:

Adults age 40 and older are much more often limited in activities.

Residents in households with lower income levels more often cite some type of

activity limitation when compared with higher-income residents.

Whites (non-Hispanic) are more likely than Non-Whites to report activity

limitations.

RELATED ISSUE:

See also

Potentially Disabling

Conditions in the Death,

Disease & Chronic

Conditions section of this

report.

37

Limited in Activities in Some Way

Due to a Physical, Mental or Emotional Problem(Total Service Area, 2014)






24.5%

30.1%

16.4%

34.5%29.4%

37.2%

19.7%

28.1%

12.6%

27.4%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA

Among persons reporting activity limitations, these are most often attributed to

musculoskeletal issues, such as back/neck problems, arthritis/rheumatism, difficulty

walking, or fractures or bone/joint injuries.

Other issues noted included lung/breathing problems, mental health issues (such as

depression), and heart conditions.

Type of Problem That Limits Activities(Among Those Reporting Activity Limitations; Total Service Area, 2014)


Notes: Asked of those respondents reporting activity limitations.

24.0%

10.3%

7.9%

7.7%

7.5%

6.6%

3.9%

32.1%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Back/Neck Problem

Arthritis/Rheumatism

Walking Problem

Lung/Breathing Problem

Fracture/Bone/Joint Injury

Depression/Anxiety/Mental

Heart Condition

Various Other (<3% Each)

38

Caregiving

A total of 30.2% of area adults provided regular care or assistance to a friend or

family member at some point in the past month.

Lowest among residents of Mercer County.

Note that this item was not addressed in 2011.

Provided Regular Care or Assistance

to a Friend or Family Member in the Past Month(Total Service Area, 2014)



26.1% 26.9%

38.4%

32.0%

13.3%

27.8%30.2%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington County

Total

Service Area

Total Service Area adults more likely to have provided care for someone in the past

month include:

Women.

Residents under the age of 65.

Provided Regular Care or Assistance

to a Friend or Family Member in the Past Month(Total Service Area, 2014)






25.8%

34.3%31.5% 32.6%

20.8%

29.6%31.8% 30.2%

24.9%30.2%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA

People may provide regular

care or assistance to a friend

or family member who has a

health problem, long-term

illness, or disability.

”During the past month, did

you provide any such care or

assistance to a friend or

family member?”

This question includes any

care or assistance and is not

limited to someone living in

the household.

39

When asked to specify the age of the person receiving the care, the largest share (42.6%)

of responses (among adults providing care) was for those age 65 to 84.

Another 18.5% of caregivers report that the person receiving the care was aged

85 or older.

In contrast, just 9.1% of care recipients were under age 25.

Age of Person Receiving Care(Among Respondents Who Provided Care in the Past Month; TSA, 2014)


Notes: Asked of those respondents who provided care for a friend or family member in the past month.

Under 25 9.1%

25 to 39 8.4%40 to 64 21.4%

65 to 84 42.6%

85+ 18.5%

Most caregivers (80.7%) were providing care for a relative, including 38.7% who were

providing care for a parent or parent-in-law, and 11.5% who were caring for a spouse.

On the other hand, 19.3% of caregivers report that they were helping with a non-

relative.

Relationship to Caregiver(Respondents Who Provided Care in the Past Month; TSA, 2014)


Notes: Asked of those respondents who provided care for a friend or family member in the past month.

Parent 33.8%Non-Relative 19.3%

Spouse 11.5%

Other Relative 9.0%

Grandparent 8.4% Child 7.6%

Sibling 5.4%

Parent-in-Law 4.9%

40

Mental Health & Mental Disorders Mental health is a state of successful performance of mental function, resulting in productive activities,

fulfilling relationships with other people, and the ability to adapt to change and to cope with challenges.

Mental health is essential to personal well-being, family and interpersonal relationships, and the ability to

contribute to community or society. Mental disorders are health conditions that are characterized by

alterations in thinking, mood, and/or behavior that are associated with distress and/or impaired functioning.

Mental disorders contribute to a host of problems that may include disability, pain, or death. Mental illness is

the term that refers collectively to all diagnosable mental disorders.

Mental disorders are among the most common causes of disability. The resulting disease burden of mental

illness is among the highest of all diseases. According to the national Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), in any

given year, an estimated 13 million American adults (approximately 1 in 17) have a seriously debilitating

mental illness. Mental health disorders are the leading cause of disability in the United States and Canada,

accounting for 25% of all years of life lost to disability and premature mortality. Moreover, suicide is the 11th

leading cause of death in the United States, accounting for the deaths of approximately 30,000 Americans

each year.

Mental health and physical health are closely connected. Mental health plays a major role in people’s ability to

maintain good physical health. Mental illnesses, such as depression and anxiety, affect people’s ability to

participate in health-promoting behaviors. In turn, problems with physical health, such as chronic diseases, can

have a serious impact on mental health and decrease a person’s ability to participate in treatment and

recovery.

The existing model for understanding mental health and mental disorders emphasizes the interaction of social,

environmental, and genetic factors throughout the lifespan. In behavioral health, researchers identify: risk

factors, which predispose individuals to mental illness; and protective factors, which protect them from

developing mental disorders. Researchers now know that the prevention of mental, emotional, and behavioral

(MEB) disorders is inherently interdisciplinary and draws on a variety of different strategies. Over the past 20

years, research on the prevention of mental disorders has progressed. The understanding of how the brain

functions under normal conditions and in response to stressors, combined with knowledge of how the brain

develops over time, has been essential to that progress. The major areas of progress include evidence that:

MEB disorders are common and begin early in life.

The greatest opportunity for prevention is among young people.

There are multiyear effects of multiple preventive interventions on reducing substance abuse, conduct

disorder, antisocial behavior, aggression, and child maltreatment.

The incidence of depression among pregnant women and adolescents can be reduced.

School-based violence prevention can reduce the base rate of aggressive problems in an average school

by 25 to 33%.

There are potential indicated preventive interventions for schizophrenia.

Improving family functioning and positive parenting can have positive outcomes on mental health and can

reduce poverty-related risk.

School-based preventive interventions aimed at improving social and emotional outcomes can also

improve academic outcomes.

Interventions targeting families dealing with adversities, such as parental depression or divorce, can be

effective in reducing risk for depression among children and increasing effective parenting.

Some preventive interventions have benefits that exceed costs, with the available evidence strongest for

early childhood interventions.

Implementation is complex, and it is important that interventions be relevant to the target audiences.

In addition to advancements in the prevention of mental disorders, there continues to be steady progress in

treating mental disorders as new drugs and stronger evidence-based outcomes become available.


41

Mental Health Status

Self-Reported Mental Health Status

A total of 58.8% of Total Service Area adults rate their overall mental health as

“excellent” or “very good.”

Another 25.3% gave “good” ratings of their own mental health status.

Self-Reported Mental Health Status(Total Service Area, 2014)



Excellent 25.0%

Very Good 33.8%Good 25.3%

Fair 10.8%

Poor 5.1%

A total of 15.9% of Total Service Area adults, however, believe that their overall

mental health is “fair” or “poor.”

Less favorable than the “fair/poor” response reported nationally.

No significant difference by county.

Statistically unchanged since 2011.

Experience “Fair” or “Poor” Mental Health




15.6% 15.9%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

13.2%17.7% 17.6% 18.9%

14.2% 14.9% 15.9%11.9%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

US

Residents with lower incomes are much more likely to report experiencing

“Now thinking about your

mental health, which

includes stress, depression

and problems with

emotions, would you say

that, in general, your

mental health is: excellent,

very good, good, fair or

poor?”

42

“fair/poor” mental health than those in the higher income breakout.

Experience “Fair” or “Poor” Mental Health(Total Service Area, 2014)






15.7% 16.0%18.5%

16.1%12.0%

26.9%

7.6%

16.1% 15.0% 15.9%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA

Depression

Diagnosed Depression

A total of 22.8% of Total Service Area adults have been diagnosed by a physician as

having a depressive disorder (such as depression, major depression, dysthymia, or

minor depression).

Similar to the national finding.

Favorably low in Mercer County.

Have Been Diagnosed With a Depressive Disorder




Depressive disorders include depression, major depression, dysthymia, or minor depression.

20.9%23.2%

30.2% 28.4%

15.8% 17.3%22.8%

20.4%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Washington

County

Total

Service Area

US

43

The prevalence of diagnosed depression is notably higher among:

Women.

Adults under age 65 (note the negative correlation with age).

Community members living at lower incomes.

Have Been Diagnosed With a Depressive Disorder (Total Service Area, 2014)



Depressive disorders include depression, major depression, dysthymia, or minor depression.




17.1%

28.2% 27.4%23.7%

13.8%

34.3%

14.2%

22.6%27.5%

22.8%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA

Symptoms of Chronic Depression

A total of 28.5% of Total Service Area adults have had two or more years in their

lives when they felt depressed or sad on most days, although they may have felt

okay sometimes (symptoms of chronic depression).

Comparable to national findings.


Denotes a statistically significant decrease from that reported in 2011.

Have Experienced Symptoms of Chronic Depression




Chronic depression includes periods of two or more years during which the respondent felt depressed or sad on most days, even if (s)he felt okay sometimes.

34.7%

28.5%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

26.5%30.0%

33.5%30.2% 28.4%

20.8%

28.5% 30.4%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

US

44

Note that the prevalence of chronic depression is notably higher among:

Women.

Adults under age 65.

Adults with lower incomes (especially).

Have Experienced Symptoms of Chronic Depression(Total Service Area, 2014)



Chronic depression includes periods of two or more years during which the respondent felt depressed or sad on most days, even if (s)he felt okay sometimes.




22.9%

33.7%29.3% 30.7%

23.4%

41.5%

18.3%

28.4% 28.5% 28.5%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA

Stress

Less than one-half of Total Service Area adults considers their typical day to be “not

very stressful” (32.1%) or “not at all stressful” (13.2%).

A plurality (43.9% of survey respondents) characterize their typical day as

“moderately stressful.”

Perceived Level of Stress On a Typical Day(Total Service Area, 2014)



Extremely Stressful

2.0%

Very Stressful 8.8%

Moderately Stressful

43.9%

Not Very Stressful

32.1%

Not At All Stressful

13.2%

RELATED ISSUE:

See also Substance Abuse in

the Modifiable

Health Risks section

of this report.

45

In contrast, 10.8% of Total Service Area adults experience “very” or “extremely”

stressful days on a regular basis.


Comparable findings by county.

Statistically comparable to the 2011 findings.

Perceive Most Days As “Extremely” or “Very” Stressful




9.5% 11.5% 9.9%14.7%

8.7% 10.3% 10.8% 11.9%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

US

12.2% 10.8%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

Note that high stress levels are more prevalent among:

Women.

Adults under 65.

Lower-income residents.

Whites.

Perceive Most Days as “Extremely” or “Very” Stressful(Total Service Area, 2014)






7.8%

13.5%10.8% 12.5%

6.8%

14.7%

8.3%10.9%

5.3%

10.8%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA

46

Suicide

Between 2008 and 2010, there was an annual average age-adjusted suicide rate of

15.1 deaths per 100,000 population in the Total Service Area.

Above the statewide rate.

Above the national rate.

Fails to satisfy the Healthy People 2020 target of 10.2 or lower.

Suicide: Age-Adjusted Mortality(2008-2010 Annual Average Deaths per 100,000 Population)

Sources: CDC WONDER Online Query System. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Epidemiology Program Office, Division of Public Health Surveillance and Informatics.

Data extracted May 2014.

US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. December 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov [Objective MHMD-1]

Notes: Deaths are coded using the Tenth Revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10).

Rates are per 100,000 population, age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. Standard Population.

Local, state and national data are simple three-year averages.

15.113.8

11.7

0

10

20

30

40

50

Total Service Area Kentucky United States

Healthy People 2020 Target = 10.2 or Lower

The area suicide rate has fluctuated over the past decade, showing no clear trend.

However, the most recently reported rate is among the highest of the past 10

years.

Suicide: Age-Adjusted Mortality Trends(Annual Average Deaths per 100,000 Population)



US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. December 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov [Objective MHMD-1]




2001-2003 2002-2004 2003-2005 2004-2006 2005-2007 2006-2008 2007-2009 2008-2010

Healthy People 2020 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2

Total Service Area 11.7 13.7 15.2 15.3 14.5 14.1 12.4 15.1

KY 12.7 13.2 13.3 13.7 14.3 14.6 14.2 13.8

US 10.8 10.9 10.9 10.9 11.0 11.3 11.6 11.7

0

5

10

15

20

25

47

Mental Health Treatment

Among adults with a diagnosed depressive disorder, 72.0% acknowledge that they

have sought professional help for a mental or emotional problem.

Statistically similar to national findings.

Adults With Diagnosed Depression Who Have Ever

Sought Professional Help for a Mental or Emotional Problem(Among Adults With Diagnosed Depressive Disorder)



Notes: Reflects those respondents with a depressive disorder diagnosed by a physician (such as depression, major depression, dysthymia, or minor depression).

72.0%76.6%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Total Service Area United States

Related Key Informant Input: Mental Health


Key informants taking part in the focus group discussed the fragmented mental health

system and the limited services available to residents, with focus on:

Inadequate number of psychiatrists and treatment programs

Psychiatric services for youth

Co-occurring substance abuse issues

Stigma

During the focus group, issues surrounding mental health services arose several times.

Overall, attendees think that the region has an inadequate number of psychiatrists and

treatment programs available to residents. Focus group members feel that additional

funding for mental health is needed to create new services.

“Well not in this state, we fluctuate between 48th, 43rd, 45th as far as dollars in this state spent

on mental health and substance abuse and then compare it to nationally, we're very low, What's

happened, we've lost programs over the last two years, day programs for chronically mentally ill,

day programs for at-risk children after school and those kinds of things that again, primarily,

insurance would pay some for those programs, but Medicaid denied them all. Even being able to

show success and a low hospitalization right now, we've replaced it with a little bit, but the

dollars have just shrunk.” — Key Informant

“Diagnosed depressive

disorder” includes respondents

reporting a past diagnosis of a

depressive disorder by a

physician (such as depression,

major depression, dysthymia,

or minor depression).

48

Psychiatric services for youth also experience high demand, but no local inpatient

resources exist for the community’s adolescent population. These young residents must

travel to a larger city for care.

Many that suffer from mental illness have co-occurring substance abuse issues; these

individuals self-medicate with drugs or alcohol. In addition, many mentally ill persons

suffer from other health issues, making treatment difficult.

Participants agree that the stigma surrounding mental illness may impact a resident’s

willingness to access behavioral healthcare for themselves or their children. Even for

those seeking care, both the cost of behavioral health services and the lack of knowledge

about where to access this type of healthcare can be detrimental.


Those key informants giving input through the online survey echoed many of the same

concerns. Those ranking Mental Health as a “major problem” in the community offered

the following reasons:

Access to services. Community mental health is underfunded and understaffed. Wait time is six

months. Also, community awareness and understanding of mental health is minimal. — Key

Informant

Lack of access and substance abuse. — Key Informant

Very poor access to care — many rural counties only have the community mental health centers,

which are extremely understaffed and underfunded. They do virtually no preventive services now

(they used to provide these services, but do not have the funding). — Key Informant

1) Stigma; 2) Lack of good insurance; 3) Inability to receive a timely appointment; 4) Poor care; 5)

No outpatient programs — patients are stabilized and then sent home to look at four walls and

smoke or watch TV; 6) Substance abuse; 7) Lack of hospital beds. — Key Informant

They noted that low-income residents (both adolescents and adults) are at greatest risk,

especially those with Medicaid or Medicare. Suggestions to improve mental health and

access to mental health services include:

Improve access to services and implement preventive services, such as self-care groups into easy

to access locations, such as churches and schools.

Effective provider access, including the school for adolescents.

Open up Medicaid to any and all willing and appropriately credentialed providers. Fund

community mental health adequately instead of minimally. Provide incentives for psychiatrists

to move to rural areas. Provide info to the general public on best practices.

There is a dire need for appropriate housing.

An ambitious day treatment program, such as EMH had several years ago.

Provide meeting space for support groups, utilizing NAMI's programs.

49

DEATH, DISEASE & CHRONIC CONDITIONS

50

Leading Causes of Death

Distribution of Deaths by Cause

Together, cardiovascular disease (heart disease and stroke) and cancers accounted

for roughly one-half of all 2008 deaths in the Total Service Area.

Leading Causes of Death(Total Service Area, 2008)




CLRD is chronic lower respiratory disease.

Other 33.2%

Cancer 22.9%Heart Disease 22.2%

Unintentional Injuries

6.4%

CLRD 6.3%

Alzheimer's Disease

4.6%Stroke 4.5%

Age-Adjusted Death Rates for Selected Causes

In order to compare mortality in the region with other localities (in this case, Kentucky

and the United States), it is necessary to look at rates of death — these are figures which

represent the number of deaths in relation to the population size (such as deaths per

100,000 population, as is used here).

Furthermore, in order to compare localities without undue bias toward younger or older

populations, the common convention is to adjust the data to some common baseline age

distribution. Use of these “age-adjusted” rates provides the most valuable means of

gauging mortality against benchmark data, as well as Healthy People 2020 targets.

The following chart outlines 2008-2010 annual average age-adjusted death rates per

100,000 population for selected causes of death in the Total Service Area.

51

Age-adjusted mortality rates in the Total Service Area are worse than national rates

for each of the causes of death listed, with the exceptions of heart disease and

homicide.

Of the causes outlined in the following chart for which Healthy People 2020 objectives

have been established, Total Service Area rates fail to satisfy the related goals for each

(with the exception of homicide).

Age-Adjusted Death Rates for Selected Causes(2008-2010 Deaths per 100,000)



US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. December 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov.

Note: Rates are per 100,000 population, age-adjusted to the 2000 US Standard Population and coded using ICD-10 codes.

*The Healthy People 2020 Heart Disease target is adjusted to account for all diseases of the heart; the diabetes target is adjusted to reflect only diabetes

mellitus-coded deaths.

Local, state and national data are simple three-year averages; ** homicide rates represent 2001-2010 data.

Total Service Area Kentucky US HP2020

Malignant Neoplasms (Cancers) 217.9 205.7 174.2 160.6

Diseases of the Heart 189.3 214.8 183.7 158.9*

Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease (CLRD) 69.1 62.7 43.2 n/a

Unintentional Injuries 63.5 55.4 38.1 36.0

Cerebrovascular Disease (Stroke) 42.5 45.7 39.9 33.8

Alzheimer’s Disease 40.9 30.8 24.3 20.5*

Kidney Diseases 28.1 21.7 15.0 n/a

Diabetes Mellitus 23.7 26.5 21.7 n/a

Motor Vehicle Deaths 23.6 19.5 12.2 12.4

Pneumonia/Influenza 21.4 21.5 16.5 n/a

Drug-Induced 18.1 19.0 12.6 11.3

Intentional Self-Harm (Suicide) 15.1 13.8 11.7 10.2

Firearm-Related 12.2 13.0 10.2 9.2

Cirrhosis/Liver Disease 10.7 8.4 9.2 8.2

Homicide/Legal Intervention ** 3.9 5.1 6.0 5.5

For infant mortality data,

see “Birth Outcomes &

Risks” in the Births section

of this report.

52

Cardiovascular Disease Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States, with stroke following as the third leading

cause. Together, heart disease and stroke are among the most widespread and costly health problems facing

the nation today, accounting for more than $500 billion in healthcare expenditures and related expenses in

2010 alone. Fortunately, they are also among the most preventable.

The leading modifiable (controllable) risk factors for heart disease and stroke are:

High blood pressure

High cholesterol

Cigarette smoking

Diabetes

Poor diet and physical inactivity

Overweight and obesity

The risk of Americans developing and dying from cardiovascular disease would be substantially reduced if

major improvements were made across the US population in diet and physical activity, control of high blood

pressure and cholesterol, smoking cessation, and appropriate aspirin use.

The burden of cardiovascular disease is disproportionately distributed across the population. There are

significant disparities in the following based on gender, age, race/ethnicity, geographic area, and

socioeconomic status:

Prevalence of risk factors

Access to treatment

Appropriate and timely treatment

Treatment outcomes

Mortality

Disease does not occur in isolation, and cardiovascular disease is no exception. Cardiovascular health is

significantly influenced by the physical, social, and political environment, including: maternal and child health;

access to educational opportunities; availability of healthy foods, physical education, and extracurricular

activities in schools; opportunities for physical activity, including access to safe and walkable communities;

access to healthy foods; quality of working conditions and worksite health; availability of community support

and resources; and access to affordable, quality healthcare.


Age-Adjusted Heart Disease & Stroke Deaths

Heart Disease Deaths

Between 2008 and 2010 there was an annual average age-adjusted heart disease

mortality rate of 189.3 deaths per 100,000 population in the Total Service Area.

Lower than the statewide rate.

Similar to the national rate.

Fails to satisfy the Healthy People 2020 target (as adjusted to account for all

diseases of the heart).

Unfavorably high in Casey County; lower in Boyle and Garrard counties.

The greatest share of

cardiovascular

deaths is attributed

to heart disease.

53

Heart Disease: Age-Adjusted Mortality(2008-2010 Annual Average Deaths per 100,000 Population)



US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. December 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov [Objective HDS-2]




The Healthy People 2020 Heart Disease target is adjusted to account for all diseases of the heart.

182.8

219.1

158.4

192.1 194.5 193.7 189.3214.8

183.7

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Washington

County

TSA KY US

Healthy People 2020 Target = 158.9 or Lower (Adjusted)

The heart disease mortality rate has decreased in the Total Service Area, echoing

the decreasing trends across Kentucky and the US overall.

Heart Disease: Age-Adjusted Mortality Trends(Annual Average Deaths per 100,000 Population)







The Healthy People 2020 Heart Disease target is adjusted to account for all diseases of the heart.

2001-

2003

2002-

2004

2003-

2005

2004-

2006

2005-

2007

2006-

2008

2007-

2009

2008-

2010

Healthy People 2020 (Adjusted) 158.9 158.9 158.9 158.9 158.9 158.9 158.9 158.9


KY 285.6 272.6 263.1 249.6 238.3 224.7 216.3 214.8

US 240.0 230.0 220.1 209.4 200.7 192.5 185.8 183.7

0

100

200

300

400

54

Stroke Deaths

Between 2008 and 2010, there was an annual average age-adjusted stroke mortality

rate of 42.5 deaths per 100,000 population in the Total Service Area.

More favorable than the Kentucky rate.

Less favorable than the national rate.


Highest in Casey and Washington counties; lowest in Lincoln and Mercer.

Stroke: Age-Adjusted Mortality(2008-2010 Annual Average Deaths per 100,000 Population)







42.2

51.2

43.238.5 37.6

49.1

42.545.7

39.9

0

20

40

60

80

100

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Washington

County

TSA KY US


The Total Service Area stroke rate has declined in recent years, echoing the trends

reported across Kentucky and the US overall.

Stroke: Age-Adjusted Mortality Trends(Annual Average Deaths per 100,000 Population)







2001-2003 2002-2004 2003-2005 2004-2006 2005-2007 2006-2008 2007-2009 2008-2010

Healthy People 2020 33.8 33.8 33.8 33.8 33.8 33.8 33.8 33.8


KY 62.8 60.6 57.1 53.7 50.4 48.1 46.4 45.7

US 55.8 53.2 50.0 46.7 44.1 42.2 40.6 39.9

0

20

40

60

80

100

55

Prevalence of Heart Disease & Stroke

Prevalence of Heart Disease

A total of 8.2% of surveyed adults report that they suffer from or have been

diagnosed with heart disease (coronary heart disease, angina, or heart attack).

Similar to the national prevalence.

Lowest in Garrard County; highest in Casey County.


Prevalence of Heart Disease




Includes diagnoses of heart attack, angina or coronary heart disease.

10.7%8.2%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

7.4%

15.5%

2.5%

8.6% 8.8% 7.3% 8.2% 6.1%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

US

Adults more likely to have been diagnosed with chronic heart disease include:

Men.

Seniors (note the strong positive correlation with age).

Prevalence of Heart Disease(Total Service Area, 2014)



Includes diagnoses of heart attack, angina or coronary heart disease.




10.4%6.2%

0.0%

8.7%

21.1%

10.3%7.0% 8.5%

5.8%8.2%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA

56

Prevalence of Stroke

A total of 3.1% of surveyed adults report that they suffer from or have been

diagnosed with cerebrovascular disease (a stroke).

Similar to statewide findings.

Similar to national findings.

Favorably low in Garrard County.

No significant change in stroke prevalence over time.

Prevalence of Stroke






3.7% 2.1% 0.5%3.7% 4.0% 4.3% 3.1% 4.2% 3.9%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

KY US

3.5% 3.1%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

Seniors (age 65+) are much more likely to have been diagnosed with stroke.

Prevalence of Stroke(Total Service Area, 2014)






2.9% 3.4%0.4% 2.3%

7.6%4.2% 2.1% 2.6%

6.8%3.1%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA

57

Related Key Informant Input: Heart Disease & Stroke


Among key informants taking part in the online survey who view Heart Disease & Stroke

as a “major problem” in the community, reasons included the following:

High smoking rates, sedentary life style, inadequate exercise.

Stress.

Failure to maintain a healthy lifestyle.

Genetics.

Poverty.

When asked what could be done to improve this problem in terms of programs, services

or policies, the following suggestions were made:

More exercise opportunities in rural areas in particular, more smoke-free legislation, educational

info distributed in more unconventional places, such as churches.

I don't know. The hospital does a huge service in their travelling health fairs.

How about replacing Joe Hall's picture on billboards and TV with reminders of the importance of

fruits and veggies in our diet?

Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Controlling risk factors for heart disease and stroke remains a challenge. High blood pressure and cholesterol

are still major contributors to the national epidemic of cardiovascular disease. High blood pressure affects

approximately 1 in 3 adults in the United States, and more than half of Americans with high blood pressure do

not have it under control. High sodium intake is a known risk factor for high blood pressure and heart disease,

yet about 90% of American adults exceed their recommendation for sodium intake.


Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)

High Blood Pressure Testing

A total of 94.2% of Total Service Area adults have had their blood pressure tested

within the past two years.

Better than national findings.

Satisfies the Healthy People 2020 target (94.9% or higher).


No significant change from 2011 survey results.

58

Have Had Blood Pressure Checked in the Past Two Years





94.9% 93.1%96.7%

89.8%95.3% 97.2%

94.2%91.0%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

US

Healthy People 2020 Target = 92.6% or Higher

94.7% 94.2%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

Prevalence of Hypertension

A total of 41.8% of adults have been told at some point that their blood pressure

was high.

Less favorable than the Kentucky prevalence.


Fails to satisfy the Healthy People 2020 target (26.9% or lower).


Statistically unchanged over time.

Among hypertensive adults, 80.9% have been diagnosed with high blood

pressure more than once.

Prevalence of High Blood Pressure

Sources: PRC Community Health Surveys, Professional Research Consultants, Inc. [Items 43, 131]




US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. December 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov [Objective HDS-5.1]


41.7% 40.9%38.4%

46.3%

39.8%42.8% 41.8%

38.0%34.1%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

KY US

Healthy People 2020 Target = 26.9% or Lower

41.0% 41.8%

TOTAREA

YEAR1

TOTAREA

YRNOW

80.9% of these respondents

have been told more than

once that their blood

pressure was high

59

Hypertension diagnoses are higher among:

Adults age 40 and older, and especially those age 65+.

Residents in households with lower incomes.

Prevalence of High Blood Pressure(Total Service Area, 2014)


US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. December 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov [Objective HDS-5.1]





41.6% 41.9%

21.1%

49.3%

58.2%

49.2%

38.1%42.2%

33.4%

41.8%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA


Hypertension Management

Among respondents who have been told that their blood pressure was high, 90.6%

report that they are currently taking actions to control their condition.


Denotes a significant decrease since 2011.

Taking Action to Control Hypertension(Among Adults With High Blood Pressure)



Notes: Asked of all respondents who have been diagnosed with high blood pressure.

In this case, the term “action” refers to medication, change in diet, and/or exercise.

90.6% 89.2%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


96.1%

90.6%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

Respondents reporting

high blood pressure were

further asked:

“Are you currently taking

any action to help control

your high blood pressure,

such as taking medication,

changing your diet, or

exercising?”

60

High Blood Cholesterol

Blood Cholesterol Testing

A total of 90.3% of Total Service Area adults have had their blood cholesterol

checked within the past five years.

More favorable than Kentucky findings.

More favorable than the national findings.

Satisfies the Healthy People 2020 target (82.1% or higher).

Favorably high in Washington County.


Have Had Blood

Cholesterol Levels Checked in the Past Five Years







89.5%85.3%

93.1%88.7%

91.6%96.9%

90.3%

75.7%

86.6%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

KY US


88.0%90.3%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

The following demographic segments report lower screening levels:

Men.

Young adults (those under age 40).

Residents with lower incomes.

61

Have Had Blood

Cholesterol Levels Checked in the Past Five Years(Total Service Area, 2014)







87.2%93.2%

80.1%

94.7% 95.1%

85.6%

92.6%90.0%

94.6%90.3%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA


Self-Reported High Blood Cholesterol

A total of 38.0% of adults have been told by a health professional that their

cholesterol level was high.

More favorable than the Kentucky findings.


Nearly three times the Healthy People 2020 target (13.5% or lower).



Prevalence of High Blood Cholesterol







*The Kentucky data reflects those adults who have been tested for high cholesterol and who have been diagnosed with it.

35.5%40.7%

45.6%

32.6%36.8%

43.2%38.0%

41.3%

29.9%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

KY US


36.9% 38.0%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

62

Note that 14.5% of Total Service Area adults report not having high blood cholesterol,

but: 1) have never had their blood cholesterol levels tested; 2) have not been screened in

the past 5 years; or 3) do not recall when their last screening was. For these individuals,

current prevalence is unknown.

Note the positive correlation between age and high blood cholesterol.

Whites report a higher prevalence than Non-Whites.

Keep in mind that “unknowns” are relatively high in men, young adults, and

lower-income residents.

Prevalence of High Blood Cholesterol(Total Service Area, 2014)







38.2% 37.8%

13.8%

47.5%

55.0%

38.7% 39.7% 38.9%

19.8%

38.0%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA


High Cholesterol Management

Among adults who have been told that their blood cholesterol was high, 86.4%

report that they are currently taking actions to control their cholesterol levels.

Comparable to that found nationwide.

Marks a statistically significant decrease since 2011.

Taking Action to Control High Blood Cholesterol Levels(Among Adults With High Cholesterol)



Notes: Asked of all respondents who have been diagnosed with high blood cholesterol levels.

In this case, the term “action” refers to medication, change in diet, and/or exercise.

86.4%81.4%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


92.4%

86.4%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

Respondents reporting

high cholesterol were

further asked:

“Are you currently taking

any action to help control

your high cholesterol,

such as taking medication,

changing your diet, or

exercising?”

63

Individual level risk factors which put people at increased risk for cardiovascular diseases include:

High Blood Pressure

High Blood Cholesterol

Tobacco Use

Physical Inactivity

Poor Nutrition

Overweight/Obesity

Diabetes

– National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Three health-related behaviors contribute markedly to cardiovascular disease:

Poor nutrition. People who are overweight have a higher risk for cardiovascular disease. Almost 60% of

adults are overweight or obese. To maintain a proper body weight, experts recommend a well-balanced diet

which is low in fat and high in fiber, accompanied by regular exercise.

Lack of physical activity. People who are not physically active have twice the risk for heart disease of those

who are active. More than half of adults do not achieve recommended levels of physical activity.

Tobacco use. Smokers have twice the risk for heart attack of nonsmokers. Nearly one-fifth of all deaths from

cardiovascular disease, or about 190,000 deaths a year nationally, are smoking-related. Every day, more than

3,000 young people become daily smokers in the US

Modifying these behaviors is critical both for preventing and for controlling cardiovascular disease. Other

steps that adults who have cardiovascular disease should take to reduce their risk of death and disability

include adhering to treatment for high blood pressure and cholesterol, using aspirin as appropriate, and

learning the symptoms of heart attack and stroke.


Total Cardiovascular Risk

A total of 90.5% of Total Service Area adults report one or more cardiovascular risk

factors, such as being overweight, smoking cigarettes, being physically inactive, or

having high blood pressure or cholesterol.

Notably higher than national findings.


Denotes a significant increase over time.

Present One or More Cardiovascular Risks or Behaviors




Cardiovascular risk is defined as exhibiting one or more of the following: 1) no leisure-time physical activity; 2) regular/occasional cigarette smoking; 3) hypertension;

4) high blood cholesterol; and/or 5) being overweight/obese.

86.6%90.5%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

88.8%93.0% 93.7%

89.3%92.4%

85.6%90.5%

82.3%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

US

RELATED ISSUE:

See also

Nutrition & Overweight,

Physical Activity & Fitness

and Tobacco Use in the

Modifiable Health Risk

section of this report.

64

Adults more likely to exhibit cardiovascular risk factors include:

Men.

Adults age 40 and older.

Residents in households with lower incomes.

Present One or More Cardiovascular Risks or Behaviors(Total Service Area, 2014)



Cardiovascular risk is defined as exhibiting one or more of the following: 1) no leisure-time physical activity; 2) regular/occasional cigarette smoking; 3) hypertension;

4) high blood cholesterol; and/or 5) being overweight/obese.




94.3%

87.0% 85.1%

92.9% 94.3%97.5%

87.5%90.8%

86.3%90.5%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA

65

Cancer Continued advances in cancer research, detection, and treatment have resulted in a decline in both incidence

and death rates for all cancers. Among people who develop cancer, more than half will be alive in five years.

Yet, cancer remains a leading cause of death in the United States, second only to heart disease.

Many cancers are preventable by reducing risk factors such as: use of tobacco products; physical inactivity and

poor nutrition; obesity; and ultraviolet light exposure. Other cancers can be prevented by getting vaccinated

against human papillomavirus and hepatitis B virus. In the past decade, overweight and obesity have emerged

as new risk factors for developing certain cancers, including colorectal, breast, uterine corpus (endometrial),

and kidney cancers. The impact of the current weight trends on cancer incidence will not be fully known for

several decades. Continued focus on preventing weight gain will lead to lower rates of cancer and many

chronic diseases.

Screening is effective in identifying some types of cancers (see US Preventive Services Task Force [USPSTF]

recommendations), including:

Breast cancer (using mammography)

Cervical cancer (using Pap tests)

Colorectal cancer (using fecal occult blood testing, sigmoidoscopy, or colonoscopy)


Age-Adjusted Cancer Deaths

All Cancer Deaths

Between 2008 and 2010, there was an annual average age-adjusted cancer mortality


Less favorable than the statewide rate.



Unfavorably high rates are reported in Casey, Lincoln, and Mercer counties; lower

rates are in Boyle, Garrard, and Washington counties.

Cancer: Age-Adjusted Mortality(2008-2010 Annual Average Deaths per 100,000 Population)



US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. December 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov [Objective C-1]




196.8

283.4

200.0

224.5 227.9

165.7

217.9205.7

174.2

0

100

200

300

400

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Washington

County

TSA KY US


66

Cancer mortality has not shown a clear trend over the past decade in the Total

Service Area; the rate is slowly declining both statewide and nationwide.

Cancer: Age-Adjusted Mortality Trends(Annual Average Deaths per 100,000 Population)






State and national data are simple three-year averages.

2001-2003 2002-2004 2003-2005 2004-2006 2005-2007 2006-2008 2007-2009 2008-2010

Healthy People 2020 160.6 160.6 160.6 160.6 160.6 160.6 160.6 160.6


KY 225.9 221.8 219.6 215.5 214.9 210.2 207.9 205.7

US 193.1 189.8 186.6 183.4 181.0 178.1 175.6 174.2

0

100

200

300

400

Cancer Deaths by Site

Lung cancer is by far the leading cause of cancer deaths in the Total Service Area.

Other leading sites include breast cancer among women, prostate cancer among

men, and colorectal cancer (both genders).

As can be seen in the following chart (referencing 2008-2010 annual average age-

adjusted death rates):

The Total Service Area lung, prostate, female breast, and colorectal cancer

death rates are all higher than both state and national rates.

Note that each of the Total Service Area cancer death rates detailed below fails to satisfy

the related Healthy People 2020 target.

Age-Adjusted Cancer Death Rates by Site(2008-2010 Annual Average Deaths per 100,000 Population)

Sources: CDC WONDER Online Query System. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Epidemiology Program Office, Division of Public

Health Surveillance and Informatics. Data extracted May 2014.

US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. December 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov

Total Service Area Kentucky US HP2020

Lung Cancer 80.4 72.4 48.5 45.5

Female Breast Cancer 27.4 22.4 22.3 20.6

Prostate Cancer 26.2 22.5 22.3 21.2

Colorectal Cancer 21.6 18.8 16.1 14.5

67

Prevalence of Cancer

Skin Cancer

A total of 9.1% of surveyed Total Service Area adults report having been diagnosed

with skin cancer.

Similar to what is found statewide.

Less favorable than the national average.

No significant difference in prevalence of skin cancer when viewed by county.

The prevalence of skin cancer has remained statistically unchanged since 2011.

Prevalence of Skin Cancer






9.1% 9.2%13.6%

6.6% 8.6% 8.8% 9.1% 7.3% 6.7%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

KY US

7.1% 9.1%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

68

Other Cancer

A total of 8.3% of respondents have been diagnosed with some type of (non-skin)

cancer.

Similar to the statewide prevalence.

Higher than the national prevalence.


The prevalence of cancer has increased significantly since 2011.

Prevalence of Cancer (Other Than Skin Cancer)






6.6%11.7%

8.1% 9.2% 8.2% 7.4% 8.3% 7.1% 6.1%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

KY US

5.9%8.3%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

Cancer Risk

Reducing the nation’s cancer burden requires reducing the prevalence of behavioral and environmental

factors that increase cancer risk.

All cancers caused by cigarette smoking could be prevented. At least one-third of cancer deaths that occur

in the United States are due to cigarette smoking.

According to the American Cancer Society, about one-third of cancer deaths that occur in the United

States each year are due to nutrition and physical activity factors, including obesity.


Related Key Informant Input: Cancer


Among key informants taking part in the online survey who view Cancer as a “major

problem” in the community, reasons included the following:

Number of smokers, unhealthy lifestyles, inadequate preventive care.

Lung cancer is particularly prevalent, probably due to the number of smokers. I believe that our

area has such a high rate of cancers due to poor diet, lack of preventive care, etc. However, there

is a great deal of community support and medical care available.

Just a large number of cancer patients I have been made aware of since we have moved here.

RELATED ISSUE:

See also

Nutrition & Overweight,

Physical Activity &

Fitness and Tobacco Use

in the Modifiable

Health Risk section of

this report.

69

Appears to be higher than my previous areas of living.

Because it's a major problem everywhere.



More smoke-free legislation. More insured people who can get preventive care.

Preventive care.

Better education on things that are known to increase risk for various cancers. More awareness.

Cancer Screenings

The American Cancer Society recommends that both men and women get a cancer-

related checkup during a regular doctor's checkup. It should include examination for

cancers of the thyroid, testicles, ovaries, lymph nodes, oral cavity, and skin, as well as

health counseling about tobacco, sun exposure, diet and nutrition, risk factors, sexual

practices, and environmental and occupational exposures.

Screening levels in the community were measured in the PRC Community Health Survey

relative to three cancer sites: female breast cancer (mammography); cervical cancer (Pap

smear testing); and colorectal cancer (sigmoidoscopy and fecal occult blood testing).

70

Female Breast Cancer Screening

The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends screening mammography, with or without

clinical breast examination (CBE), every 1-2 years for women age 40 and older.

Rationale: The USPSTF found fair evidence that mammography screening every 12-33 months significantly

reduces mortality from breast cancer. Evidence is strongest for women age 50-69, the age group generally

included in screening trials. For women age 40-49, the evidence that screening mammography reduces

mortality from breast cancer is weaker, and the absolute benefit of mammography is smaller, than it is for

older women. Most, but not all, studies indicate a mortality benefit for women undergoing mammography at

ages 40-49, but the delay in observed benefit in women younger than 50 makes it difficult to determine the

incremental benefit of beginning screening at age 40 rather than at age 50.

The absolute benefit is smaller because the incidence of breast cancer is lower among women in their 40s than

it is among older women. The USPSTF concluded that the evidence is also generalizable to women age 70 and

older (who face a higher absolute risk for breast cancer) if their life expectancy is not compromised by

comorbid disease. The absolute probability of benefits of regular mammography increase along a continuum

with age, whereas the likelihood of harms from screening (false-positive results and unnecessary anxiety,

biopsies, and cost) diminish from ages 40-70. The balance of benefits and potential harms, therefore, grows

more favorable as women age. The precise age at which the potential benefits of mammography justify the

possible harms is a subjective choice. The USPSTF did not find sufficient evidence to specify the optimal

screening interval for women age 40-49.

– US Preventive Services Task Force, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, US Department of Health & Human Services.

Note that other organizations (e.g., American Cancer Society, American Academy of Family Physicians, American College of Physicians,

National Cancer Institute) may have slightly different screening guidelines.

Mammography

Among women age 50-74, 73.3% had a mammogram within the past two years.

Similar to statewide findings (which represent all women 50+).

Lower than national findings.

Fails to satisfy the Healthy People 2020 target (81.1% or higher).


Among women 40+, 72.8% had a mammogram in the past two years.

Have Had a Mammogram in the Past Two Years(Among Women Ages 50-74)

Sources: PRC Community Health Surveys, Professional Research Consultants, Inc. [Items 134-135]





Notes: Reflects female respondents 50-74.

*Note that state data reflects all women 50 and older (vs. women 50-74 in local, US and Healthy People data).

73.3% 74.6%

83.6%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Total Service Area Kentucky* United States


Women 40+ =

72.8%

70.7%73.3%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

71

Cervical Cancer Screenings

The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) strongly recommends screening for cervical cancer in women

who have been sexually active and have a cervix.

Rationale: The USPSTF found good evidence from multiple observational studies that screening with cervical

cytology (Pap smears) reduces incidence of and mortality from cervical cancer. Direct evidence to determine

the optimal starting and stopping age and interval for screening is limited. Indirect evidence suggests most of

the benefit can be obtained by beginning screening within 3 years of onset of sexual activity or age 21

(whichever comes first) and screening at least every 3 years. The USPSTF concludes that the benefits of

screening substantially outweigh potential harms.

The USPSTF recommends against routinely screening women older than age 65 for cervical cancer if they have

had adequate recent screening with normal Pap smears and are not otherwise at high risk for cervical cancer.

Rationale: The USPSTF found limited evidence to determine the benefits of continued screening in women

older than 65. The yield of screening is low in previously screened women older than 65 due to the declining

incidence of high-grade cervical lesions after middle age. There is fair evidence that screening women older

than 65 is associated with an increased risk for potential harms, including false-positive results and invasive

procedures. The USPSTF concludes that the potential harms of screening are likely to exceed benefits among

older women who have had normal results previously and who are not otherwise at high risk for cervical

cancer.

The USPSTF recommends against routine Pap smear screening in women who have had a total hysterectomy

for benign disease.

Rationale: The USPSTF found fair evidence that the yield of cytologic screening is very low in women after

hysterectomy and poor evidence that screening to detect vaginal cancer improves health outcomes. The

USPSTF concludes that potential harms of continued screening after hysterectomy are likely to exceed

benefits.




Pap Smear Testing

Among women age 21 to 65, 79.3% had a Pap smear within the past three years.

Comparable to Kentucky findings (which represents all women 18+).


Fails to satisfy the Healthy People 2020 target (93% or higher).


Denotes a significant decrease in testing since 2011.

72

Have Had a Pap Smear in the Past Three Years(Among Women Ages 21-65)






Notes: Reflects female respondents age 21 to 65.

*Note that the Kentucky percentage represents all women age 18 and older.

79.9%83.5%

77.2%73.2%

83.5%80.1% 79.3%

76.6%

83.9%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

KY* US


84.4%79.3%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

73

Colorectal Cancer Screenings

The USPSTF recommends screening for colorectal cancer using fecal occult blood testing, sigmoidoscopy, or

colonoscopy in adults, beginning at age 50 years and continuing until age 75 years.

The evidence is convincing that screening for colorectal cancer with fecal occult blood testing, sigmoidoscopy,

or colonoscopy detects early-stage cancer and adenomatous polyps. There is convincing evidence that

screening with any of the three recommended tests (FOBT, sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy) reduces colorectal

cancer mortality in adults age 50 to 75 years. Follow-up of positive screening test results requires

colonoscopy regardless of the screening test used.




Colorectal Cancer Screening

Among adults age 50-75, 67.3% have had an appropriate colorectal cancer

screening (fecal occult blood testing within the past year and/or sigmoidoscopy/

colonoscopy [lower endoscopy] within the past 10 years).

Less favorable than national findings.

Similar to the Healthy People 2020 target (70.5% or higher).

Statistically similar findings by county.

Statistically similar to the 2011 survey findings.

Have Had a Colorectal Cancer Screening(Among Adults Age 50-75)




Notes: Asked of all respondents age 50 through 75.

In this case, the term “colorectal screening” refers to adults age 50-75 receiving a FOBT (fecal occult blood test) in the past year and/or a lower endoscopy

(sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy) in the past 10 years.

67.7% 66.1%71.9%

68.0%

59.4%

76.2%

67.3%

75.1%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

US


68.2% 67.3%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

74

Lower Endoscopy

Among adults age 50 and older, 7 in 10 (70.0%) have had a lower endoscopy

(sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy) at some point in their lives.

More favorable than Kentucky findings.


No significant difference by county (not shown)

Statistically similar to the 2011 survey findings.

Blood Stool Testing

Among adults age 50 and older, 24.3% have had a blood stool test (aka “fecal

occult blood test”) within the past two years.

Higher than Kentucky findings.


Highest in Casey County; lowest in Washington County (not shown).

Marks a statistically significant decrease over time.

71Professional Research Consultants, Inc.

PRC Community Health Needs AssessmentBoyle, Casey, Garrard, Lincoln, Mercer & Washington Counties, KY

Colorectal Cancer Screenings(Among Total Service Area Adults Age 50 and Older, 2014)




Notes: Asked of respondents age 50 and older.

Lower endoscopy includes either sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy.

Yes 70.0%

No 30.0%

Yes 24.3%

No 75.7%

Ever Had a Lower Endoscopy Exam Blood Stool Test in the Past Two Years

KY = 65.9%

US = 75.2%

KY = 13.9%

US = 36.9%

75

Respiratory Disease Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are significant public health burdens. Specific

methods of detection, intervention, and treatment exist that may reduce this burden and promote health.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by episodes of reversible breathing

problems due to airway narrowing and obstruction. These episodes can range in severity from mild to life

threatening. Symptoms of asthma include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Daily

preventive treatment can prevent symptoms and attacks and enable individuals who have asthma to lead

active lives.

COPD is a preventable and treatable disease characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. The

airflow limitation is usually progressive and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lung to

noxious particles or gases (typically from exposure to cigarette smoke). Treatment can lessen symptoms and

improve quality of life for those with COPD.

Several additional respiratory conditions and respiratory hazards, including infectious agents and occupational

and environmental exposures, are covered in other areas of Healthy People 2020. Examples include

tuberculosis, lung cancer, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), pneumonia, occupational lung

disease, and smoking. Sleep Health is now a separate topic area of Healthy People 2020.

Currently in the United States, more than 23 million people have asthma. Approximately 13.6 million adults

have been diagnosed with COPD, and an approximately equal number have not yet been diagnosed. The

burden of respiratory diseases affects individuals and their families, schools, workplaces, neighborhoods, cities,

and states. Because of the cost to the healthcare system, the burden of respiratory diseases also falls on

society; it is paid for with higher health insurance rates, lost productivity, and tax dollars. Annual healthcare

expenditures for asthma alone are estimated at $20.7 billion.

Asthma. The prevalence of asthma has increased since 1980. However, deaths from asthma have decreased

since the mid-1990s. The causes of asthma are an active area of research and involve both genetic and

environmental factors.

Risk factors for asthma currently being investigated include:

Having a parent with asthma

Sensitization to irritants and allergens

Respiratory infections in childhood

Overweight

Asthma affects people of every race, sex, and age. However, significant disparities in asthma morbidity and

mortality exist, in particular for low-income and minority populations. Populations with higher rates of asthma

include: children; women (among adults) and boys (among children); African Americans; Puerto Ricans;

people living in the Northeast United States; people living below the Federal poverty level; and employees

with certain exposures in the workplace.

While there is not a cure for asthma yet, there are diagnoses and treatment guidelines that are aimed at

ensuring that all people with asthma live full and active lives.


[NOTE: COPD was changed to chronic lower respiratory disease (CLRD) with the introduction of ICD-10 codes. CLRD is used in vital statistics

reporting, but COPD is still widely used and commonly found in surveillance reports.]

76

Age-Adjusted Respiratory Disease Deaths

Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease Deaths (CLRD)

Between 2008 and 2010, there was an annual average age-adjusted CLRD mortality


Higher than found statewide.

Higher than the national rate.

Unfavorably high in Casey, Lincoln, and Mercer counties.

CLRD: Age-Adjusted Mortality(2008-2010 Annual Average Deaths per 100,000 Population)







56.0

74.6

51.6

95.1

73.4

61.269.1

62.7

43.2

0

50

100

150

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Washington

County

TSA KY US

Despite fluctuations, CLRD mortality in the Total Service Area has increased over

time.

CLRD: Age-Adjusted Mortality Trends(Annual Average Deaths per 100,000 Population)







2001-2003 2002-2004 2003-2005 2004-2006 2005-2007 2006-2008 2007-2009 2008-2010


KY 57.7 57.2 58.1 57.0 58.4 59.3 61.5 62.7

US 43.5 42.6 42.5 41.6 41.5 41.8 42.4 43.2

0

20

40

60

80

Note: COPD was changed

to chronic lower respiratory

disease (CLRD) in 1999 with

the introduction of ICD-10

codes. CLRD is used in vital

statistics reporting, but

COPD is still widely used and

commonly found in

surveillance reports.

77

Pneumonia/Influenza Deaths

Between 2008 and 2010, there was an annual average age-adjusted pneumonia

influenza mortality rate of 21.4 deaths per 100,000 population in the Total Service

Area.

Similar to that found statewide.


Pneumonia/Influenza: Age-Adjusted Mortality(2008-2010 Annual Average Deaths per 100,000 Population)






21.4 21.516.5

0

20

40

60

80

100


The local mortality rate has decreased over the past decade, even more sharply

than state and national trends.

Pneumonia/Influenza: Age-Adjusted Mortality Trends(Annual Average Deaths per 100,000 Population)






2001-2003 2002-2004 2003-2005 2004-2006 2005-2007 2006-2008 2007-2009 2008-2010


KY 28.2 26.8 24.9 23.5 22.2 20.7 21.0 21.5

US 22.2 21.5 20.7 19.3 18.1 17.0 16.4 16.5

0

10

20

30

40

For prevalence of

vaccinations for

pneumonia and

influenza, see also

“Immunization &

Infectious Disease.”

78

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A total of 14.4% of Total Service Area adults suffer from chronic obstructive

pulmonary disease (COPD, including emphysema and bronchitis).

Higher than the state prevalence.

Much higher than the national prevalence.

Statistically similar by county.

NOTE: in prior data, this question was asked slightly differently; respondents in

2011 were asked if they had ever been diagnosed with “chronic lung disease,

including bronchitis or emphysema,” rather than “COPD or chronic obstructive

pulmonary disease, including bronchitis or emphysema” as is asked currently.

In comparing to 2011 data, the change in prevalence is not statistically significant.

Prevalence of

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)






Includes those having ever suffered from or been diagnosed with COPD or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, including bronchitis or emphysema.

*In prior data, the term “chronic lung disease” was used, which also included bronchitis or emphysema.

13.7% 15.4%9.7%

12.7%

18.8% 17.1%14.4%

11.2%8.6%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

KY US

13.0% 14.4%

TSA 2011* TSA 2014

Asthma

Adults

A total of 10.8% of Total Service Area adults currently suffer from asthma.

Similar to the statewide prevalence.

Similar to the national prevalence.

Statistically similar by county.

The prevalence of adults with asthma has increased significantly since 2011.

Survey respondents were

next asked to indicate

whether they suffer from or

have been diagnosed with

various respiratory

conditions, including

asthma and COPD.

79

Adult Currently Has Asthma






“Currently have asthma” includes those who have ever been diagnosed with asthma, and who report that they still have asthma.

11.2% 11.5% 11.0% 11.7%7.2%

13.7%10.8% 11.1% 9.4%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

KY US

7.8%10.8%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

The following adults are more likely to suffer from asthma:

Residents under age 65.

Low-income residents.

Currently Have Asthma(Total Service Area, 2014)






10.2% 11.4% 11.2% 12.3%7.4%

15.0%

7.6%10.7%

13.7%10.8%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA

80

Children

Among Total Service Area children under age 18, 10.3% currently have asthma.


The prevalence of children with asthma has not changed significantly over time.

Viewed by age and gender, differences in children’s asthma prevalence are not

statistically significant.

Childhood Asthma: Current Prevalence(Among Parents of Children Age 0-17)



Notes: Asked of all respondents with children 0 to 17 in the household.

Includes children who have ever been diagnosed with asthma, and whom are reported to still have asthma.

10.5% 10.0%6.4%

10.2%12.8%

10.3%7.1%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

TSA:

Boys

TSA:

Girls

TSA:

Age 0-4

TSA:

Age 5-12

TSA:

Age 13-17

TSA US

9.1% 10.3%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

Related Key Informant Input: Respiratory Disease


Those key informants taking part in the online survey who view Respiratory Diseases as a

“major problem” in the community (2 respondents) attributed this to smoking and radon.

They suggested more smoke-free legislation, as well as increased usage of radon

detection.

81

Injury & Violence Injuries and violence are widespread in society. Both unintentional injuries and those caused by acts of

violence are among the top 15 killers for Americans of all ages. Many people accept them as “accidents,” “acts

of fate,” or as “part of life.” However, most events resulting in injury, disability, or death are predictable and

preventable.

Injuries are the leading cause of death for Americans ages 1 to 44, and a leading cause of disability for all

ages, regardless of sex, race/ethnicity, or socioeconomic status. More than 180,000 people die from injuries

each year, and approximately 1 in 10 sustains a nonfatal injury serious enough to be treated in a hospital

emergency department.

Beyond their immediate health consequences, injuries and violence have a significant impact on the well-

being of Americans by contributing to:

Premature death

Disability

Poor mental health

High medical costs

Lost productivity

The effects of injuries and violence extend beyond the injured person or victim of violence to family members,

friends, coworkers, employers, and communities.

Numerous factors can affect the risk of unintentional injury and violence, including individual behaviors,

physical environment, access to health services (ranging from pre-hospital and acute care to rehabilitation),

and social environment (from parental monitoring and supervision of youth to peer group associations,

neighborhoods, and communities).

Interventions addressing these social and physical factors have the potential to prevent unintentional injuries

and violence. Efforts to prevent unintentional injury may focus on:

Modifications of the environment

Improvements in product safety

Legislation and enforcement

Education and behavior change

Technology and engineering

Efforts to prevent violence may focus on:

Changing social norms about the acceptability of violence

Improving problem-solving skills (for example, parenting, conflict resolution, coping)

Changing policies to address the social and economic conditions that often give rise to violence


Leading Causes of Accidental Death

Motor vehicle accidents, poisoning, and falls accounted for nearly 8 in 10 accidental

deaths in the Total Service Area between 2008 and 2010.

82

Leading Causes of Accidental Death(Total Service Area, 2008-2010)




Motor Vehicle

Accidents 34.5%

Poisoning/Noxious

Substances 25.6% Falls 12.2%

Other 21.8%

Suffocation 5.9%

Unintentional Injury

Age-Adjusted Unintentional Injury Deaths

Between 2008 and 2010, there was an annual average age-adjusted unintentional

injury mortality rate of 63.5 deaths per 100,000 population in the Total Service

Area.

Less favorable than the Kentucky rate.


Far from satisfying the Healthy People 2020 target (36.0 or lower).

Highest in Lincoln and Washington counties.

Unintentional Injuries: Age-Adjusted Mortality(2008-2010 Annual Average Deaths per 100,000 Population)



US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. December 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov [Objective IVP-11]




56.7

63.9

50.0

84.3

57.7

66.763.5

55.4

38.1

0

20

40

60

80

100

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Washington

County

TSA KY US


83

Despite fluctuations, there is an overall upward trend in the unintentional injury

mortality rate in the Total Service Area, echoing the slowly increasing trends

reported in the Kentucky and the US overall.

Unintentional Injuries: Age-Adjusted Mortality Trends(Annual Average Deaths per 100,000 Population)







2001-2003 2002-2004 2003-2005 2004-2006 2005-2007 2006-2008 2007-2009 2008-2010

Healthy People 2020 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0


KY 51.4 53.4 55.6 56.5 56.6 55.8 54.8 55.4

US 36.6 37.3 38.0 38.9 39.6 39.5 38.7 38.1

0

20

40

60

80

Motor Vehicle Safety

Age-Adjusted Motor-Vehicle Related Deaths

Between 2008 and 2010, there was an annual average age-adjusted motor vehicle

crash mortality rate of 23.6 deaths per 100,000 population in the Total Service Area.

Higher than found statewide.

Higher than found nationally.

Fails to satisfy the Healthy People 2020 target (12.4 or lower).

Motor Vehicle Crashes: Age-Adjusted Mortality(2008-2010 Annual Average Deaths per 100,000 Population)



US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. December 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov [Objective IVP-13.1]




23.6

19.5

12.2

0

10

20

30

40

50



84

No clear trend in the Total Service Area mortality rate over the past decade.

Motor Vehicle Crashes: Age-Adjusted Mortality Trends(Annual Average Deaths per 100,000 Population)



US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. December 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov [Objective IVP-13.1]




2001-2003 2002-2004 2003-2005 2004-2006 2005-2007 2006-2008 2007-2009 2008-2010

Healthy People 2020 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4


KY 21.9 22.8 23.3 23.1 21.9 20.8 19.7 19.5

US 15.4 15.4 15.2 15.1 14.9 14.1 13.0 12.2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Seat Belt Usage - Adults

Most Total Service Area adults (72.7%) report “always” wearing a seat belt when

driving or riding in a vehicle.

Well below the statewide proportion.

Well below the percentage found nationally.

Far from satisfying the Healthy People 2020 target of 92.4% or higher.

Highest in Boyle County; lowest in Casey County.

Denotes a statistically significant decrease over time.

“Always” Wear a Seat Belt

When Driving or Riding in a Vehicle





US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. December 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov [Objective IPV-15]


79.9%

55.4%

73.3%68.1%

79.3%73.7% 72.7%

91.0%84.8%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

KY US


76.6%72.7%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

85

These population segments are less likely to report consistent seat belt usage:

Men.

Adults under age 40 or age 65+.

“Always” Wear a Seat Belt

When Driving or Riding in a Vehicle(Total Service Area, 2014)


US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. December 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov [Objective IPV-15]





62.3%

82.2%

66.5%

78.3%

71.4% 69.3%72.2% 72.8%

77.7%72.7%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA


Seat Belt Usage - Children

A full 91.7% of Total Service Area parents report that their child (age 0 to 17)

“always” wears a seat belt (or appropriate car seat for younger children) when

riding in a vehicle.

Similar to what is found nationally.


Child “Always” Wears a Seat Belt or

Appropriate Restraint When Riding in a Vehicle(Among Parents of Children Age 0-17)




91.7% 92.2%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


92.6% 91.7%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

86

Booster/Car Seats

Among parents of children aged 12 and younger, 57.7% report that their child

currently uses a car seat or booster seat when riding in a vehicle.

The prevalence is lower among girls and decreases considerably with age, as

shown.

Children’s Use of Car Seats/Booster Seats(Children 12 and Under; Total Service Area, 2014)


Notes: Asked of all respondents with children age 12 and under.

70.0%

42.2%

99.6%

38.7%

57.7%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Total Service Area:

Boys

Total Service Area:

Girls

Total Service Area:

Age 0-5

Total Service Area:

Age 6-12

Total Service Area

Of those parents with children currently using a booster or car seat, 65.2% report that

they are aware of the height and weight restrictions for their child’s seat.

Aware of Height/Weight Recommendations for Child’s Car Seat(TSA Parents of Children 12/Under Who Use a Car Seat/Booster Seat, 2014)


Notes: Asked of all parents with children aged 12 and under who use a car seat or booster seat.

Yes 65.2%

No 34.8%

87

Nearly 7 in 10 parents with children in a booster or car seat (68.9%) report that their child

“always” uses the seat when in a vehicle.

Frequency of Child Sitting in the Back Seat of the Car(TSA Parents of Children 12/Under Who Use a Car Seat/Booster Seat, 2014)


Notes: Asked of all parents with children aged 12 and under who use a car seat or booster seat.

Always 68.9%

Sometimes 21.2%

Often 7.5%

Rarely 0.5%

Never 1.9%

Bicycle Safety

Just over one-fourth (28.3%) of Total Service Area children age 5 to 17 are reported

to “always” wear a helmet when riding a bicycle.

Much lower than the national prevalence.


Child “Always” Wears a Helmet When Riding a Bicycle(Among Parents of Children Age 5-17)



Notes: Asked of all respondents with children age 5 to 17 at home.

20.7%

28.3%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

28.3%

48.7%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


88

Firearm Safety

Age-Adjusted Firearm-Related Deaths

Between 2008 and 2010, there was an annual average age-adjusted rate of 12.2

deaths per 100,000 population due to firearms in the Total Service Area.

Better than found statewide.

Worse than found nationally.

Fails to satisfy the Healthy People 2020 objective (9.2 or lower).

Firearms-Related Deaths: Age-Adjusted Mortality(2008-2010 Annual Average Deaths per 100,000 Population)





Rates are per 100,000 population, age-adjusted to the 2000 US Standard Population.


12.2 13.0

10.2

0

10

20

30

40

50



The mortality rate in the Total Service Area has decreased from rates reported in

the early 2000s.

Firearms-Related Deaths: Age-Adjusted Mortality Trends(Annual Average Deaths per 100,000 Population)







2001-2003 2002-2004 2003-2005 2004-2006 2005-2007 2006-2008 2007-2009 2008-2010

Healthy People 2020 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2


KY 13.0 13.1 13.1 12.8 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.0

US 10.3 10.2 10.2 10.1 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2

0

5

10

15

20

89

Presence of Firearms in Homes

Overall, two-thirds (67.1%) of Total Service Area adults have a firearm kept in or

around their home.

Nearly twice the national prevalence.

Highest in Washington County, lowest in Boyle County.

Denotes a significant increase over time.

Among Total Service Area households with children, 71.2% have a firearm kept in

or around the house (much higher than reported nationally).

The prevalence of firearms in households with children has increased

significantly over time (not shown).

Have a Firearm Kept in or Around the Home

Sources: PRC Community Health Surveys, Professional Research Consultants, Inc. [Items 52, 143]



In this case, firearms include pistols, shotguns, rifles, and other types of guns; this does not include starter pistols, BB guns, or guns that cannot fire.

57.3%

66.8%70.0% 71.4%

68.8%

76.1%

67.1%

34.7%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

US

Households With

Children: 71.2%

(vs. 37.4% nationwide)

61.1%

67.1%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

Reports of firearms in or around the home are more prevalent among the following

respondent groups:

Men.

Adults under 65.

Higher-income households.

White respondents.

Survey respondents

were further asked

about the presence of

weapons in the home:

“Are there any firearms

now kept in or around

your home, including

those kept in a garage,

outdoor storage area,

truck, or car? For the

purposes of this inquiry,

‘firearms’ include pistols,

shotguns, rifles, and

other types of guns, but

do NOT include starter

pistols, BB guns, or guns

that cannot fire.”

90

Have a Firearm Kept in or Around the House(Total Service Area, 2014)







73.1%

61.5%

68.7% 69.2%

58.6% 58.2%

73.7%

67.6%

54.8%

67.1%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA

Among Total Service Area households with firearms, 25.7% report that there is at

least one weapon that is kept unlocked and loaded.

Higher than that found nationally.

Higher in Garrard County, lower in Washington County (not shown).

Statistically similar to that reported in 2011.



Household Has An Unlocked, Loaded Firearm (Among Respondents Reporting a Firearm in or Around the Home)



Notes: Asked of all respondents with a firearm in or around the home.


Total Service Area US

21.9% in 2011

Yes

25.7%No

74.3%

Yes

16.8%

No

83.9%

91

Intentional Injury (Violence)

Age-Adjusted Homicide Deaths

Between 2001 and 2010, there was an annual average age-adjusted homicide rate

of 3.9 deaths per 100,000 population in the Total Service Area.

More favorable than the rate found statewide.

More favorable than the national rate.

Satisfies the Healthy People 2020 target of 5.5 or lower.

Homicide: Age-Adjusted Mortality(2001-2010 Annual Average Deaths per 100,000 Population)






3.95.1 6.0

0

10

20

30

40

50



Violent Crime

Violent Crime Rates

Between 2008 and 2010, there was an annual average violent crime rate of 139.7

offenses per 100,000 population in the Total Service Area.

Below the Kentucky rate for the same period.

Well below the national rate.

Unfavorably high in Boyle County; also higher in Mercer County.

Violent crime is composed of

four offenses (FBI Index

offenses): murder and non-

negligent manslaughter;

forcible rape; robbery; and

aggravated assault.

Note that the quality of crime

data can vary widely from

location to location,

depending on the consistency

and completeness of reporting

among various jurisdictions.

RELATED ISSUE:

See also Suicide in the Mental

Health & Mental Disorders


92

Violent Crime Rates(2008-2010 Annual Average Offenses per 100,000 Population)

Sources: Kentucky State Police


Notes: Rates are offenses per 100,000 population among agencies reporting.

281.1

89.8 90.7 93.0120.5

68.8

139.7

270.2

431.4

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Washington

County

TSA KY US

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

The crime rate has increased slightly in recent years, but remains well below state

and national levels.

Violent Crime Rates(Annual Average Offenses per 100,000 Population)

Sources: Kentucky State Police


Notes: Rates are offenses per 100,000 population among agencies reporting.

2003-2005 2004-2006 2005-2007 2006-2008 2007-2009 2008-2010

Total Service Area 123.2 119.2 138.7 134.8 138.7 139.7

KY 251.4 248.3 255.0 269.5 279.8 270.2

US 469.3 470.5 473.4 469.9 454.1 431.4

0

200

400

600

93

Self-Reported Violence

A total of 1.2% of Total Service Area adults acknowledges being the victim of a

violent crime in the past five years.


Most favorable in Washington County.


Victim of a Violent Crime in the Past Five Years




3.2% 1.2%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

1.8% 1.7% 1.6% 1.1% 0.6% 0.0% 1.2% 2.8%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

US

Reports of violence are notably higher among residents aged 40 to 64.

Victim of a Violent Crime in the Past Five Years(Total Service Area, 2014)






1.0% 1.4% 0.7% 2.0% 0.5% 2.2% 0.7% 1.2% 1.6% 1.2%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA

94

Self-Reported Family Violence

A total of 10.4% of respondents acknowledge that they have ever been hit, slapped,

pushed, kicked, or otherwise hurt by an intimate partner.

More favorable than national findings.

Favorably low in Washington County.


Have Ever Been Hit, Slapped, Pushed,

Kicked, or Hurt in Any Way by an Intimate Partner




8.0%10.9% 10.8%

13.2% 12.8%

5.5%10.4%

15.0%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

US

13.7%10.4%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

Reports of domestic violence are also notably higher among:

Women.

Adults under 65.

Those with lower incomes.

Have Ever Been Hit, Slapped, Pushed,

Kicked, or Hurt in Any Way by an Intimate Partner (Total Service Area, 2014)






4.5%

15.7%11.1% 12.2%

5.7%

15.2%

6.4%10.8%

5.4%10.4%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA

95

Child Abuse Reports

Between 2008 and 2012, reports to the Department for Community Based Services

for suspected child neglect, child physical abuse, or child sexual abuse ranged from

1,774 to 863 annually in the Total Service Area.

Number of Reported Child Abuse Cases(Reports to DCBS Meeting Criteria for Child Abuse/Neglect, Total Service Area)

Sources: National KIDS COUNT, KIDS COUNT Data Center. Annie E. Casey Foundation.

Notes: Number of reports to the Department for Community Based Services for suspected neglect, physical abuse, or sexual abuse that met criteria as a report of abuse/neglect

for the reported year.

In this data, each report could include multiple children.

1,774

1,205

863 883984

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Viewed by county, the highest counts (2008-2012) of reported child abuse cases

were in Boyle County (1,441) and Lincoln County (1,234).

Number of Reported Child Abuse Cases(Reports to DCBS Meeting Criteria for Child Abuse/Neglect; By County, 2008-2012)


Notes: Number of reports to the Department for Community Based Services for suspected neglect, physical abuse or sexual abuse that met criteria as a report of abuse/neglect

for the reported year.

In this data, each report could include multiple children.

Boyle 1,441

Casey 639

Garrard 789

Lincoln 1,234

Mercer 959

Washington 647

Keep in mind that these data

only reflect those incidents

reported to law enforcement.

In this data, each report could

include multiple children.

96

The following chart illustrates 2006-2012 trends in the number of child neglect, physical

abuse, and sexual abuse investigations in the Total Service Area.

Investigation counts were highest for all three categories in 2008, as shown.

Number of Investigations by Type of Abuse(Total Service Area)


Notes: Number of reports to the Dept. for Community Based Services for suspected neglect, physical abuse, or sexual abuse referred to and investigated by DCBS for the

reported year.

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Neglect 689 871 1,174 971 945 972 1,096

Physical Abuse 218 266 440 279 264 290 302

Sexual Abuse 113 108 145 96 106 93 95

-

500

1,000

1,500

Related Key Informant Input: Child Abuse


One key informant taking part in the online survey rated Child Abuse as a “major

problem” in the community, citing “children without decent lodging, no support for their

education, poor nutrition, general neglect,” and noted that poor children (both rural and

in town) are at greatest risk. This person suggested “case finding and effective social

services” as the best way to address this problem.

97

Diabetes Diabetes mellitus occurs when the body cannot produce or respond appropriately to insulin. Insulin is a

hormone that the body needs to absorb and use glucose (sugar) as fuel for the body’s cells. Without a

properly functioning insulin signaling system, blood glucose levels become elevated and other metabolic

abnormalities occur, leading to the development of serious, disabling complications. Many forms of diabetes

exist; the three common types are Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes.

Effective therapy can prevent or delay diabetic complications. However, almost 25% of Americans with

diabetes mellitus are undiagnosed, and another 57 million Americans have blood glucose levels that greatly

increase their risk of developing diabetes mellitus in the next several years. Few people receive effective

preventative care, which makes diabetes mellitus an immense and complex public health challenge.

Diabetes mellitus affects an estimated 23.6 million people in the United States and is the 7th leading cause of

death. Diabetes mellitus:

Lowers life expectancy by up to 15 years.

Increases the risk of heart disease by 2 to 4 times.

Is the leading cause of kidney failure, lower limb amputations, and adult-onset blindness.

In addition to these human costs, the estimated total financial cost of diabetes mellitus in the US in 2007 was

$174 billion, which includes the costs of medical care, disability, and premature death.

The rate of diabetes mellitus continues to increase both in the United States and throughout the world. Due to

the steady rise in the number of persons with diabetes mellitus, and possibly earlier onset of type 2 diabetes

mellitus, there is growing concern about the possibility that the increase in the number of persons with

diabetes mellitus and the complexity of their care might overwhelm existing healthcare systems.

People from minority populations are more frequently affected by type 2 diabetes. Minority groups constitute

25% of all adult patients with diabetes in the US and represent the majority of children and adolescents with

type 2 diabetes.

Lifestyle change has been proven effective in preventing or delaying the onset of type 2 diabetes in high-risk

individuals.


Age-Adjusted Diabetes Deaths

The 2008-2010 annual average age-adjusted diabetes mortality rate was 23.7

deaths per 100,000 population in the Total Service Area.

More favorable than that found statewide.



98

Diabetes: Age-Adjusted Mortality(2008-2010 Annual Average Deaths per 100,000 Population)



US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. December 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov [Objective D-3]




The Healthy People 2020 target for Diabetes is adjusted to account for only diabetes mellitus coded deaths.

23.7 26.521.7

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140


Healthy People 2020 Target = 20.5 or Lower (Adjusted)

The Total Service Area diabetes mortality rate has not shown a clear trend over

the past decade.

Diabetes: Age-Adjusted Mortality Trends(Annual Average Deaths per 100,000 Population)



US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. December 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov [Objective D-3]




The Healthy People 2020 target for Diabetes is adjusted to account for only diabetes mellitus coded deaths.

2001-2003 2002-2004 2003-2005 2004-2006 2005-2007 2006-2008 2007-2009 2008-2010

Healthy People 2020 (Adjusted) 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5


KY 29.7 30.2 29.3 27.5 26.0 25.4 26.5 27.6

US 25.3 25.1 24.8 24.1 23.5 22.5 21.7 21.3

0

10

20

30

40

50

99

Prevalence of Diabetes

A total of 15.7% of Total Service Area adults have been diagnosed with diabetes.

Less favorable than the statewide proportion.

Less favorable than the national proportion.



In addition to the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes referenced above, another 5.3%

of area adults report that they have “pre-diabetes” or borderline diabetes.”

Prevalence of Diabetes






Local and national data exclude gestation diabetes (occurring only during pregnancy).

14.3% 16.6%21.4%

17.2%13.9%

9.5%

15.7%10.7% 11.7%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

KY US

Another 5.3% of adults

report that they have

been diagnosed with

“pre-diabetes” or

“borderline” diabetes

(vs. 5.1% nationwide)

13.6%15.7%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

A higher prevalence of diagnosed diabetes (excluding pre-diabetes or borderline

diabetes) is reported among older adults; note the strong positive correlation

between diabetes and age, with 25.2% of seniors with diabetes.

Prevalence of Diabetes(Total Service Area, 2014)






Excludes gestation diabetes (occurring only during pregnancy).

17.3%14.2%

7.0%

18.1%

25.2%

18.0%13.5% 15.6%

12.5%15.7%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA

100

Diabetes Testing

Of Total Service Area adults who have not been diagnosed with diabetes, 53.1%

have had their blood sugar level tested within the past three years.

Similar to the national proportion.

Lowest in Boyle County.

Have Had Blood Sugar Tested in the Past Three Years(Among Non-Diabetics)



Notes: Asked of respondents who have not been diagnosed with diabetes.

46.5%

60.2% 62.2%

46.8%

55.6% 56.3%53.1%

49.2%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Washington

County

Total

Service Area

US

Related Key Informant Input: Diabetes


Those key informants taking part in the online survey who view Diabetes as a “major

problem” in the community cited the following challenges:

Lack of knowledge, negative attitudes and lack of a system of care for the problem.

Lack of education.

Many have been uninsured — hopefully this is changing with Affordable Health Care Act. Family

nutrition is poor in so many families, leading to Type II Diabetes.

The abundance of fast food and other sources of bad nutrition. So many people with mental

illness develop diabetes [Type] 2 as a side effect of anti-psychotics.

Fresh fruits and vegetables are not only more expensive than junk food, but are far less available.

101



Develop a system of care to identify and manage and prevent the problem.

More availability for families to have fresh fruits and vegetables. More education on diabetes,

particularly prevention.

Any patient with signs of metabolic syndrome should have blood work done annually. They

should be referred to a nutritionist as a preventive measure and an exercise program prescribed.

If the person is on anti-psychotics, a change of meds may be in order.

102

Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia is the loss of cognitive functioning—thinking, remembering, and reasoning—to such an extent that

it interferes with a person’s daily life. Dementia is not a disease itself, but rather a set of symptoms. Memory

loss is a common symptom of dementia, although memory loss by itself does not mean a person has

dementia. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia, accounting for the majority of all

diagnosed cases.

Alzheimer’s disease is the 6th leading cause of death among adults age 18 years and older. Estimates vary, but

experts suggest that up to 5.1 million Americans age 65 years and older have Alzheimer’s disease. These

numbers are predicted to more than double by 2050 unless more effective ways to treat and prevent

Alzheimer’s disease are found.


Age-Adjusted Alzheimer’s Disease Deaths

Between 2008 and 2010, there was an annual average age-adjusted Alzheimer’s

disease mortality rate of 40.9 deaths per 100,000 population in the Total Service

Area.

Less favorable than the statewide rate.


Rates not available in all service area counties.

Alzheimer’s Disease: Age-Adjusted Mortality(2008-2010 Annual Average Deaths per 100,000 Population)






61.6

41.6 39.5 40.9

30.8

24.3

0

20

40

60

80

100

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Washington

County

TSA KY US

N/A N/A N/A

103

The area’s Alzheimer’s disease mortality rate has increased over the past decade.

Across Kentucky and the US, rates have increased steadily during this time.

Alzheimer’s Disease: Age-Adjusted Mortality Trends(Annual Average Deaths per 100,000 Population)





2001-2003 2002-2004 2003-2005 2004-2006 2005-2007 2006-2008 2007-2009 2008-2010


KY 25.8 25.9 27.0 26.9 27.6 28.0 29.1 30.8

US 20.2 21.1 22.0 22.4 22.7 23.2 23.5 24.3

0

10

20

30

40

50

104

Kidney Disease Chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease are significant public health problems in the United States

and a major source of suffering and poor quality of life for those afflicted. They are responsible for premature

death and exact a high economic price from both the private and public sectors. Nearly 25% of the Medicare

budget is used to treat people with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease.

Genetic determinants have a large influence on the development and progression of chronic kidney disease. It

is not possible to alter a person’s biology and genetic determinants; however, environmental influences and

individual behaviors also have a significant influence on the development and progression of chronic kidney

disease. As a result, some populations are disproportionately affected. Successful behavior modification is

expected to have a positive influence on the disease.

Diabetes is the most common cause of kidney failure. The results of the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)

funded by the national Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) show that moderate

exercise, a healthier diet, and weight reduction can prevent development of type 2 diabetes in persons at risk.


Age-Adjusted Kidney Disease Deaths

The 2008-2010 annual average age-adjusted kidney disease mortality rate was 28.1

deaths per 100,000 population in the Total Service Area.

Higher than the rate found statewide.


Rates not available in all service area counties due to low death counts.

Kidney Disease: Age-Adjusted Mortality(2008-2010 Annual Average Deaths per 100,000 Population)






25.1

39.0 39.6

28.1

21.7

15.0

0

20

40

60

80

100

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Washington

County

TSA KY US

105

The age-adjusted kidney disease death rate has increased in the Total Service

Area, echoing the state and national trends.

Kidney Disease: Age-Adjusted Mortality Trends(Annual Average Deaths per 100,000 Population)






2001-2003 2002-2004 2003-2005 2004-2006 2005-2007 2006-2008 2007-2009 2008-2010


KY 20.3 20.3 20.9 21.1 21.8 21.7 21.6 21.7

US 14.2 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.4 14.6 14.7 15.0

0

10

20

30

40

50

Prevalence of Kidney Disease

A total of 3.3% of Total Service Area adults report having been diagnosed with

kidney disease.

Similar to the state proportion.

Similar to the national proportion.


Prevalence of Kidney Disease






4.5%1.7%

5.2% 3.6% 2.5% 0.5%3.3% 3.0% 3.0%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Washington

County

TSA KY US

106

A statistically higher prevalence of kidney disease is reported among respondents

65+ in the Total Service Area.

Prevalence of Kidney Disease(Total Service Area, 2014)






3.2% 3.5%1.3% 3.4%

6.7% 4.6%2.4% 2.9%

9.6%

3.3%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA

107

Potentially Disabling Conditions There are more than 100 types of arthritis. Arthritis commonly occurs with other chronic conditions, such as

diabetes, heart disease, and obesity. Interventions to treat the pain and reduce the functional limitations from

arthritis are important, and may also enable people with these other chronic conditions to be more physically

active. Arthritis affects 1 in 5 adults and continues to be the most common cause of disability. It costs more

than $128 billion per year. All of the human and economic costs are projected to increase over time as the

population ages. There are interventions that can reduce arthritis pain and functional limitations, but they

remain underused. These include: increased physical activity; self-management education; and weight loss

among overweight/obese adults.

Osteoporosis is a disease marked by reduced bone strength leading to an increased risk of fractures (broken

bones). In the United States, an estimated 5.3 million people age 50 years and older have osteoporosis. Most

of these people are women, but about 0.8 million are men. Just over 34 million more people, including 12

million men, have low bone mass, which puts them at increased risk for developing osteoporosis. Half of all

women and as many as 1 in 4 men age 50 years and older will have an osteoporosis-related fracture in their

lifetime.

Chronic back pain is common, costly, and potentially disabling. About 80% of Americans experience low back

pain in their lifetime. It is estimated that each year:

15%-20% of the population develop protracted back pain.

2-8% have chronic back pain (pain that lasts more than 3 months).

3-4% of the population is temporarily disabled due to back pain.

1% of the working-age population is disabled completely and permanently as a result of low back pain.

Americans spend at least $50 billion each year on low back pain. Low back pain is the:

2nd leading cause of lost work time (after the common cold).

3rd most common reason to undergo a surgical procedure.

5th most frequent cause of hospitalization.

Arthritis, osteoporosis, and chronic back conditions all have major effects on quality of life, the ability to work,

and basic activities of daily living.


Arthritis, Osteoporosis, & Chronic Pain

Prevalence of Arthritis/Rheumatism

More than 4 in 10 Total Service Area adults age 50 and older (43.8%) report

suffering from arthritis or rheumatism.

Less favorable than that found nationwide.

Highest in Casey and Lincoln counties; lower in Garrard and Mercer counties.

The prevalence of arthritis/rheumatism is statistically similar to that reported in

2011.

RELATED ISSUE:

See also Activity Limitations in

the General Health Status


108

Prevalence of Arthritis/Rheumatism(Among Adults Age 50 and Older)



Notes: Reflects respondents age 50 and older.

40.5%

55.6%

30.4%

61.8%

32.1%

43.3% 43.8%

37.3%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

US

48.1%43.8%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

Prevalence of Osteoporosis

A total of 10.4% of survey respondents age 50 and older have osteoporosis.

Similar to that found nationwide.

Fails to satisfy the Healthy People 2020 target of 5.3% or lower.

No significant differences by county.


Prevalence of Osteoporosis(Among Adults Age 50 and Older)



US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. December 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov [Objective AOCBC-10]

Notes: Reflects respondents age 50 and older.

13.0%10.4%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

9.8%

15.7%10.9% 10.4% 9.4%

5.4%10.4%

13.5%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

US


109

Prevalence of Sciatica/Chronic Back Pain

A total of 27.3% of survey respondents suffer from chronic back pain or sciatica.


Unfavorably high in Casey County.


Prevalence of Sciatica/Chronic Back Pain




23.4%

36.7%30.9%

27.7%22.4%

27.3% 27.3%

18.4%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

US

25.1%27.3%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

Related Key Informant Input: Arthritis, Osteoporosis & Back Conditions


One key informant rated this as a “major problem” in the community, citing “factory jobs

where people are doing repetitive motions and standing for long hours each day on

concrete lead to a lot of strain on the back, etc. — and those type jobs are mostly what

we have in this area.” This person called for “better working conditions — padded mats

on hard flooring, better/longer break times, or more frequent stretches prior to working.”

110

Vision & Hearing Impairment

Vision is an essential part of everyday life, influencing how Americans of all ages learn, communicate, work,

play, and interact with the world. Yet millions of Americans live with visual impairment, and many more remain

at risk for eye disease and preventable eye injury.

The eyes are an important, but often overlooked, part of overall health. Despite the preventable nature of

some vision impairments, many people do not receive recommended screenings and exams. A visit to an eye

care professional for a comprehensive dilated eye exam can help to detect common vision problems and eye

diseases, including diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, cataract, and age-related macular degeneration.

These common vision problems often have no early warning signs. If a problem is detected, an eye care

professional can prescribe corrective eyewear, medicine, or surgery to minimize vision loss and help a person

see his or her best.

Healthy vision can help to ensure a healthy and active lifestyle well into a person’s later years. Educating and

engaging families, communities, and the nation is critical to ensuring that people have the information,

resources, and tools needed for good eye health.


Vision Trouble

A total of 10.0% of Total Service Area adults are blind, or have trouble seeing even

when wearing corrective lenses.

Comparable to that found nationwide.



Among Total Service Area adults age 65 and older, 17.5% have vision trouble.

Prevalence of Blindness/Trouble Seeing




9.5% 7.6%10.9% 11.8% 11.1%

7.5%10.0% 8.5%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

US

Among 65+: 17.5%

10.4% 10.0%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

RELATED ISSUE:

See also Vision Care in

the Access to Health

Services section of this

report.

111

Hearing Trouble

An impaired ability to communicate with others or maintain good balance can lead many people to feel

socially isolated, have unmet health needs, have limited success in school or on the job. Communication and

other sensory processes contribute to our overall health and well-being. Protecting these processes is critical,

particularly for people whose age, race, ethnicity, gender, occupation, genetic background, or health status

places them at increased risk.

Many factors influence the numbers of Americans who are diagnosed and treated for hearing and other

sensory or communication disorders, such a social determinants (social and economic standings, age of

diagnosis, cost and stigma of wearing a hearing aid, and unhealthy lifestyle choices). In addition, biological

causes of hearing loss and other sensory or communication disorders include: genetics; viral or bacterial

infections; sensitivity to certain drugs or medications; injury; and aging.

As the nation’s population ages and survival rates for medically fragile infants and for people with severe

injuries and acquired diseases improve, the prevalence of sensory and communication disorders is expected to

rise.


In all, 14.0% of Total Service Area adults report being deaf or having difficulty

hearing.


No difference by county.


Among Total Service Area adults age 65 and older, 25.0% have partial or

complete hearing loss.

Prevalence of Deafness/Trouble Hearing




15.7% 14.0%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

13.1% 13.0%15.8% 17.0%

12.7% 11.7%14.0%

10.3%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

US

Among 65+: 25.0%

112

INFECTIOUS DISEASE

113

Influenza & Pneumonia Vaccination Acute respiratory infections, including pneumonia and influenza, are the 8th leading cause of death in the

nation, accounting for 56,000 deaths annually. Pneumonia mortality in children fell by 97% in the last century,

but respiratory infectious diseases continue to be leading causes of pediatric hospitalization and outpatient

visits in the US. On average, influenza leads to more than 200,000 hospitalizations and 36,000 deaths each

year. The 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic caused an estimated 270,000 hospitalizations and 12,270 deaths

(1,270 of which were of people younger than age 18) between April 2009 and March 2010.


Flu Vaccinations

Among Total Service Area seniors, 53.4% received a flu shot (or FluMist®) within

the past year.

Less favorable than the Kentucky finding.



Denotes a statistically significant decrease since 2011.

Older Adults: Have Had a Flu Vaccination in the Past Year(Among Adults Age 65+)





US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. December 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov [Objective IID-12.7]

Notes: Reflects respondents 65 and older.

Includes FluMist as a form of vaccination.

53.4%

61.8%57.5%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Healthy People 2020 Target = 90% or Higher

72.5%

53.4%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

High-Risk Adults

A total of 39.4% of high-risk adults age 18 to 64 received a flu vaccination (flu shot

or FluMist®) within the past year.




“High-risk” includes adults

who report having been

diagnosed with heart

disease, diabetes or

respiratory disease.

FluMist® is a vaccine

that is sprayed into the

nose to help protect

against influenza; it is an

alternative to traditional

flu shots.

114

High-Risk Adults: Have Had a Flu Vaccination in the Past Year(Among High-Risk Adults Age 18-64)




Notes: Reflects high-risk respondents age 18-64.

“High-Risk” includes adults age 18 to 64 who have been diagnosed with heart disease, diabetes or respiratory disease.

Includes FluMist as a form of vaccination.

39.4%

45.9%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%



43.6%39.4%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

Pneumonia Vaccination

Among adults age 65 and older, 60.3% have received a pneumonia vaccination at

some point in their lives.

Similar to the Kentucky finding.


Fails to satisfy the Healthy People 2020 target of 90% or higher.


Older Adults: Have Ever Had a Pneumonia Vaccine(Among Adults Age 65+)






Notes: Reflects respondents 65 and older.

60.3%65.6%

68.4%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%



63.0%60.3%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

115

High-Risk Adults

A total of 35.2% of high-risk adults age 18 to 64 have ever received a pneumonia

vaccination.




High-Risk Adults: Have Ever Had a Pneumonia Vaccine(Among High-Risk Adults Age 18-64)




Notes: Asked of all high-risk respondents under 65.

“High-Risk” includes adults age 18 to 64 who have been diagnosed with heart disease, diabetes or respiratory disease.

31.7%35.2%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

35.2%

41.9%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%



“High-risk” includes adults

who report having been

diagnosed with heart

disease, diabetes or

respiratory disease.

116

Tuberculosis Viral hepatitis and tuberculosis (TB) can be prevented, yet healthcare systems often do not make the best use

of their available resources to support prevention efforts. Because the US healthcare system focuses on

treatment of illnesses, rather than health promotion, patients do not always receive information about

prevention and healthy lifestyles. This includes advancing effective and evidence-based viral hepatitis and TB

prevention priorities and interventions.


Between 2010 and 2012, the annual average tuberculosis incidence rate (new cases

per year) was 1.1 cases per 100,000 population in the Total Service Area.

Below the Kentucky incidence rate.

Below the national incidence rate.


No tuberculosis cases were reported in Boyle, Casey, or Lincoln counties during

this period.

Tuberculosis Incidence(2010-2012 Annual Average Cases per 100,000 Population)

Sources: Kentucky State Department of Public Health

US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. December 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov [Objective IID-29]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Public Health Surveillance and Informatics. Epidemiology Program Office.

Notes: Rates are annual average new cases per 100,000 population.

0.0 0.0

2.0

0.0

1.6

5.6

1.11.8

3.6

0

5

10

15

20

25

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Washington

County

TSA KY US


117

Tuberculosis incidence has overall decreased in recent years in the Total Service

Area.

Tuberculosis Incidence(Annual Average Cases per 100,000 Population)


US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. December 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov [Objective IID-29]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Public Health Surveillance and Informatics. Epidemiology Program Office.


2003-2005 2004-2006 2005-2007 2006-2008 2007-2009 2008-2010 2009-2011 2010-2012

Healthy People 2020 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0


KY 3.1 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.8 1.8

US 4.9 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.1 3.9 3.6

0

2

4

6

8

10

118

HIV The HIV epidemic in the United States continues to be a major public health crisis. An estimated 1.1 million

Americans are living with HIV, and 1 in 5 people with HIV do not know they have it. HIV continues to spread,

leading to about 56,000 new HIV infections each year.

HIV is a preventable disease, and effective HIV prevention interventions have been proven to reduce HIV

transmission. People who get tested for HIV and learn that they are infected can make significant behavior

changes to improve their health and reduce the risk of transmitting HIV to their sex or drug-using partners.

More than 50% of new HIV infections occur as a result of the 21% of people who have HIV but do not know it.

In the era of increasingly effective treatments for HIV, people with HIV are living longer, healthier, and more

productive lives. Deaths from HIV infection have greatly declined in the United States since the 1990s. As the

number of people living with HIV grows, it will be more important than ever to increase national HIV

prevention and healthcare programs.

There are gender, race, and ethnicity disparities in new HIV infections:

Nearly 75% of new HIV infections occur in men.

More than half occur in gay and bisexual men, regardless of race or ethnicity.

45% of new HIV infections occur in African Americans, 35% in whites, and 17% in Hispanics.

Improving access to quality healthcare for populations disproportionately affected by HIV, such as persons of

color and gay and bisexual men, is a fundamental public health strategy for HIV prevention. People getting

care for HIV can receive:

Antiretroviral therapy

Screening and treatment for other diseases (such as sexually transmitted infections)

HIV prevention interventions

Mental health services

Other health services

As the number of people living with HIV increases and more people become aware of their HIV status,

prevention strategies that are targeted specifically for HIV-infected people are becoming more important.

Prevention work with people living with HIV focuses on:

Linking to and staying in treatment.

Increasing the availability of ongoing HIV prevention interventions.

Providing prevention services for their partners.

Public perception in the US about the seriousness of the HIV epidemic has declined in recent years. There is

evidence that risky behaviors may be increasing among uninfected people, especially gay and bisexual men.

Ongoing media and social campaigns for the general public and HIV prevention interventions for uninfected

persons who engage in risky behaviors are critical.


HIV Testing

Among Total Service Area adults age 18-44, 10.8% report that they have been

tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the past year.

Well below the proportion found nationwide.

Fails to satisfy the Healthy People 2020 target of 18.9% or higher.

Testing has remained stable since 2011.

119

Tested for HIV in the Past Year(Among Adults Age 18-44)



US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. December 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov [Objective HIV-14.1]

Notes: Reflects respondents age 18 to 44.

Note that the Healthy People 2020 objective is for ages 15-44.

10.8%

19.3%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%



13.5%10.8%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

By demographic characteristics:

Total Service Area women age 18-44 are more likely than men 18-44 to have

been tested for HIV in the past year.

Young adults (under 40) more often report having been tested for HIV than do

adults aged 40 to 64.

Tested for HIV in the Past Year(Among Adults Age 18-44)


US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. December 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov [Objective HIV-14.1]


Note that the Healthy People 2020 objective is for ages 15-44.




7.4%

13.6% 12.2%

2.4%

12.1%9.1% 10.8%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Men Women 18 to 39 40 to 64 Low

Income

Mid/High

Income

TSA


120

Sexually Transmitted Diseases STDs refer to more than 25 infectious organisms that are transmitted primarily through sexual activity. Despite

their burdens, costs, and complications, and the fact that they are largely preventable, STDs remain a

significant public health problem in the United States. This problem is largely unrecognized by the public,

policymakers, and health care professionals. STDs cause many harmful, often irreversible, and costly clinical

complications, such as: reproductive health problems; fetal and perinatal health problems; cancer; and

facilitation of the sexual transmission of HIV infection.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that there are approximately 19 million new

STD infections each year—almost half of them among young people ages 15 to 24. Because many cases of

STDs go undiagnosed—and some common viral infections, such as human papillomavirus (HPV) and genital

herpes, are not reported to CDC at all—the reported cases of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis represent

only a fraction of the true burden of STDs in the US. Untreated STDs can lead to serious long-term health

consequences, especially for adolescent girls and young women. CDC estimates that undiagnosed and

untreated STDs cause at least 24,000 women in the United States each year to become infertile. Several factors

contribute to the spread of STDs.

Biological Factors. STDs are acquired during unprotected sex with an infected partner. Biological factors that

affect the spread of STDs include:

Asymptomatic nature of STDs. The majority of STDs either do not produce any symptoms or signs, or

they produce symptoms so mild that they are unnoticed; consequently, many infected persons do not

know that they need medical care.

Gender disparities. Women suffer more frequent and more serious STD complications than men do.

Among the most serious STD complications are pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy

(pregnancy outside of the uterus), infertility, and chronic pelvic pain.

Age disparities. Compared to older adults, sexually active adolescents ages 15 to 19 and young adults

ages 20 to 24 are at higher risk for getting STDs.

Lag time between infection and complications. Often, a long interval, sometimes years, occurs between

acquiring an STD and recognizing a clinically significant health problem.

Social, Economic and Behavioral Factors. The spread of STDs is directly affected by social, economic, and

behavioral factors. Such factors may cause serious obstacles to STD prevention due to their influence on social

and sexual networks, access to and provision of care, willingness to seek care, and social norms regarding sex

and sexuality. Among certain vulnerable populations, historical experience with segregation and discrimination

exacerbates these factors. Social, economic, and behavioral factors that affect the spread of STDs include:

Racial and ethnic disparities. Certain racial and ethnic groups (mainly African American, Hispanic, and

American Indian/Alaska Native populations) have high rates of STDs, compared with rates for whites.

Poverty and marginalization. STDs disproportionately affect disenfranchised people and people in social

networks where high-risk sexual behavior is common, and access to care or health-seeking behavior is

compromised.

Access to health care. Access to high-quality health care is essential for early detection, treatment, and

behavior-change counseling for STDs. Groups with the highest rates of STDs are often the same groups for

whom access to or use of health services is most limited.

Substance abuse. Many studies document the association of substance abuse with STDs. The introduction

of new illicit substances into communities often can alter sexual behavior drastically in high-risk sexual

networks, leading to the epidemic spread of STDs.

Sexuality and secrecy. Perhaps the most important social factors contributing to the spread of STDs in

the United States are the stigma associated with STDs and the general discomfort of discussing intimate

aspects of life, especially those related to sex. These social factors separate the United States from

industrialized countries with low rates of STDs.

Sexual networks. Sexual networks refer to groups of people who can be considered “linked” by sequential

or concurrent sexual partners. A person may have only 1 sex partner, but if that partner is a member of a

risky sexual network, that person is at higher risk for STDs than an individual from a nonrisky network.


121

Gonorrhea

The area’s 2010-2012 annual average gonorrhea incidence rate was 38.0 cases per

100,000 population.

Notably lower than the Kentucky incidence rate.

Notably lower than the national incidence rate.

Unfavorably high in Boyle, Mercer, and Washington counties.

Gonorrhea Incidence(2010-2012 Annual Average Cases per 100,000 Population)


Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics.


52.6

8.4

21.7 20.1

70.4

45.138.0

100.5 104.2

0

50

100

150

200

250

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Washington

County

TSA KY US

The gonorrhea rate has increased overall in the Total Service Area, similar to (but

well below) the statewide trend. Nationally, gonorrhea incidence has decreased.

Gonorrhea Incidence(Annual Average Cases per 100,000 Population)




2003-2005 2004-2006 2005-2007 2006-2008 2007-2009 2008-2010 2009-2011 2010-2012


KY 74.4 71.4 76.3 88.2 91.9 98.2 97.5 100.5

US 114.1 115.6 117.4 116.1 108.9 103.2 101.0 104.2

0

50

100

150

122

Acute Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B Vaccination

Based on survey data, just over one-third of residents (34.9%) reports having

received the hepatitis B vaccination series.

Well below that reported nationwide.

Lowest in Casey County.


Have Completed the Hepatitis B Vaccination Series




Includes a series of three shots, usually administered at least one month between shots

36.6%

25.2%

37.1%34.2%

40.7%

31.9%34.9%

44.7%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

US

37.4%34.9%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

Note the negative correlation between age and hepatitis B vaccination.

In addition, women and Non-Whites are more likely than their demographic

counterparts to have received the hepatitis B vaccine.

Have Completed the Hepatitis B Vaccination Series(Total Service Area, 2014)






26.8%

42.6%

50.5%

32.7%

14.6%

34.1%37.5%

34.2%

46.7%

34.9%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA

Respondents were told that,

to be vaccinated against

hepatitis B, a series of three

shots must be administered,

usually at least one month

between shots. They

were then asked if they

had completed this

vaccination series.

123

Safe Sexual Practices

Sexual Partners

Among unmarried Total Service Area adults under 65, the vast majority cites having

one (47.0%) or no (39.8%) sexual partners in the past 12 months.

Number of Sexual Partners in Past 12 Months(Among Unmarried Adults Age 18-64; Total Service Area, 2014)


Notes: Asked of all unmarried respondents under the age of 65.

None 39.8%

One 47.0%Two 3.8%

Three/More 9.4%

However, 9.4% report three or more sexual partners in the past year.

Comparable to that reported nationally.


Had Three or More Sexual Partners in the Past Year(Among Unmarried Adults Age 18-64)




11.3% 9.4%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

9.4%11.7%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


124

Unmarried respondents (age 18 to 64) more likely to report three or more sexual partners

in the past year include:

Men.

Residents age 18 to 39.

Upper-income residents.

Had Three or More Sexual Partners in the Past Year(Among Unmarried Adults Age 18-64; Total Service Area, 2014)






17.9%

0.0%

13.5%

5.3% 4.1%

18.6%

9.4%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

TSA

Condom Use

Among Total Service Area adults who are under age 65 and unmarried, 32.3%

report that a condom was used during their last sexual intercourse.



Condom Was Used During Last Sexual Intercourse(Among Unmarried Adults Age 18-64)




32.3% 33.6%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


33.2% 32.3%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

125

Those less likely to report that a condom was used during their last sexual intercourse

include:

Women.

Residents age 40 through 64.

Respondents with lower incomes.

Condom Was Used During Last Sexual Intercourse(Among Unmarried Adults Age 18-64; Total Service Area, 2014)






47.8%

14.6%

42.5%

21.8%26.7%

34.8%32.3%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

TSA

Related Key Informant Input: STDs


One key informant rated this as a “major problem” in the community, citing a “high

incidence among teens.” This person called for “better access and more resources for

school health.”

126

BIRTHS

127

Prenatal Care Improving the well-being of mothers, infants, and children is an important public health goal for the US. Their

well-being determines the health of the next generation and can help predict future public health challenges

for families, communities, and the healthcare system. The risk of maternal and infant mortality and pregnancy-

related complications can be reduced by increasing access to quality preconception (before pregnancy) and

inter-conception (between pregnancies) care. Moreover, healthy birth outcomes and early identification and

treatment of health conditions among infants can prevent death or disability and enable children to reach

their full potential. Many factors can affect pregnancy and childbirth, including pre-conception health status,

age, access to appropriate healthcare, and poverty.

Infant and child health are similarly influenced by socio-demographic factors, such as family income, but are

also linked to the physical and mental health of parents and caregivers. There are racial and ethnic disparities

in mortality and morbidity for mothers and children, particularly for African Americans. These differences are

likely the result of many factors, including social determinants (such as racial and ethnic disparities in infant

mortality; family income; educational attainment among household members; and health insurance coverage)

and physical determinants (i.e., the health, nutrition, and behaviors of the mother during pregnancy and early

childhood).


Between 2009 and 2011, 32.1% of all Total Service Area births did not receive

adequate prenatal care.

More favorable than the Kentucky proportion.

Lack of adequate care is highest in Boyle and Casey counties, lowest in

Washington County.

Less Than Adequate Prenatal Care(Percentage of Live Births, 2009-2011)

Sources: Kentucky Cabinet for Health and Human Services

Note: Numbers are a percentage of all live births within each population.

Adequate prenatal care is defined as care begun by the 4th month of pregnancy and at least 80% of recommended visits received.

33.1%38.3%

31.7% 30.5% 31.0%28.0%

32.1%35.3%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Washington

County

TSA KY

Early and continuous

prenatal care is the best

assurance of infant health.

Adequate prenatal care is

defined as care begun by

the 4th month of

pregnancy and at least

80% of recommended

visits received.

128

Receipt of inadequate prenatal care has been stable over time in the Total Service

Area, while the statewide percentage has increased slightly.

Less Than Adequate Prenatal Care(Percentage of Live Births)



Adequate prenatal care is defined as care begun by the 4th month of pregnancy and at least 80% of recommended visits received.

2004-2006 2005-2007 2006-2008 2007-2009

Total Service Area 31.9% 32.8% 31.7% 32.1%

Kentucky 33.0% 34.0% 34.7% 35.3%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

129

Birth Outcomes & Risks

Low-Weight Births

A total of 8.5% of 2009-2011 Total Service Area births were low-weight.

Better than the Kentucky proportion.

Comparable to the national proportion.


Unfavorably high in Casey, Garrard, and Lincoln counties.

Low-Weight Births(Percentage of Live Births, 2009-2011)


Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Vital Statistics System.

US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. December 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov [Objective MICH-8.1]


Defined as an infant born weighing less than 5.5 pounds (2,500 grams) regardless of gestational age.

7.8% 8.8%11.0% 9.0% 7.5% 6.9% 8.5%

11.2%8.2%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Washington

County

TSA KY US


The proportion of low-weight births has generally decreased in the Total Service

Area in recent years; the same can be said for both Kentucky and the US.

Low-Weight Births(Percentage of Live Births)


Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Vital Statistics System.



Defined as an infant born weighing less than 5.5 pounds (2,500 grams) regardless of gestational age.

2004-2006 2005-2007 2006-2008 2007-2009 2008-2010 2009-2011

Healthy People 2020 7.8% 7.8% 7.8% 7.8% 7.8% 7.8%


KY 12.2 12.5 12.4 11.9 11.4 11.2

US 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2

0%

5%

10%

15%

Low birthweight babies,

those who weigh less than

2,500 grams (5 pounds,

8 ounces) at birth, are much

more prone to illness and

neonatal death than are

babies of normal

birthweight.

Largely a result of receiving

poor or inadequate prenatal

care, many low-weight

births and the consequent

health problems are

preventable.

130

Infant Mortality

Between 2008 and 2010, there was an annual average of 6.7 infant deaths per 1,000

live births.

Similar to the Kentucky rate.

Similar to the national rate.

Fails to satisfy the Healthy People 2020 target of 6.0 per 1,000 live births.

Infant Mortality Rate(2008-2010 Annual Average Infant Deaths per 1,000 Live Births)





Notes: Rates are three-year averages of deaths of children under 1 year old per 1,000 live births.

6.7 7.06.4

0

5

10

15

20

25



The local infant mortality rate trended upward in the latter half of the 2000s.

Infant Mortality Rate(Annual Average Infant Deaths per 1,000 Live Births)





Notes: Rates are three-year averages of deaths of children under 1 year old per 1,000 live births.

2001-2003 2002-2004 2003-2005 2004-2006 2005-2007 2006-2008 2007-2009 2008-2010

Healthy People 2020 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0


KY 6.8 7.1 7.2 7.5 7.6 7.3 7.1 7.0

US 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.7 6.5 6.4

0

5

10

15

Related Key Informant Input: Infant & Child Health


One key informant rated this as a “major problem” in the community, calling for “easier

access to preventive care — nurses in schools.”

Infant mortality rates reflect

deaths of children less than

one year old per 1,000 live

births.

131

Family Planning Family planning is one of the 10 great public health achievements of the 20th century. The availability of family

planning services allows individuals to achieve desired birth spacing and family size and contributes to

improved health outcomes for infants, children, and women. Family planning services include contraceptive

and broader reproductive health services (patient education and counseling), breast and pelvic examinations,

breast and cervical cancer screening, sexually transmitted infection (STI) and HIV prevention

education/counseling/testing/referral, and pregnancy diagnosis and counseling. For many women, a family

planning clinic is their entry point into the healthcare system and is considered to be their usual source of

care. This is especially true for women with incomes below the poverty level, women who are uninsured,

Hispanic women, and Black women.

Unintended pregnancies (those reported by women as being mistimed or unwanted) are associated with many

negative health and economic outcomes. In 2001, almost one-half of all pregnancies in the US were

unintended. For women, negative outcomes associated with unintended pregnancy include:

Delays in initiating prenatal care

Reduced likelihood of breastfeeding

Poor maternal mental health

Lower mother-child relationship quality

Increased risk of physical violence during pregnancy

Children born as a result of an unintended pregnancy are more likely to experience poor mental and physical

health during childhood and poor educational and behavioral outcomes.


Births to Teen Mothers

The negative outcomes associated with unintended pregnancies are compounded for adolescents. Teen

mothers:

Are less likely to graduate from high school or attain a GED by the time they reach age 30.

Earn an average of approximately $3,500 less per year, when compared with those who delay childbearing.

Receive nearly twice as much Federal aid for nearly twice as long.

Similarly, early fatherhood is associated with lower educational attainment and lower income. Children of teen

parents are more likely to have lower cognitive attainment and exhibit more behavior problems. Sons of teen

mothers are more likely to be incarcerated, and daughters are more likely to become adolescent mothers.


Between 2009 and 2011, there was an annual average of 48.4 births to women

age 15-19 per 1,000 population in that age group.

Higher than the Virginia rate.


Unfavorably high in Casey, Lincoln, and Mercer counties.

132

Teen Birth Rate(Births to Women Age 15-19 Per 1,000 Female Population Age 15-19, 2009-2011)


Notes: This indicator reports the rate of total births to women under the age of 15‒19 per 1,000 female population age 15‒19.

34.4

58.9

44.1

60.8

52.0

32.0

48.445.7

34.5

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Washington

County

TSA KY US

0

20

40

60

80

The teen birth rate decreased in the Total Service Area in recent years, echoing

the state and national trends.

Teen Birth Rate(Births to Women Age 15-19 Per 1,000 Female Population Age 15-19)


Notes: This indicator reports the rate of total births to women under the age of 15‒19 per 1,000 female population age 15‒19.

2004-2006 2005-2007 2006-2008 2007-2009 2008-2010 2009-2011


KY 49.0 50.0 51.3 50.3 48.3 45.7

US 40.4 40.8 40.9 39.9 37.4 34.5

0

25

50

75

133

MODIFIABLE HEALTH RISKS

134

Actual Causes Of Death A 1999 study (an update to a landmark 1993 study), estimated that as many as 40% of premature deaths in

the United States are attributed to behavioral factors. This study found that behavior patterns represent the

single-most prominent domain of influence over health prospects in the United States. The daily choices we

make with respect to diet, physical activity, and sex; the substance abuse and addictions to which we fall prey;

our approach to safety; and our coping strategies in confronting stress are all important determinants of

health.

The most prominent contributors to mortality in the United States in 2000 were tobacco (an estimated

435,000 deaths), diet and activity patterns (400,000), alcohol (85,000), microbial agents (75,000), toxic agents

(55,000), motor vehicles (43,000), firearms (29,000), sexual behavior (20,000), and illicit use of drugs (17,000).

Socioeconomic status and access to medical care are also important contributors, but difficult to quantify

independent of the other factors cited. Because the studies reviewed used different approaches to derive

estimates, the stated numbers should be viewed as first approximations.

These analyses show that smoking remains the leading cause of mortality. However, poor diet and physical

inactivity may soon overtake tobacco as the leading cause of death. These findings, along with escalating

healthcare costs and aging population, argue persuasively that the need to establish a more preventive

orientation in the US healthcare and public health systems has become more urgent.

– Ali H. Mokdad, PhD; James S. Marks, MD, MPH; Donna F. Stroup, Phd, MSc; Julie L. Gerberding, MD, MPH. “Actual Causes of Death in the

United States.” JAMA, 291(2004):1238-1245.

Source: National Center for Health Statistics/US Department of Health and Human Services, Health United States: 1987.

DHHS Pub. No. (PHS) 88–1232.

Leading Causes of Death Underlying Risk Factors (Actual Causes of Death)

Cardiovascular disease

Tobacco use Obesity

Elevated serum cholesterol Diabetes

High blood pressure Sedentary lifestyle

Cancer Tobacco use Alcohol

Improper diet Occupational/environmental exposures

Cerebrovascular disease High blood pressure Elevated serum cholesterol

Tobacco use

Accidental injuries

Safety belt noncompliance Occupational hazards

Alcohol/substance abuse Stress/fatigue

Reckless driving

Chronic lung disease Tobacco use Occupational/environmental exposures

While causes of death are

typically described as the

diseases or injuries

immediately precipitating the

end of life, a few important

studies have shown that the

actual causes of premature

death (reflecting underlying

risk factors) are often

preventable.

18%

17%

4%

3%

2%

2%

1%

1%

1%

52%

Tobacco

Diet/Inactivity

Alcohol

Infectious Disease

Toxic Agents

Motor Vehicle

Firearms

Sexual Behavior

Illicit Drugs

Other

Genetics30%

Social Circumstances

15%

Medical Care10%

Physical Environment

5%

Lifestyle/Behaviors

40%

Factors Contributing to Premature Deaths in the United States

Sources: “The Case For More Active Policy Attention to Health Promotion”; (McGinnis, Williams-Russo, Knickman) Health Affairs, Vol. 21, No. 2, March/April 2002.

“Actual Causes of Death in the United States”; (Ali H. Mokdad, PhD; James S. Marks, MD, MPH; Donna F. Stroup, Phd, MSc; Julie L. Gerberding, MD, MPH)

JAMA, 291(2000):1238-1245.

135

Nutrition Strong science exists supporting the health benefits of eating a healthful diet and maintaining a healthy body

weight. Efforts to change diet and weight should address individual behaviors, as well as the policies and

environments that support these behaviors in settings such as schools, worksites, healthcare organizations,

and communities.

The goal of promoting healthful diets and healthy weight encompasses increasing household food security

and eliminating hunger.

Americans with a healthful diet:

Consume a variety of nutrient-dense foods within and across the food groups, especially whole grains,

fruits, vegetables, low-fat or fat-free milk or milk products, and lean meats and other protein sources.

Limit the intake of saturated and trans fats, cholesterol, added sugars, sodium (salt), and alcohol.

Limit caloric intake to meet caloric needs.

Diet and body weight are related to health status. Good nutrition is important to the growth and development

of children. A healthful diet also helps Americans reduce their risks for many health conditions, including:

overweight and obesity; malnutrition; iron-deficiency anemia; heart disease; high blood pressure; dyslipidemia

(poor lipid profiles); type 2 diabetes; osteoporosis; oral disease; constipation; diverticular disease; and some

cancers.

Diet reflects the variety of foods and beverages consumed over time and in settings such as worksites,

schools, restaurants, and the home. Interventions to support a healthier diet can help ensure that:

Individuals have the knowledge and skills to make healthier choices.

Healthier options are available and affordable.

Social Determinants of Diet. Demographic characteristics of those with a more healthful diet vary with the

nutrient or food studied. However, most Americans need to improve some aspect of their diet.

Social factors thought to influence diet include:

Knowledge and attitudes

Skills

Social support

Societal and cultural norms

Food and agricultural policies

Food assistance programs

Economic price systems

Physical Determinants of Diet. Access to and availability of healthier foods can help people follow healthful

diets. For example, better access to retail venues that sell healthier options may have a positive impact on a

person’s diet; these venues may be less available in low-income or rural neighborhoods.

The places where people eat appear to influence their diet. For example, foods eaten away from home often

have more calories and are of lower nutritional quality than foods prepared at home.

Marketing also influences people’s—particularly children’s—food choices.


136

Daily Recommendation of Fruits/Vegetables

A total of 33.2% of Total Service Area adults report eating five or more servings of

fruits and/or vegetables per day.


Similar findings by county.

Fruit/vegetable consumption has decreased significantly since 2011.

Consume Five or More Servings of Fruits/Vegetables Per Day




For this issue, respondents were asked to recall their food intake on the previous day.

33.4%27.9%

31.2% 31.6%

38.1% 36.7%33.2%

39.5%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

US

48.5%

33.2%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

Area men are less likely to get the recommended servings of daily fruits/

vegetables, as are White adults.

Consume Five or More Servings of Fruits/Vegetables Per Day(Total Service Area, 2014)






For this issue, respondents were asked to recall their food intake on the previous day.

25.5%

40.4%37.1%

31.1% 30.8% 32.5%35.3%

32.1%

46.2%

33.2%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA

To measure fruit and

vegetable consumption,

survey respondents were

asked multiple questions,

specifically about the foods

and drinks they consumed

on the day prior to the

interview.

137

Access to Fresh Produce

While most report little or no difficulty, 23.6% of Total Service Area adults report

that it is “very” or “somewhat” difficult for them to access affordable, fresh fruits

and vegetables.

Level of Difficulty Finding Fresh Produce at an Affordable Price

(Total Service Area, 2014)



Very Difficult 5.0%

Somewhat Difficult

18.6%

Not Too Difficult

31.6%

Not At All Difficult

44.8%


The percentage in Boyle County is statistically more favorable when compared

with the combined other counties.

Find It “Very” or “Somewhat”

Difficult to Buy Affordable Fresh Produce




19.3%

30.0% 31.2%

25.2%20.3%

17.3%

23.6% 24.4%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Washington

County

Total

Service Area

US

Those more likely to report difficulty getting fresh fruits and vegetables include:

Women.

Adults age 40 to 64.


Whites.

Respondents were asked:

“How difficult is it for you to

buy fresh produce like fruits

and vegetables at a price you

can afford? Would you say:

Very Difficult, Somewhat

Difficult, Not Too Difficult, or

Not At All Difficult?”

138

Find It “Very” or “Somewhat”

Difficult to Buy Affordable Fresh Produce(Total Service Area, 2014)






17.6%

29.3%

19.7%

30.2%

14.9%

37.8%

13.0%

34.6%

23.4% 23.6%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA

Health Advice About Diet & Nutrition

A total of 37.6% of survey respondents acknowledge that a physician counseled

them about diet and nutrition in the past year.


Lower in Boyle and Mercer counties; highest in Washington County (not shown).


Note: Among overweight/obese respondents, 41.5% report receiving diet/

nutrition advice (meaning that nearly 6 in 10 did not).

Have Received Advice About Diet and Nutrition in the

Past Year From a Physician, Nurse, or Other Health Professional(By Weight Classification)




26.4%

41.5%37.6% 39.2%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Total Service Area:

Healthy Weight

Total Service Area:

Overweight or Obese

Total Service Area:

All Adults

US:

All Adults

39.4% 37.6%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

139

Related Key Informant Input: Nutrition


Many focus group participants discussed nutrition. The main findings include:

Poor nutrition habits

Cultural traditions

Nutrition education

Hunger concerns

Respondents spent time discussing nutrition issues in their community. Attendees

believe that some residents have poor nutrition habits. The region offers ample access

to unhealthy food choices and busy lifestyles lend themselves to fast, easy meals, as a

respondent describes:

“Well I think a lot of it though is not just that it's there, I think it's our lifestyle, too. When you've

got kids that you're picking up from school and getting them straight to practice, picking up

another child, getting them to their game, and you don't have time to go home and cook and sit

down and eat as a family and you're literally running from one thing to another and if, I don't

know how you make the good choices. You either don't eat or you're eating at 9:00 at night and

then sending them straight to bed.” — Key Informant

Attendees feel that rural cultural traditions influence the level of obesity in the

community. Many celebrations and events center on food, as one participant explains:

“We all have church suppers and we all, and especially our parents and the older people cooked

with lard and butter and the whole thing and as they get older that other, the healthier food

tastes differently although it's better for them that you just enjoy eating and it's a social thing for

people get together and you don't just always roll out as healthy a food as you could.” — Key

Informant

Key informants think that nutrition education represents the best way to connect with

residents.

On the other side of the obesity epidemic are hunger concerns. Participants agree that

both children and senior citizens are at risk for malnutrition. The schools offer at-risk

children a food backpack, which provides families with food for the weekend.


Those taking part in the online survey echoed many of the same concerns. Among those

rating Nutrition as a “major problem,” the following challenges were mentioned:

Poor eating habits, lack of activity.

Obesity in adults and children and lack of knowledge.

Cultural change re: healthy eating is needed. Increase opportunities for poor people and people

in more rural areas to exercise. Teach youth more how to prepare fresh food and increase

number of Farmer's Markets.

140

We need about 50% fewer fast food restaurants – [people] need access to affordable fresh or

frozen fruits and vegetables. Many cannot afford the prices of a Farmer's Market. Wouldn't it be

great if we could start community gardens in each county, encourage the potential customers to

help in the gardens as they are physically able? Then, the InterCounty Co-op in Danville is a

great place to have cooking demonstrations on very simple ways to prepare healthy foods. Invite

the entire community to an exercise/weight loss contest. They should have a weigh-in weekly and

report how many minutes they walk each week. Prizes could be offered at the end of 8(?) weeks

to the most successful.



Deal with poverty, allow food stamps to be used only for items with nutritional value.

Teaching youth in the schools more about nutrition again, and how to cook, as was previously

done.

141

Physical Activity Regular physical activity can improve the health and quality of life of Americans of all ages, regardless of the

presence of a chronic disease or disability. Among adults and older adults, physical activity can lower the risk

of: early death; coronary heart disease; stroke; high blood pressure; type 2 diabetes; breast and colon cancer;

falls; and depression. Among children and adolescents, physical activity can: improve bone health; improve

cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness; decrease levels of body fat; and reduce symptoms of depression. For

people who are inactive, even small increases in physical activity are associated with health benefits.

Personal, social, economic, and environmental factors all play a role in physical activity levels among youth,

adults, and older adults. Understanding the barriers to and facilitators of physical activity is important to

ensure the effectiveness of interventions and other actions to improve levels of physical activity.

Factors positively associated with adult physical activity include: postsecondary education; higher income;

enjoyment of exercise; expectation of benefits; belief in ability to exercise (self-efficacy); history of activity in

adulthood; social support from peers, family, or spouse; access to and satisfaction with facilities; enjoyable

scenery; and safe neighborhoods.

Factors negatively associated with adult physical activity include: advancing age; low income; lack of time; low

motivation; rural residency; perception of great effort needed for exercise; overweight or obesity; perception

of poor health; and being disabled. Older adults may have additional factors that keep them from being

physically active, including lack of social support, lack of transportation to facilities, fear of injury, and cost of

programs.

Among children ages 4 to 12, the following factors have a positive association with physical activity:

Gender (boys)

Belief in ability to be active (self-efficacy)

Parental support

Among adolescents ages 13 to 18, the following factors have a positive association with physical activity:

Parental education

Gender (boys)

Personal goals

Physical education/school sports

Belief in ability to be active (self-efficacy)

Support of friends and family

Environmental influences positively associated with physical activity among children and adolescents include:

Presence of sidewalks

Having a destination/walking to a particular place

Access to public transportation

Low traffic density

Access to neighborhood or school play area and/or recreational equipment

People with disabilities may be less likely to participate in physical activity due to physical, emotional, and

psychological barriers. Barriers may include the inaccessibility of facilities and the lack of staff trained in

working with people with disabilities.


142

Leisure-Time Physical Activity

A total of 35.7% of adults report no leisure-time physical activity in the past month.

Less favorable than statewide findings.



Statistically most favorable in Boyle County.

Denotes a statistically significant increase over time.

No Leisure-Time Physical Activity in the Past Month





US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. December 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov [Objective PA-1]


31.2%

38.0%

29.5%

42.9% 40.7%

28.8%

35.7%

29.7%

20.7%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

KY US


28.5%

35.7%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

Lack of leisure-time physical activity in the area is higher among women, adults

aged 40 and older (positive correlation with age), and lower-income residents.

No Leisure-Time Physical Activity in the Past Month(Total Service Area, 2014)


US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. December 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov [Objective PA-1]





32.4%

38.7%

24.0%

37.3%

51.3%

42.9%

27.6%

35.9%

28.8%

35.7%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA


Leisure-time physical

activity includes any

physical activities or

exercises (such as

running, calisthenics,

golf, gardening, walking,

etc.) which take place

outside of one’s line of

work.

143

Activity Levels

Adults (age 18–64) should do 2 hours and 30 minutes a week of moderate-intensity, or 1 hour and 15 minutes

(75 minutes) a week of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity, or an equivalent combination of moderate-

and vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity. Aerobic activity should be performed in episodes of at least 10

minutes, preferably spread throughout the week.

Additional health benefits are provided by increasing to 5 hours (300 minutes) a week of moderate-intensity

aerobic physical activity, or 2 hours and 30 minutes a week of vigorous-intensity physical activity, or an

equivalent combination of both.

Older adults (age 65 and older) should follow the adult guidelines. If this is not possible due to limiting

chronic conditions, older adults should be as physically active as their abilities allow. They should avoid

inactivity. Older adults should do exercises that maintain or improve balance if they are at risk of falling.

For all individuals, some activity is better than none. Physical activity is safe for almost everyone, and the

health benefits of physical activity far outweigh the risks.

– 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. www.health.gov/PAGuidelines

Recommended Levels of Physical Activity

A total of 37.2% of Total Service Area adults participate in regular, sustained

moderate or vigorous physical activity (meeting physical activity

recommendations).

Well below the national figure.

Highest in Boyle County residents.


Meets Physical Activity Recommendations




In this case the term “meets physical activity recommendations” refers to participation in moderate physical activity (exercise that produces only light sweating

or a slight to moderate increase in breathing or heart rate ) at least 5 times a week for 30 minutes at a time, and/or vigorous physical activity (activities that

cause heavy sweating or large increases in breathing or heart rate) at least 3 times a week for 20 minutes at a time.

43.8%

37.2%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

42.0%37.9%

33.4%35.9%

31.7%

41.2%37.2%

50.3%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

US

144

Note the negative correlation between age and meeting physical activity

recommendations.

Meets Physical Activity Recommendations(Total Service Area, 2014)






In this case the term “meets physical activity recommendations” refers to participation in moderate physical activity (exercise that produces only light sweating

or a slight to moderate increase in breathing or heart rate ) at least 5 times a week for 30 minutes at a time, and/or vigorous physical activity (activities that

cause heavy sweating or large increases in breathing or heart rate) at least 3 times a week for 20 minutes at a time.

35.4%38.8%

46.0%

34.9%

26.4%

34.3%

41.0%36.5%

46.9%

37.2%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA

Moderate & Vigorous Physical Activity

In the past month:

A total of 23.8% of adults participated in moderate physical activity (5 times a

week, 30 minutes at a time).

Less favorable than the national level.

Similar findings by county (not shown).


A total of 27.9% participated in vigorous physical activity (3 times a week, 20

minutes at a time).

Less favorable than the nationwide figure.

Statistically similar by county (not shown).

Marks a statistically significant decrease since 2011.

The individual indicators of

moderate and vigorous

physical activity are

shown here.

145



Moderate & Vigorous Physical Activity(Total Service Area, 2014)




Moderate Physical Activity: Takes part in exercise that produces only light sweating or a slight to moderate increase in breathing or heart rate at least 5 times per week

for at least 30 minutes per time.

Vigorous Physical Activity: Takes part in activities that cause heavy sweating or large increases in breathing or heart rate at least 3 times per week for at least

20 minutes per time.

Moderate Physical Activity Vigorous Physical Activity

Yes

23.8%

No

76.2%

Yes

27.9%

No

72.1%US=30.6% US=38.0%

28.3% in 2011 32.2% in 2011

Health Advice About Physical Activity & Exercise

A total of 43.3% of Total Service Area adults report that their physician has asked

about or given advice to them about physical activity in the past year.

Similar to the national average.

Unchanged from the 2011 survey findings.

Note: 46.0% of overweight/obese Total Service Area respondents say that they

have talked with their doctor about physical activity/exercise in the past year.

Have Received Advice About Exercise in the

Past Year From a Physician, Nurse, or Other Health Professional(By Weight Classification)




34.3%

46.0%43.3% 44.0%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Total Service Area:

Healthy Weight

Total Service Area:

Overweight or Obese

Total Service Area:

All Adults

US:

All Adults

41.0%43.3%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

146

Children’s Physical Activity

Among Total Service Area children age 2 to 17, 56.3% are reported to have had

60 minutes of physical activity on each of the seven days preceding the interview

(1+ hours per day).

Statistically comparable to that found nationally.

Similar by gender; note the negative correlation with child’s age.

Child Is Physically Active for One or More Hours per Day(Among Children Ages 2-17)



Notes: Asked of all respondents with children age 2-17 at home.

Includes children reported to have one or more hours of physical activity on each of the seven days preceding the survey.

59.8%

52.1%

87.8%

61.3%

35.9%

56.3%

48.6%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

TSA:

Boys

TSA:

Girls

TSA:

Age 2-4

TSA:

Age 5-12

TSA:

Age 13-17

TSA US

Related Key Informant Input: Physical Activity


Much focus group discussion centered on the lack of physical activity in the community,

with emphasis on:

Low physical activity levels

Built environment

Education about the importance of physical activity

According to focus group members the amount of physical activity varies across the

region. In general, there are not many free options for physical activity. However, within

the city of Danville, attendees feel that the built environment (bike lanes, sidewalks, etc.)

encourages physical activity, yet outside the city the built environment can be improved.

A respondent explains:

“Mercer County has a lovely park that you cannot walk to and you should not bike to, so unless

you drive there you don't get there.” — Key Informant

147

Focus group members think that the community needs to receive education about the

importance of physical activity. This education can demonstrate the easy options for

exercise; many residents did not grow up with this knowledge.

“I think a lot of us just in growing up, maybe we didn't learn the physical activity was that

important so it's still not that important to us, and it's still a lot of personal choice.” — Key

Informant

148

Weight Status Because weight is influenced by energy (calories) consumed and expended, interventions to improve weight

can support changes in diet or physical activity. They can help change individuals’ knowledge and skills,

reduce exposure to foods low in nutritional value and high in calories, or increase opportunities for physical

activity. Interventions can help prevent unhealthy weight gain or facilitate weight loss among obese people.

They can be delivered in multiple settings, including healthcare settings, worksites, or schools.

The social and physical factors affecting diet and physical activity (see Physical Activity topic area) may also

have an impact on weight. Obesity is a problem throughout the population. However, among adults, the

prevalence is highest for middle-aged people and for non-Hispanic black and Mexican American women.

Among children and adolescents, the prevalence of obesity is highest among older and Mexican American

children and non-Hispanic black girls. The association of income with obesity varies by age, gender, and

race/ethnicity.


Body Mass Index (BMI), which describes relative weight for height, is significantly correlated with total body fat

content. The BMI should be used to assess overweight and obesity and to monitor changes in body weight. In

addition, measurements of body weight alone can be used to determine efficacy of weight loss therapy. BMI is

calculated as weight (kg)/height squared (m2). To estimate BMI using pounds and inches, use: [weight

(pounds)/height squared (inches2)] x 703.

In this report, overweight is defined as a BMI of 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m2 and obesity as a BMI ≥30 kg/m2. The

rationale behind these definitions is based on epidemiological data that show increases in mortality with BMIs

above 25 kg/m2. The increase in mortality, however, tends to be modest until a BMI of 30 kg/m2 is reached.

For persons with a BMI ≥30 kg/m2, mortality rates from all causes, and especially from cardiovascular disease,

are generally increased by 50 to 100 percent above that of persons with BMIs in the range of 20 to 25 kg/m2.

– Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report. National

Institutes of Health. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute in Cooperation With The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney

Diseases. September 1998.

Classification of Overweight and Obesity by BMI BMI (kg/m2)

Underweight <18.5

Normal 18.5 – 24.9

Overweight 25.0 – 29.9

Obese ≥30.0

Source: Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults:

The Evidence Report. National Institutes of Health. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute in

Cooperation With The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. September

1998.

Adult Weight Status

Healthy Weight

Based on self-reported heights and weights, 26.1% of Total Service Area adults are

at a healthy weight.

Worse than the Kentucky prevalence.

Worse than the US prevalence.

Fails to satisfy the Healthy People 2020 target (33.9% or higher).

Least favorable in Garrard County; most favorable in Boyle County.

“Healthy weight “means

neither underweight,

nor overweight

(BMI = 18.5-24.9).

149


Healthy Weight(Percent of Adults With a Body Mass Index Between 18.5 and 24.9)





US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. December 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov [Objective NWS-8]

Notes: Based on reported heights and weights, asked of all respondents.

The definition of healthy weight is having a body mass index (BMI), a ratio of weight to height (kilograms divided by meters squared), between 18.5 and 24.9.

32.5% 30.6%

15.1%

24.0% 24.7% 26.3% 26.1%31.1%

34.4%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

KY US


32.3%

26.1%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

Overweight Status

More than 7 in 10 Total Service Area adults (72.5%) are overweight.

Higher than the Kentucky prevalence.

Higher than the US overweight prevalence.

Highest in Garrard County; lowest in Boyle County.

Marks a statistically significant increase since 2011.

Prevalence of Total Overweight(Percent of Adults With a Body Mass Index of 25.0 or Higher)






The definition of overweight is having a body mass index (BMI), a ratio of weight to height (kilograms divided by meters squared), greater than or equal to 25.0,

regardless of gender. The definition for obesity is a BMI greater than or equal to 30.0.

66.5%

72.5%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

66.6% 68.6%

82.0%

76.0%72.6% 72.1% 72.5%

66.9%63.1%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

KY US

Here, “overweight“ includes

those respondents with a

BMI value ≥25.

150

Further, 34.9% of Total Service Area adults are obese.

Less favorable than Kentucky findings.

Less favorable than US findings.


Least favorable in Garrard County; statistically most favorably in Boyle County.


Prevalence of Obesity(Percent of Adults With a Body Mass Index of 30.0 or Higher)







The definition of obesity is having a body mass index (BMI), a ratio of weight to height (kilograms divided by meters squared), greater than or equal to 30.0,

regardless of gender.

30.8%34.9%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

28.6% 28.1%

47.6%

34.7%40.2%

32.5%34.9%

31.3% 29.0%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

KY US


Obesity is notably more prevalence among men, adults under 65, and

respondents with lower incomes.

Prevalence of Obesity(Percent of Adults With a BMI of 30.0 or Higher; Total Service Area, 2014)







The definition of obesity is having a body mass index (BMI), a ratio of weight to height (kilograms divided by meters squared), greater than or equal to 30.0,

regardless of gender.

38.5%

31.5%34.8%

39.8%

24.0%

44.3%

29.9%

35.5%

29.6%34.9%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA


“Obese“ (also included in

overweight prevalence

discussed previously)

includes respondents

with a BMI value ≥30.

151

Actual vs. Perceived Body Weight

A total of 7.3% of obese adults and 37.6% of overweight (but not obese) adults feel

that their current weight is “about right.”

58.6% of overweight (but not obese) adults see themselves as “somewhat

overweight.”

31.0% of obese adults see themselves as “very overweight.”

Actual vs. Perceived Weight Status(Among Overweight/Obese Adults Based on BMI; Total Service Area, 2014)


Notes: BMI is based on reported heights and weights, asked of all respondents.

The definition of overweight is having a body mass index (BMI), a ratio of weight to height (kilograms divided by meters squared), greater than or equal to 25.0,

regardless of gender. The definition for obesity is a BMI greater than or equal to 30.0.

1.2%

37.6%

58.6%

2.6%0.2%

7.3%

61.6%

31.0%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Perceive Self as

"Very/Somewhat Underweight"

Perceive Self as

"About the Right Weight"

Perceive Self as

"Somewhat Overweight"

Perceive Self as

"Very Overweight"

Among Adults Overweight But Not Obese (BMI 25.0-29.9) Among Obese Adults (BMI 30+)

Relationship of Overweight With Other Health Issues

Overweight and obese adults are more likely to report a number of adverse health

conditions.

Among these are:

Hypertension (high blood pressure).

High cholesterol.

Activity limitations.

“Fair” or “poor” physical health.

Diabetes.

“Fair” or “poor” mental health.

Asthma.

Stroke.

The correlation

between overweight

and various health

issues cannot be

disputed.

152

Relationship of Overweight With Other Health Issues(By Weight Classification; Total Service Area, 2014)

Sources: 2014 PRC Community Health Survey, Professional Research Consultants, Inc. [Items 5, 36, 100, 105, 131, 132, 140, 142]


22.3%

29.0%

21.2%

14.0%

8.0%

12.8%

5.4%1.9%

43.8%

37.4%

22.4%

15.7%12.6%

14.8%

9.8%

3.1%

53.3%

45.4%

36.1%

30.5%

23.2%19.4%

15.7%

4.0%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

High Blood

Pressure

High

Cholesterol

Activity

Limitations

"Fair/

Poor" Health

Diabetes "Fair/Poor"

Mental Health

Asthma Stroke

Healthy Weight Overweight/Not Obese Obese

Weight Management

Health Advice

A total of 21.7% of adults have been given advice about their weight by a doctor,

nurse or other health professional in the past year.

Statistically similar to the national findings.

Denotes a significant decrease from that reported in 2011.

Note that 27.0% of overweight/obese adults have been given advice about their

weight by a health professional in the past year (while the majority has not).

Have Received Advice About Weight in the Past Year

From a Physician, Nurse, or Other Health Professional(By Weight Classification)




5.2%

27.0%21.7% 23.7%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Total Service Area:

Healthy Weight

Total Service Area:

Overweight or Obese

Total Service Area:

All Adults

US:

All Adults

26.3%21.7%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

153

Weight Control

Individuals who are at a healthy weight are less likely to:

Develop chronic disease risk factors, such as high blood pressure and dyslipidemia.

Develop chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, osteoarthritis, and some cancers.

Experience complications during pregnancy.

Die at an earlier age.

All Americans should avoid unhealthy weight gain, and those whose weight is too high may also need to lose

weight.


A total of 35.9% of Total Service Area adults who are overweight say that they are

both modifying their diet and increasing their physical activity to try to lose weight.


Similar by county (not shown).

Statistically similar to that reported among overweight adults in 2011.

Trying to Lose Weight by Both

Modifying Diet and Increasing Physical Activity

(Among Overweight or Obese Respondents)



Notes: Reflects respondents who are overweight or obese based on reported heights and weights.

Total Service Area 2011 Total Service Area 2014

Yes

35.9%

No

64.1%

US=39.5%

Yes

37.4%

No

62.6%

154

Childhood Overweight & Obesity

In children and teens, body mass index (BMI) is used to assess weight status – underweight, healthy weight,

overweight, or obese. After BMI is calculated for children and teens, the BMI number is plotted on the CDC

BMI-for-age growth charts (for either girls or boys) to obtain a percentile ranking. Percentiles are the most

commonly used indicator to assess the size and growth patterns of individual children in the United States.

The percentile indicates the relative position of the child's BMI number among children of the same sex and

age.

BMI-for-age weight status categories and the corresponding percentiles are shown below:

Underweight <5th percentile

Healthy Weight ≥5th and <85th percentile

Overweight ≥85th and <95th percentile

Obese ≥95th percentile

– Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Based on the heights/weights reported by surveyed parents, 36.4% of Total Service

Area children age 5 to 17 are overweight or obese (≥85th percentile).

Statistically similar to that found nationally.

Unchanged since 2011.

Child Total Overweight Prevalence(Children 5-17 Who Are Overweight/Obese; BMI in the 85th Percentile or Higher)




Overweight among children is determined by children’s Body Mass Index status at or above the 85th percentile of US growth charts by gender and age.

36.4%31.5%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


36.8% 36.4%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

155

Further, 15.7% of Total Service Area children age 5 to 17 are obese (≥95th

percentile).

Comparable to the national percentage.

Comparable to the Healthy People 2020 target (14.6% or lower for children age

2-19).

Denotes a significant decrease since 2011.

Statistically similar by child’s gender; higher in children age 5 to 12.

Child Obesity Prevalence(Percent of Children 5-17 Who Are Obese; BMI in the 95th Percentile or Higher)



US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. December 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov [Objective NWS-10.4]


Obesity among children is determined by children’s Body Mass Index status equal to or above the 95th percentile of US growth charts by gender and age.

24.3%

15.7%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

16.3% 15.1%

21.7%

9.5%

15.7% 14.8%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

TSA:

Boys

TSA:

Girls

TSA:

Age 5-12

TSA:

Age 13-17

TSA US


156

Substance Abuse In 2005, an estimated 22 million Americans struggled with a drug or alcohol problem. Almost 95% of people

with substance use problems are considered unaware of their problem. Of those who recognize their problem,

273,000 have made an unsuccessful effort to obtain treatment. These estimates highlight the importance of

increasing prevention efforts and improving access to treatment for substance abuse and co-occurring

disorders.

Substance abuse has a major impact on individuals, families, and communities. The effects of substance abuse

are cumulative, significantly contributing to costly social, physical, mental, and public health problems. These

problems include:

Teenage pregnancy

Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS)

Other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)

Domestic violence

Child abuse

Motor vehicle crashes

Physical fights

Crime

Homicide

Suicide

The field has made progress in addressing substance abuse, particularly among youth. According to data from

the national Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey, which is an ongoing study of

the behaviors and values of America’s youth between 2004 and 2009, a drop in drug use (including

amphetamines, methamphetamine, cocaine, hallucinogens, and LSD) was reported among students in 8th,

10th, and 12th grades. Note that, despite a decreasing trend in marijuana use which began in the mid-1990s,

the trend has stalled in recent years among these youth. Use of alcohol among students in these three grades

also decreased during this time.

Substance abuse refers to a set of related conditions associated with the consumption of mind- and behavior-

altering substances that have negative behavioral and health outcomes. Social attitudes and political and legal

responses to the consumption of alcohol and illicit drugs make substance abuse one of the most complex

public health issues. In addition to the considerable health implications, substance abuse has been a flash-

point in the criminal justice system and a major focal point in discussions about social values: people argue

over whether substance abuse is a disease with genetic and biological foundations or a matter of personal

choice.

Advances in research have led to the development of evidence-based strategies to effectively address

substance abuse. Improvements in brain-imaging technologies and the development of medications that

assist in treatment have gradually shifted the research community’s perspective on substance abuse. There is

now a deeper understanding of substance abuse as a disorder that develops in adolescence and, for some

individuals, will develop into a chronic illness that will require lifelong monitoring and care.

Improved evaluation of community-level prevention has enhanced researchers’ understanding of

environmental and social factors that contribute to the initiation and abuse of alcohol and illicit drugs, leading

to a more sophisticated understanding of how to implement evidence-based strategies in specific social and

cultural settings.

A stronger emphasis on evaluation has expanded evidence-based practices for drug and alcohol treatment.

Improvements have focused on the development of better clinical interventions through research and

increasing the skills and qualifications of treatment providers.


157

Age-Adjusted Cirrhosis/Liver Disease Deaths

Between 2008 and 2010, there was an annual average age-adjusted cirrhosis/liver

disease mortality rate of 10.7 deaths per 100,000 population in the Total Service

Area.

Higher than the statewide rate.



Cirrhosis/Liver Disease: Age-Adjusted Mortality(2008-2010 Annual Average Deaths per 100,000 Population)



US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. December 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov [Objective SA-11]




10.7

8.49.2

0

5

10

15

20

25



The area mortality rate has generally increased over the past decade. Statewide

and nationwide, rates have decreased slightly.

Cirrhosis/Liver Disease: Age-Adjusted Mortality Trends(Annual Average Deaths per 100,000 Population)







2001-2003 2002-2004 2003-2005 2004-2006 2005-2007 2006-2008 2007-2009 2008-2010

Healthy People 2020 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2


KY 8.8 8.4 8.3 8.2 8.3 8.0 8.3 8.4

US 9.4 9.2 9.1 8.9 9.0 9.0 9.2 9.2

0

5

10

15

20

158

High-Risk Alcohol Use

Current Drinking

A total of 35.0% of area adults had at least one drink of alcohol in the past month

(current drinkers).

Lower than the statewide proportion.

Lower than the national proportion.

Unfavorably high in Washington County.


Current Drinkers






Current drinkers had at least one alcoholic drink in the past month.

33.9% 35.0%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

33.8%37.6%

28.7% 29.4%

38.3%

51.2%

35.0%40.7%

56.5%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

KY US

Current drinking is more prevalent among men, young adults, and upper-income

residents.

Current Drinkers(Total Service Area, 2014)






Current drinkers had at least one alcoholic drink in the past month.

42.7%

27.7%

40.8%

33.7%29.5% 29.3%

37.0% 35.6%

27.4%

35.0%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA

“Current drinkers”

include survey

respondents who had at

least one drink of

alcohol in the month

preceding the interview.

For the purposes of this

study, a “drink” is

considered one can or

bottle of beer, one glass

of wine, one can or

bottle of wine cooler,

one cocktail, or one shot

of liquor.

159

Chronic Drinking

A total of 3.1% of area adults averaged two or more drinks of alcohol per day in the

past month (chronic drinkers).

More favorable than the national proportion.



Chronic Drinkers




Chronic drinkers are defined as having 60+ alcoholic drinks in the past month.

4.0% 3.1%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

3.3% 2.0%6.3%

2.9% 1.8% 2.3% 3.1% 5.2%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

US

Chronic drinking is more prevalent among men, adults aged 40 to 64, upper-

income residents, and Whites.

Chronic Drinkers(Total Service Area, 2014)






Chronic drinkers are defined as those having 60+ alcoholic drinks in the past month.

6.1%

0.3% 0.9%4.9% 2.8% 1.2%

3.9% 3.3%0.6%

3.1%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA

“Chronic drinkers”

include survey

respondents reporting

60 or more drinks of

alcohol in the month

preceding the interview.

RELATED ISSUE:

See also Stress in the

Mental Health & Mental

Disorders section of this

report.

160

Binge Drinking

A total of 8.6% of Total Service Area adults are binge drinkers.

Better than Kentucky findings.


Satisfies the Healthy People 2020 target (24.3% or lower).

Unfavorably high in Washington County.

Unchanged over time (note, however, that the previous definition for binge

drinking was five or more drinks, regardless of gender).

Binge Drinkers





US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. December 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov [Objective SA-14.3]


Binge drinkers are defined as men having 5+ alcoholic drinks on any one occasion or women consuming 4+ drinks on any one occasion.

7.5% 6.3%10.8%

6.3%9.2%

15.7%

8.6%

14.9%19.5%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

KY US


9.8% 8.6%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

Binge drinking is more prevalent among:

Men (especially those under age 40).

Adults under age 65 (negative correlation with age).

Residents in households with higher incomes.

Binge Drinkers(Total Service Area, 2014)

Sources: 2014 PRC Community Health Survey, Professional Research Consultants, Inc. [Items 172-173]






Binge drinkers are defined as men having 5+ alcoholic drinks on any one occasion or women consuming 4+ drinks on any one occasion

14.0%

3.5%

12.3%9.5%

0.2%5.3%

11.0%8.5% 9.3% 8.6%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA


Men 18-39: 18.3%

“Binge drinkers” include:

1) MEN who report

drinking 5 or more

alcoholic drinks on any

single occasion during

the past month; and

2) WOMEN who report

drinking 4 or more

alcoholic drinks on any

single occasion during

the past month.

161

Drinking & Driving

Just 0.4% of Total Service Area adults acknowledges having driven a vehicle in the

past month after they had perhaps too much to drink.

Well below the national findings.

No difference by county.

The drinking and driving prevalence has not changed significantly over time.

Have Driven in the Past Month

After Perhaps Having Too Much to Drink




0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.5% 0.0% 0.8% 0.4%5.0%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

US

0.5% 0.4%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

Age-Adjusted Drug-Induced Deaths

Between 2008 and 2010, there was an annual average age-adjusted drug-induced

mortality rate of 18.1 deaths per 100,000 population in the Total Service Area.

Similar to the statewide rate.



Drug-Induced Deaths: Age-Adjusted Mortality(2008-2010 Annual Average Deaths per 100,000 Population)







18.119.0

12.6

0

5

10

15

20

25



Note: As a self-reported

measure – and because this

indicator reflects potentially

illegal behavior – it is

reasonable to expect that it

might be underreported, and

that the actual incidence of

drinking and driving in the

community is likely higher.

162

The mortality rate has increased considerably in the past decade, echoing the

state and national trends.

Drug-Induced Deaths: Age-Adjusted Mortality Trends(Annual Average Deaths per 100,000 Population)






County, state and national data are simple three-year averages.

2001-2003 2002-2004 2003-2005 2004-2006 2005-2007 2006-2008 2007-2009 2008-2010

Healthy People 2020 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3


KY 11.3 12.8 14.4 15.7 16.9 17.8 17.8 19.0

US 8.8 9.8 10.5 11.5 12.2 12.6 12.6 12.6

0

5

10

15

20

25

Illicit Drug Use

A total of 0.9% of Total Service Area adults acknowledges using an illicit drug in the

past month.

Well below the proportion found nationally.

Satisfies the Healthy People 2020 target of 7.1% or lower.

Lowest in Boyle, Casey, and Garrard counties.


Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month





0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.3% 2.6% 0.5% 0.9%4.0%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

US


2.4% 0.9%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

For the purposes of this

survey, “illicit drug use”

includes use of illegal

substances or of prescription

drugs taken without a

physician’s order.

Note: As a self-reported

measure – and because this

indicator reflects potentially

illegal behavior – it is

reasonable to expect that it

might be underreported, and

that actual illicit drug use in

the community is likely

higher.

163

Alcohol & Drug Treatment

A total of 3.0% of Total Service Area adults report that they have sought

professional help for an alcohol or drug problem at some point in their lives.

Below the national figure.

Lowest in Casey County.


Have Ever Sought Professional Help

for an Alcohol/Drug-Related Problem




3.2% 3.0%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

4.4%0.0%

3.6% 3.9% 2.2% 2.4% 3.0% 4.9%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

US

Related Key Informant Input: Substance Abuse


Substance abuse in the community is of concern to many focus group attendees. The

main issues discussed surrounding substance abuse included:

Prevalence of substance abuse

Substance use in adolescence

A number of focus group participants express concern with the prevalence of substance

use in the community because it contributes to the number of accidents and injuries.

Respondents describe specific concern about marijuana, methamphetamines, heroin, and

prescription drugs.

“I think we're, mostly drugs, meth is moving out of this area, heroin is coming in. We've run into

a lot of issues, even fires that you start looking around and you see evidence of drug use, any

type, illegal and legal prescription drugs, it's an epidemic.” — Key Informant

164

Key informants believe that substance use in adolescence is an issue. Children and

adolescents have easy access to prescription drugs in their own homes. In addition, some

local parents have a relaxed attitude surrounding alcohol use, which contributes to the

level of drinking in minors, as a respondent explains:

“There was an incident in our county where this one mother, she thought, nothing’s wrong with

her sitting down and drinking a glass of wine with her 16 year old daughter, so a lot of it is that

type of perception.” — Key Informant



concerns. Those ranking Substance Abuse as a “major problem” in the community

offered the following reasons:

Very limited access to treatment. Untreated mental health and family system problems often

result in substance abuse.

Acceptability in today’s culture.

High rates of use among young people and of drug-related crime among adults.

Cultural acceptance of using substances to address all kinds of problems, availability of drugs in

this area, higher poverty rates usually coincide with higher substance abuse rates, particularly

certain drugs, family problems which lead to parents not teaching alternative coping mechanisms

to substance use.

Many people with mental illness self medicate with drugs.

Cost and insurance coverage were most often mentioned as the greatest barriers

preventing people from accessing needed treatment; other mentions included location,

stigma, and a serious lack of treatment options in the area.

They feel that the poor are at greater risk, although recognize that the issue crosses all

socioeconomic lines. A lack of age-appropriate treatment options for youth was also

mentioned.

Suggestions to improve this issue include the following:

Require insurance to cover this treatment if it is recommended by a substance abuse treatment

professional.

Higher accountability required of multiple offenders.

Coordinated community programs to acknowledge and address the issue (healthy community

coalition).

More funding, insurance companies to adequately pay for substance abuse treatment, more

resources for law enforcement dealing with substance abuse.

165

Tobacco Use Tobacco use is the single most preventable cause of death and disease in the United States. Each year,

approximately 443,000 Americans die from tobacco-related illnesses. For every person who dies from tobacco

use, 20 more people suffer with at least one serious tobacco-related illness. In addition, tobacco use costs the

US $193 billion annually in direct medical expenses and lost productivity.

Scientific knowledge about the health effects of tobacco use has increased greatly since the first Surgeon

General’s report on tobacco was released in 1964.

Tobacco use causes:

Cancer

Heart disease

Lung diseases (including emphysema, bronchitis, and chronic airway obstruction)

Premature birth, low birth weight, stillbirth, and infant death

There is no risk-free level of exposure to secondhand smoke. Secondhand smoke causes heart disease and

lung cancer in adults and a number of health problems in infants and children, including: severe asthma

attacks; respiratory infections; ear infections; and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

Smokeless tobacco causes a number of serious oral health problems, including cancer of the mouth and

gums, periodontitis, and tooth loss. Cigar use causes cancer of the larynx, mouth, esophagus, and lung.


Cigarette Smoking

Cigarette Smoking Prevalence

A total of 23.5% of Total Service Area adults currently smoke cigarettes, either

regularly (17.3% every day) or occasionally (6.2% on some days).

Cigarette Smoking Prevalence(Total Service Area, 2014)



Regular Smoker

17.3%

Occasional Smoker

6.2%

Former Smoker

26.9%

Never Smoked 49.6%

Better than statewide findings.

Worse than national findings.

Fails to satisfy the Healthy People 2020 target (12% or lower).

166

Highest in Mercer County; lowest in Washington County.

The current smoking percentage is statistically unchanged since 2011.

Current Smokers





US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. December 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov [Objective TU-1.1]


Includes regular and occasional smokers (those who smoke cigarettes everyday or on some days).

20.4%25.4%

22.6% 21.4%

34.8%

13.7%

23.5%28.3%

14.9%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

KY US


21.3%23.5%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

Cigarette smoking is more prevalent among:

Adults under 65 (negative correlation with age).


Note also that 28.0% of women of child-bearing age (ages 18 to 44) currently

smoke. This is notable given that tobacco use increases the risk of infertility, as

well as the risks for miscarriage, stillbirth and low birthweight for women who

smoke during pregnancy.

Current Smokers(Total Service Area, 2014)

Sources: 2014 PRC Community Health Survey, Professional Research Consultants, Inc. [Items 166-167] US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. December 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov [Objective TU-1.1]

Notes: Asked of all respondents. Hispanics can be of any race. Other race categories are non-Hispanic categorizations (e.g., “White” reflects non-Hispanic White respondents). Income categories reflect respondent's household income as a ratio to the federal poverty level (FPL) for their household size. “Low Income” includes households with incomes up to 200% of the federal poverty level; “Mid/High Income” includes households with incomes at 200% or more of the federal poverty level.

Includes regular and occasion smokers (everyday and some days).

26.1%21.0%

30.7%

24.1%

11.1%

33.1%

15.2%

23.1% 25.0% 23.5%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA


Women 18-44 who

smoke: 28.0%

167

Environmental Tobacco Smoke

A total of 19.5% of Total Service Area adults (including smokers and non-smokers)

report that a member of their household has smoked cigarettes in the home an

average of 4+ times per week over the past month.


Favorably low in Boyle County.


Note that 8.2% of Total Service Area non-smokers are exposed to cigarette

smoke at home, similar to what is found nationally.

Member of Household Smokes at Home

Sources: PRC Community Health Surveys, Professional Research Consultants, Inc. [Item 59, 168]



21.7%19.5%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

14.3%

23.7% 22.4%19.3%

23.9%

14.8%19.5%

12.7%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

US

Non-smokers exposed to

smoke in the home: 8.2%

(US = 6.3%)

Notably higher among residents under 65 and those with lower incomes.

Member of Household Smokes At Home(Total Service Area, 2014)






“Smokes at home” refers to someone smoking cigarettes, cigars, or a pipe in the home an average of four or more times per week in the past month.

21.2%17.9%

20.9% 21.8%

12.4%

27.8%

12.2%

19.7% 18.6% 19.5%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA

168

Among households with children, 19.0% have someone who smokes cigarettes in

the home.



Percentage of Households With Children

In Which Someone Smokes in the Home




“Smokes at home” refers to someone smoking cigarettes, cigars, or a pipe in the home an average of four or more times per week in the past month.

19.0%

9.7%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


17.7% 19.0%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

Smoking Cessation

Preventing tobacco use and helping tobacco users quit can improve the health and quality of life for

Americans of all ages. People who stop smoking greatly reduce their risk of disease and premature death.

Benefits are greater for people who stop at earlier ages, but quitting tobacco use is beneficial at any age.

Many factors influence tobacco use, disease, and mortality. Risk factors include race/ethnicity, age, education,

and socioeconomic status. Significant disparities in tobacco use exist geographically; such disparities typically

result from differences among states in smoke-free protections, tobacco prices, and program funding for

tobacco prevention.


Health Advice About Smoking Cessation

A total of 70.1% of smokers say that a doctor, nurse or other health professional

has recommended in the past year that they quit smoking.

Comparable to the national percentage.

No statistically significant change since 2011.

169

Advised by a Healthcare

Professional in the Past Year to Quit Smoking (Among Current Smokers)



Notes: Asked of all current smokers.

64.6%

70.1%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

70.1%67.8%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Smoking Cessation Attempts

Just less than one-half of regular smokers (47.1%) went without smoking for one

day or longer in the past year because they were trying to quit smoking.

Similar to the national percentage.



Have Stopped Smoking for One Day or Longer

in the Past Year in an Attempt to Quit Smoking(Among Everyday Smokers)




Notes: Asked of respondents who smoke cigarettes every day.

48.8% 47.1%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

47.1%

55.9%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%



170

Other Tobacco Use

Cigars

A total of 3.4% of Total Service Area adults use cigars every day or on some days.

Similar to the national percentage.


Lowest in Mercer County.


Use of Cigars





4.2% 3.4%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

4.5% 2.9%5.2% 3.8%

0.0%3.4% 3.4% 4.1%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

US


Smokeless Tobacco

A total of 7.4% of Total Service Area adults use some type of smokeless tobacco

every day or on some days.

Worse than the national percentage.


Statistically high in Boyle County; lower in Garrard and Washington counties.

Similar to 2011 findings.

Examples of smokeless

tobacco include chewing

tobacco, snuff, or “snus.”

171

Use of Smokeless Tobacco





Smokeless tobacco includes chewing tobacco or snuff.

10.0%4.7% 2.5%

11.9%6.5%

2.2%7.4%

4.0%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

US


6.8% 7.4%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

Related Key Informant Input: Tobacco


Many focus group participants are concerned with tobacco use in the community, citing

these issues:

Serious health concern

Resistance to smoke-free areas

Focus group members feel that tobacco use represents a serious health concern for the

community. Historically, tobacco has been a part of the state’s income and a major

agricultural product. This past has altered residents’ perception of the negative

consequences of tobacco use.

“I grew up on a tobacco farm, that was our cash crop, because you could get the most money for

the smallest acreage and so we would have corn crops and other things too, but you had to do a

lot more acreage to get the same dollar amount. Now that's continued to somewhat diminish in

the state, but that was our cash account crop and smoking became money.” — Key Informant

Also of concern are the harmful effects of secondhand smoke. A participant explains the

pushback he receives when attempting to get local stores to become smoke-free:

“We tried to, as a board of health, work on tobacco free areas and I can't find anybody that will

help me. The judge said, ‘Don't bring it up.’ The health board said, ‘Don't bring it up.’ And it's

just the way they (Garrard County) is…We're still almost one of, we are one of the highest

counties in the state for tobacco, adult tobacco use.” — Key Informant

172


Among key informants taking part in the online survey who view Tobacco as a “major


Lack of understanding of many of the long-term risk and others who ignore them.

High rates of cigarette smoking, snuff and chewing.

Long history of tobacco production and smoking as acceptable.

Ingrained habit. Tobacco farming has been a major crop for many years. A tobacco addiction is

hard to overcome.

No local policies on smoking in public places and it is much more prevalent than in western

Kentucky.



Education and breaking the long-standing acceptability of use.

Smoke-free ordinance statewide, raise taxes on tobacco products, publicity campaigns.

Smoke-free legislation, better enforcement of not selling to juveniles.

173

ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES

174

Health Insurance Coverage

Type of Healthcare Coverage

A total of 60.7% of Total Service Area adults age 18 to 64 report having healthcare

coverage through private insurance. Another 22.6% report coverage through a

government-sponsored program (e.g., Medicaid, Medicare, military benefits).

Healthcare Insurance Coverage(Among Adults Age 18-64; Total Service Area, 2014)



Insured, Employer-Based

54.5%

Insured, Self-Purchase

5.8%

Insured, Unknown Type

0.4%

Medicaid 9.0%

Medicare 7.6%

VA/Military 3.0%

Medicaid & Medicare

1.4%

Other Gov't Coverage

1.6%

No Insurance/

Self-Pay 16.6%

Lack of Health Insurance Coverage

Among adults age 18 to 64, 16.6% report having no insurance coverage for

healthcare expenses.

Better than the state finding.


The Healthy People 2020 target is universal coverage (0% uninsured).

Worst in Lincoln County; better in Garrard, Mercer, and Washington counties.

Denotes a statistically significant decrease from 2011 findings.

Here, lack of health insurance

coverage reflects

respondents age 18 to 64

(thus, excluding the Medicare

population)

who have no type of

insurance coverage for

healthcare services – neither

private insurance nor

government-sponsored plans

(e.g., Medicaid).

Survey respondents were

asked a series of questions

to determine their

healthcare insurance

coverage, if any, from

either private or

government-sponsored

sources.

175

20.2%23.5%

8.1%

24.5%

9.7%6.9%

16.6%20.9%

15.1%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

KY US

Healthy People 2020 Target = 0.0% (Universal Coverage)

Lack of Healthcare Insurance Coverage(Among Adults Age 18-64)





US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. December 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov [Objective AHS-1]

Notes: Asked of all respondents under the age of 65.

22.0%

16.6%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

The following population segments are more likely to be without healthcare insurance

coverage:

Men.

Young adults.

Residents living at lower incomes (note the 28.5% uninsured prevalence among

low-income adults).

Lack of Healthcare Insurance Coverage(Among Adults Age 18-64; Total Service Area, 2014)


US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. December 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov [Objective AHS-1]

Notes: Asked of all respondents under the age of 65.




22.9%

10.9%

22.9%

12.1%

28.5%

8.2%

16.5% 18.4% 16.6%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA

Healthy People 2020 Target = 0.0% (Universal Coverage)

176

As might be expected, uninsured adults in the Total Service Area are less likely to

receive routine care and preventive health screenings, and are more likely to have

experienced difficulties accessing healthcare.

Preventive Healthcare(By Insured Status; Total Service Area, 2014)

Sources: 2014 PRC Community Health Survey, Professional Research Consultants, Inc. [Items 17, 20, 45, 48, 175, 178]


72.4%

65.4%61.9%

54.3%

31.0%

23.8%

97.4% 93.7%

83.9%

41.6%

71.8%

59.2%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Blood Pressure

Test in Past 2 Yrs

Cholesterol Test

in Past 5 Yrs

Specific Source

of Ongoing Care

Access

Difficulties

Checkup

in Past Year

Eye Exam

in Past 2 Yrs

Uninsured Insured

Recent Lack of Coverage (Insurance Instability)

Among currently insured adults in the Total Service Area, 10.4% report that they

were without healthcare coverage at some point in the past year.

Similar to US findings.

Higher in Garrard County.

Marks a statistically significant increase in insurance instability.

Went Without Healthcare Insurance

Coverage At Some Point in the Past Year(Among Insured Adults)



Notes: Asked of all insured respondents.

7.0%10.4%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

9.9% 11.2%

17.2%

8.2% 8.7% 6.9%10.4%

8.1%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

US

177

Among insured adults, the following segments are more likely to have gone without

healthcare insurance coverage at some point in the past year:

Adults under age 65 (negative correlation with age).


Went Without Healthcare Insurance

Coverage At Some Point in the Past Year(Among Insured Adults; Total Service Area, 2014)


Notes: Asked of all insured respondents.




10.1% 10.6%16.0%

10.5%

2.8%

25.8%

1.8%

10.2%12.8%

10.4%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA

178

Difficulties Accessing Healthcare Access to comprehensive, quality health care services is important for the achievement of health equity and

for increasing the quality of a healthy life for everyone. It impacts: overall physical, social, and mental health

status; prevention of disease and disability; detection and treatment of health conditions; quality of life;

preventable death; and life expectancy.

Access to health services means the timely use of personal health services to achieve the best health

outcomes. It requires three distinct steps: 1) Gaining entry into the health care system; 2) Accessing a health

care location where needed services are provided; and 3) Finding a health care provider with whom the

patient can communicate and trust.


Difficulties Accessing Services

A total of 43.4% of Total Service Area adults report some type of difficulty or delay

in obtaining healthcare services in the past year.


Highest in Casey County; lowest in Boyle County.

Unchanged over time.

Experienced Difficulties or Delays of Some Kind

in Receiving Needed Healthcare in the Past Year




Represents the percentage of respondents experiencing one or more barriers to accessing healthcare in the past 12 months.

38.3%

54.7%51.7%

44.2%

35.3%

42.2% 43.4%39.9%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

US

43.6% 43.4%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

Note that the following demographic groups more often report difficulties accessing

healthcare services:

Young adults (negative correlation with age).


This indicator reflects the

percentage of the total

population experiencing

problems accessing

healthcare in the past year,

regardless of whether they

needed or sought care.

179

Experienced Difficulties or Delays of Some Kind

in Receiving Needed Healthcare in the Past Year(Total Service Area, 2014)



Represents the percentage of respondents experiencing one or more barriers to accessing healthcare in the past 12 months.




40.6%

46.0%50.7%

42.9%

31.1%

56.1%

31.6%

43.0% 44.3% 43.4%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA

Barriers to Healthcare Access

Of the tested barriers, cost of a physician visit impacted the greatest share of Total

Service Area adults (17.3% say that cost prevented them from obtaining a visit to a

physician in the past year).

The proportion of Total Service Area adults impacted was statistically comparable

to or better than that found nationwide for each of the tested barriers.

Compared to baseline 2011 data, the Total Service Area has seen a significant

improvement with regard to the barriers of transportation and cost of

prescription medications.

Barriers to Access Have

Prevented Medical Care in the Past Year




20.0%23.1%

15.0% 14.9%11.8%

9.2%

17.3% 15.7% 15.2% 15.2%

9.2%6.3%

18.2%15.8% 17.0% 15.4%

11.0% 9.4%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Cost

(Doctor Visit)

Cost

(Prescriptions)

Getting a

Dr Appointment

Inconvenient

Office Hours

Finding

a Doctor

Lack of

Transportation

TSA 2011 TSA 2014 US

To better understand healthcare

access barriers, survey

participants were asked whether

any of six types of barriers to

access prevented them from

seeing a physician or obtaining a

needed prescription in the

past year.

Again, these percentages reflect

the total population, regardless

of whether medical care was

needed or sought.

180

As may be expected, adults without healthcare insurance coverage are more

likely to report barriers to access, especially those related to cost.

Barriers to Healthcare Access(By Insured Status; Total Service Area, 2014)



43.1%

25.1%

18.6%

12.9%9.7%

3.2%

13.6% 14.0% 15.0%

8.3%

16.0%

6.6%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Cost

(Doctor Visit)

Cost

(Prescriptions)

Getting a

Dr Appointment

Finding

a Doctor

Inconvenient

Office Hours

Lack of

Transportation

Uninsured Insured

Prescriptions

Among all Total Service Area adults, 17.1% skipped or reduced medication doses in

the past year in order to stretch a prescription and save money.


Favorably low in Mercer County.

Denotes a statistically significant decrease over time.

Skipped or Reduced Prescription Doses in

Order to Stretch Prescriptions and Save Money




19.3%21.9%

16.0%19.6%

10.5%12.9%

17.1% 15.3%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

US

25.2%

17.1%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

181

Adults more likely to have skipped or reduced their prescription doses include:

Women.

Adults age 40 to 64.

Respondents with lower incomes.

Non-White residents.

Uninsured adults.

Skipped or Reduced Prescription Doses in

Order to Stretch Prescriptions and Save Money(Total Service Area, 2014)






13.7%

20.2%16.1%

20.0%

12.8%

24.7%

11.2%15.9%

30.6%

15.9%

25.2%

17.1%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White Insured Unin-

sured

TSA

182

Accessing Healthcare for Children

A total of 4.4% of parents say there was a time in the past year when they needed

medical care for their child, but were unable to get it.

Statistically similar to what is reported nationwide.


Highest among parents of children under age 5.

Had Trouble Obtaining Medical Care for Child in the Past Year(Among Parents of Children 0-17)




7.8%3.1% 3.9% 4.4% 6.0%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

TSA

Children 0-4

TSA

Children 5-12

TSA

Children 13-17

TSA US

Parents with trouble obtaining medical care for their child mainly reported

barriers due to cost, lack of insurance coverage, or insurance issues. Lack of

appointment reminders was also mentioned.

1.9%4.4%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

Among the parents experiencing difficulties, the majority cited cost, lack of insurance

coverage, and insurance issues as the primary reason; others cited lack of appointment

reminders.

Related Key Informant Input: Access to Healthcare Services


Many of the key informants participating in the focus group are concerned with access to

healthcare, discussing such issues as:

Barriers to accessing healthcare services

Medicaid recipient access

Physician office hours

Cost of healthcare

Transportation

Importance of preventive care

Surveyed parents were also

asked if, within the past year,

they experienced any trouble

receiving medical care for a

randomly-selected child in

their household.

183

Focus group participants agree that residents encounter several barriers when trying to

access healthcare services. However, respondents note that the hospital’s new clinics

throughout the region have really helped improve access for those residents outside of

Danville. Key informants believe that a number of physicians in the community will not

accept Medicaid recipients and some other insurance carriers. Even with the expansion

of insurance coverage, focus group members worry that there will be an inadequate

number of providers in the area. This makes it very difficult for those residents to obtain

medical care. A respondent explains:

“Like an instance in my county with my board chairman, he specifically says that they wouldn't

be taking Anthem so what's going to happen to those residents in our county that choose

Anthem? They're not going to have the accessibility to a physician.” — Key Informant

Physician office hours do not support working families. The traditional 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.

office hours can delay a resident’s ability to access healthcare. Many residents do not

have salaried positions, which make getting to a doctor appointment during normal

office hours difficult as they must take time off work. These residents do not want to miss

work because of the dock in pay and the fear that they will lose future shifts.

“My youngest child works at the Kroger out here in south Danville, and she is, of course, low

person on the totem pole, and they do their schedules a week at a time, so if you are scheduled

for a medical appointment, and she has to choose do I want the hours, they're not going to give

you hours some other time. It's use it or lose it and I've seen her not keep her own appointments

and as parent you're horrified, but she had to make that choice.” — Key Informant

The cost of healthcare, even for those with insurance, can prove burdensome. In

addition, many insurance plans now require copayments, which is different than in

previous years. Some key informants think that residents are reluctant to access care if

they have to pay at the time of service.

Transportation can also act as a barrier, with few public transit options in the rural

communities surrounding Danville. Residents without personal transportation must rely

upon family members, which is not always a reliable option.

“There is a big issue in our county as far as transportation because if, with my patients, they're

scheduled, they have to get a sister or someone to drive them in. And I've had my staff, if they

didn't show up for appointments, ask them, ‘Why didn't you keep it?’ and most of its been

transportation problems, just trying to find someone to bring them to their appointments.” — Key

Informant

Focus group members also spent time discussing the importance of preventive care.

Participants agree that residents lack awareness and do not take advantage of the current

health programs. Many community members do not access care until they become very

ill. Furthermore, respondents worry that some parents are not tending to their children’s

health.

“I see children come in that are starving to death because their parents have done something else

with their benefits, sold them off to buy things. I see these kids that don't have shoes and things

and you just know that their health is not good because they're sick and they'll send them to the

program sick, they'll send them to school sick. I just, I think, especially, we've started to touch

some now in Lincoln County and I have ran into some children that absolutely break my heart,

184

things that I had never imagined, it's really heart-wrenching to see those children. They're in

really poor health.” — Key Informant



concerns. Those ranking Access to Healthcare Services as a “major problem” in the

community cited the following challenges:

Poverty, un/under-insurance, transportation, insufficient primary care capacity.

Transportation to and from the doctor’s office, but mainly cost. What's considered affordable by

lawmakers really isn't to majority of the population. I also think many don't even understand

really how to sign up for a lot of care that is available to them.

They noted that low-income and less educated residents are at greatest risk. Suggestions

to improve access to healthcare services include the following:

Develop a broad-based healthy community coalition with adequate funding and leadership, and

hold the health system(s) accountable for meeting community needs.

Find something that truly is affordable to everyone! Because medications especially are high.

185

Primary Care Services Improving health care services depends in part on ensuring that people have a usual and ongoing source of

care. People with a usual source of care have better health outcomes and fewer disparities and costs. Having a

primary care provider (PCP) as the usual source of care is especially important. PCPs can develop meaningful

and sustained relationships with patients and provide integrated services while practicing in the context of

family and community. Having a usual PCP is associated with:

Greater patient trust in the provider

Good patient-provider communication

Increased likelihood that patients will receive appropriate care

Improving health care services includes increasing access to and use of evidence-based preventive services.

Clinical preventive services are services that: prevent illness by detecting early warning signs or symptoms

before they develop into a disease (primary prevention); or detect a disease at an earlier, and often more

treatable, stage (secondary prevention).


Specific Source of Ongoing Care

A total of 81.0% of Total Service Area adults were determined to have a specific

source of ongoing medical care (a “medical home”).


Fails to satisfy the Healthy People 2010 objective (95% or higher).

Favorably high in Washington County.

No significant change since 2011.

Have a Specific Source of Ongoing Medical Care



US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. December 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov [Objective AHS-5.1]


80.5% 78.7%81.3% 83.7%

75.7%

89.2%

81.0%76.3%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

US

[All Ages] Healthy People 2020 Target = 95.0% or Higher

77.5%81.0%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

When viewed by demographic characteristics, lower-income adults are less likely

to have a specific source of care.

Among adults age 18-64, 79.9% have a specific source for ongoing medical care,

more favorable than national findings.

- Fails to satisfy the Healthy People 2020 target for this age group (89.4% or

higher).

Having a specific source

of ongoing care includes

having a doctor’s office,

clinic, urgent care center,

walk-in clinic, health

center facility, hospital

outpatient clinic, HMO or

prepaid group,

military/VA clinic, or some

other kind of place to go

if one is sick or needs

advice about his or

her health. This resource

is also known as a

“medical home.”

A hospital emergency

room is not considered a

source of ongoing care in

this instance.

186

Among adults 65+, 84.9% have a specific source for care, similar to the

percentage reported among seniors nationally.

- Fails to satisfy the Healthy People 2020 target of 100% for seniors.

Have a Specific Source of Ongoing Medical Care(Total Service Area, 2014)


US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. December 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov [Objectives AHS-5.1, 5.3, 5.4]





78.3%83.4%

77.0%82.1%

84.9%

76.2%

85.0%80.6%

86.9%81.0%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA

[All Ages] Healthy People 2020 Target = 95.0% or Higher

[Age 18-64] Healthy People 2020 Target = 89.4% or Higher

[Age 65+] Healthy People 2020 Target = 100%

18-64 =

79.9%

Type of Place Used for Medical Care

When asked where they usually go if they are sick or need advice about their

health, the greatest share of respondents (69.4%) identified a particular doctor’s

office.

A total of 10.0% say they usually go to some type of clinic, while 2.9% rely on a

hospital emergency room and 1.6% visit a VA/military facility.

Particular Place Utilized for Medical Care(Total Service Area, 2014)



Dr's Office 69.4%

None 13.3%

Clinic 10.0%

Hospital ER 2.9%

Other 2.8%

VA/Military 1.6%

187

Utilization of Primary Care Services

Adults

Two-thirds of adults (67.0%) visited a physician for a routine checkup in the past

year.


Comparable by county.

Comparable to 2011 findings.

Have Visited a Physician for a Checkup in the Past Year




64.8%69.4%

66.9% 66.5% 67.5% 69.5%67.0% 65.0%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

US

65.6% 67.0%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

Men and adults under age 40 are less likely to have received routine care in the

past year (note the positive correlation with age), as are Non-White residents in

the Total Service Area.

Have Visited a Physician for a Checkup in the Past Year(Total Service Area, 2014)






59.7%

73.8%

52.1%

70.4%

82.8%

63.7%67.1% 67.7%

55.0%

67.0%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA

188

Children

Among surveyed parents, 77.9% report that their child has had a routine checkup in

the past year.


Marks a statistically significant decrease from 2011 findings.

As may be expected, routine checkups are highest in the Total Service Area

among children under age 5.

Child Has Visited a Physician

for a Routine Checkup in the Past Year(Among Parents of Children 0-17)




87.1%

77.9%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

97.1%

72.9% 72.7%77.9%

84.1%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

TSA

Children 0-4

TSA

Children 5-12

TSA

Children 13-17

TSA US

189

Emergency Room Utilization A total of 9.4% of Total Service Area adults have gone to a hospital emergency

room more than once in the past year about their own health.




Have Used a Hospital

Emergency Room More Than Once in the Past Year




10.6%6.3%

8.7%11.2% 10.8%

4.6%9.4% 8.9%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

US

Used the ER because:

• Emergency Situation = 53.6%

• Weekend/After Hours = 31.2%

• Access Problems = 10.1%

10.4% 9.4%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

Of those using a hospital ER, 53.6% say this was due to an emergency or life-

threatening situation, while 31.2% indicated that the visit was during after-hours or on

the weekend and 10.1% cited difficulties accessing primary care for various reasons.

Use of the ER is notably high among residents in households with lower incomes.

Have Used a Hospital Emergency Room

More Than Once in the Past Year(Total Service Area, 2014)






11.0%7.8%

11.9%7.5% 9.3%

16.2%

4.0%9.4% 8.4% 9.4%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA

190

Oral Health The health of the mouth and surrounding craniofacial (skull and face) structures is central to a person’s overall

health and well-being. Oral and craniofacial diseases and conditions include: dental caries (tooth decay);

periodontal (gum) diseases; cleft lip and palate; oral and facial pain; and oral and pharyngeal (mouth and

throat) cancers.

The significant improvement in the oral health of Americans over the past 50 years is a public health success

story. Most of the gains are a result of effective prevention and treatment efforts. One major success is

community water fluoridation, which now benefits about 7 out of 10 Americans who get water through public

water systems. However, some Americans do not have access to preventive programs. People who have the

least access to preventive services and dental treatment have greater rates of oral diseases. A person’s ability

to access oral healthcare is associated with factors such as education level, income, race, and ethnicity.

Oral health is essential to overall health. Good oral health improves a person’s ability to speak, smile, smell,

taste, touch, chew, swallow, and make facial expressions to show feelings and emotions. However, oral

diseases, from cavities to oral cancer, cause pain and disability for many Americans. Good self-care, such as

brushing with fluoride toothpaste, daily flossing, and professional treatment, is key to good oral health. Health

behaviors that can lead to poor oral health include:

Tobacco use

Excessive alcohol use

Poor dietary choices

Barriers that can limit a person’s use of preventive interventions and treatments include:

Limited access to and availability of dental services

Lack of awareness of the need for care

Cost

Fear of dental procedures

There are also social determinants that affect oral health. In general, people with lower levels of education and

income, and people from specific racial/ethnic groups, have higher rates of disease. People with disabilities

and other health conditions, like diabetes, are more likely to have poor oral health.

Community water fluoridation and school-based dental sealant programs are 2 leading evidence-based

interventions to prevent tooth decay.

Major improvements have occurred in the nation’s oral health, but some challenges remain and new concerns

have emerged. One important emerging oral health issue is the increase of tooth decay in preschool children.

A recent CDC publication reported that, over the past decade, dental caries (tooth decay) in children ages 2 to

5 have increased.

Lack of access to dental care for all ages remains a public health challenge. This issue was highlighted in a

2008 Government Accountability Office (GAO) report that described difficulties in accessing dental care for

low-income children. In addition, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) has convened an expert panel to evaluate

factors that influence access to dental care.

Potential strategies to address these issues include:

Implementing and evaluating activities that have an impact on health behavior.

Promoting interventions to reduce tooth decay, such as dental sealants and fluoride use.

Evaluating and improving methods of monitoring oral diseases and conditions.

Increasing the capacity of State dental health programs to provide preventive oral health services.

Increasing the number of community health centers with an oral health component.


http://www.thecommunityguide.org/oral/index.html

http://www.thecommunityguide.org/oral/index.html

191

Dental Care

Adults

Just over one-half of Total Service Area adults (55.8%) have visited a dentist or

dental clinic (for any reason) in the past year.

Lower than statewide findings.


Satisfies the Healthy People 2020 target (49% or higher).

Highest in Washington County; lowest in Casey County.


Have Visited a Dentist or

Dental Clinic Within the Past Year



US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. December 2010. http://www.healthypeople.gov [Objective OH-7]




55.0%

46.1%

56.5%50.8%

63.8%66.4%

55.8%60.3%

65.9%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

KY US


58.6%55.8%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

Note the following:

Men in the Total Service Area are less likely than women to report recent dental

visits.

Persons living in the higher income category report much higher utilization of

oral health services (low-income adults fail to satisfy the Healthy People 2020

target).

As might be expected, persons without dental insurance report much lower

utilization of oral health services than those with dental coverage.

192

Have Visited a Dentist or

Dental Clinic Within the Past Year(Total Service Area, 2014)







51.3%

59.9%54.8% 55.1%

57.7%

35.7%

70.7%

56.1%

49.0%

69.6%

42.3%

55.8%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White Dental

Insurance

No Dental

Insurance

TSA


Children

A total of 81.3% of parents report that their child (age 2 to 17) has been to a dentist

or dental clinic within the past year.

Nearly identical to national findings.

Satisfies the Healthy People 2020 target (49% or higher).


Regular dental care is notably lower among children age 2 to 4.

Child Has Visited a Dentist or

Dental Clinic Within the Past Year(Among Parents of Children 2-17)




Notes: Asked of all respondents with children age 2 through 17.

76.4%81.3%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

55.8%

88.5%83.0% 81.3% 81.5%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

TSA

Children 2-4

TSA

Children 5-12

TSA

Children 13-17

TSA US


193

Dental Insurance

Over one-half of Total Service Area adults (53.9%) have dental insurance that covers

all or part of their dental care costs.

Lower than the national finding.

Lower in Casey and Lincoln counties; highest in Garrard and Mercer.


Have Insurance Coverage That Pays

All or Part of Dental Care Costs




50.9%53.9%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

53.5%

44.8%

72.4%

42.0%

62.8%

47.6%

53.9%

65.6%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

US

Related Key Informant Input: Oral Health


Many focus group participants discussed oral health in the community, with primary

concerns including the following:

Importance of regular preventive dental care

Medicaid recipients

According to focus group attendees, oral health is a significant need for the region. Key

informants recognize the importance of regular preventive dental care; however, many

residents face barriers in accessing dental treatment because only a limited number of

dentists will accept Medicaid recipients. Most community members with Medicaid

insurance must travel to the University of Kentucky to obtain dental care. This can be

especially difficult for those without reliable personal transportation.


Among key informants taking part in the online survey who view Oral Health as a “major


194

Access. Very few providers accept Medicaid or Medicare. Also, lack of education about oral

health and generational problems with valuing oral health.

Coast and accessibility that is affordable.

Toothless rate, cavities in children, insufficient dental care providers, legislative practice

prohibitions imposed on dental hygienists.

We have a good supply of providers. I list it as a major problem because dental work is not

covered by Medicaid or a number of insurance policies. I believe the Affordable Care Act may

address this.

They stated that low-income residents are at greatest risk for poor oral health. When

asked what could be done to improve this problem in terms of programs, services or

policies, the following suggestions were made:

Require all dentists or other providers to accept all forms of insurance, including state-funded

insurance so there are not two separate and unequal systems of care.

Appropriate scope of practice laws and educating more dentists; provide reasonable

reimbursement through Medicaid.

195

Vision Care A total of 54.9% of residents had an eye exam in the past two years during which

their pupils were dilated.

Statistically comparable to national findings.

Similar findings by county.

Similar to the 2011 survey findings.

Had an Eye Exam in the Past Two

Years During Which the Pupils Were Dilated




56.3%53.5% 52.3% 51.5%

61.8%

51.1%54.9% 56.8%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

US

58.8%54.9%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

Recent vision care in the Total Service Area is more often reported among:

Women.

Older residents (positive correlation with age).

Residents with higher incomes.

Had an Eye Exam in the Past Two

Years During Which the Pupils Were Dilated(Total Service Area, 2014)






49.5%

60.0%

42.1%

56.3%

71.8%

47.6%

57.1% 55.4%52.7%

54.9%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White TSA

RELATED ISSUE:

See also Vision & Hearing in

the Deaths & Disease


196

LOCAL RESOURCES

197

Perceptions of Local Healthcare Services One-half of Total Service Area adults (50.7%) rates the overall healthcare services

available in their community as “excellent” or “very good.”

Another 34.1% gave “good” ratings.

Rating of Overall Healthcare

Services Available in the Community(Total Service Area, 2014)



Excellent 15.6%

Very Good 35.1%

Good 34.1%

Fair 10.9%

Poor 4.2%

However, 15.1% of residents characterize local healthcare services as “fair” or

“poor.”

Similar to that reported nationally.

Less favorable in Casey County.

Marks a statistically significant improvement in ratings.

Perceive Local Healthcare Services as “Fair/Poor”




12.7%

23.0%

9.9%

16.1% 17.0%13.8% 15.1% 16.5%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Boyle

County

Casey

County

Garrard

County

Lincoln

County

Mercer

County

Wash-

ington

County

Total

Service

Area

US

19.8%15.1%

TSA 2011 TSA 2014

198

The following residents are more critical of local healthcare services:

Men.

Adults under age 65.

Residents with lower incomes.

Uninsured adults.

Perceive Local Healthcare Services as “Fair/Poor”(Total Service Area, 2014)






19.4%

11.3%16.8% 16.0%

10.2%

20.0%

12.4%15.2% 15.8%

34.4%

12.2%15.1%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


Income

Mid/High

Income

White Non-White Insured Unin-

sured

TSA

199

Resources Available to Address

the Significant Health Needs The following represent potential measures and resources (such as programs,

organizations, and facilities in the community) available to address the significant health

needs identified in this report. This list is not exhaustive, but rather outlines those

resources identified in the course of conducting this Community Health Needs

Assessment.

AA, NA and Other Support Groups

Affordable Care Act

American Lung Association, Great American Smoke-Out

Bluegrass Mental Health

Bluegrass Ultra Transit

Boyle County Detention Center

Boyle County Health Department, Other County Health Departments

Churches

City of Danville

Community Mental Health Center

Comprehensive Care

Cooperative Extension Agent

Court Appointed Special Advocates (CASA) for Children

Court System

Ephraim McDowell Health

Family Resource Center

First Responders

Haggin Hospital

Health Departments

Hope Clinic

Isaiah House

Liberty Ranch

Local Board of Health

Local Community Mental Health Centers

Local Kentucky Agency for Substance Abuse Policy (ASAP) Boards

Local School Districts, School Health

Parenting Classes

Parks and Recreation Department

200

Physicians, Local Medical Providers

Pregnancy Resource Center

Protection and Permanency (DCBS)

Smoking Cessation Classes

Suboxone Clinics

University of Kentucky Dental School/Dental Van

WestCare Kentucky's Detention Center Recovery Program

201

Collaboration Related Key Informant Input


Focus Group participants spent time discussing the amount of collaboration occurring in

the region between non-profit organizations, healthcare facilities, and law enforcement.

Key informants relate that a good level of collaboration occurs in the region but

coordination between agencies can improve. Many agencies want to collaborate and

also coordinate.

“To join in that vein of collaboration we should all talk after this because we have manpower that

we can offer and could possibly even join in with some of the funding that you would need.” —

Key Informant

Participants feel that organizations currently operate as “specialists,” but many

community members have multiple health and personal issues, so organizations need to

be able to focus on the whole person.

“I think a lot of the times, especially when we're dealing with a population that has a lot of issues

to begin with, whether it's health issues, or income issues, education issues, whatever the thing

that they're dealing with is, we are so segmented. We've become such a specialized society,

whether it's specialized in our field of healthcare, whether it's specialized in our field of education,

whatever that may be, that we expect the person coming to us with whatever their problem is, to

deal with just that one issue; and I think Kay touched on it, that somebody that has a problem

doesn't have a specialized problem, they have problems. And somebody with those issues doesn't

always have the transportation, the money, the time, the resources, they don't have all of those

things and so I think that's where the real key is going to be.” — Key Informant

202

APPENDIX

203

Boyle County Results

Summary Table

In 2008, Ephraim McDowell Health also sponsored a survey of Boyle County, Kentucky.

Current findings for Boyle County, as well as trends to the 2008 survey of Boyle County,

are outlined in the following tables.

Boyle

County 2014

Boyle Co. vs. Benchmarks

General Health Status vs. KY vs. US

vs. HP2020

TREND (2008)

% "Fair/Poor" Physical Health 17.7 B d d 23.9 15.3 19.5

% Activity Limitations 26.1 d h d 26.2 21.5 21.4

B d h


Boyle

County 2014


Access to Health Services vs. KY vs. US

vs. HP2020

TREND (2008)

% [Age 18-64] Lack Health Insurance 20.2 d h h d 20.9 15.1 0.0 15.2

% [Insured] Went Without Coverage in Past Year 9.9 d d 8.1 7.8

% Difficulty Accessing Healthcare in Past Year (Composite)

38.3 d d 39.9 39.8

% Inconvenient Hrs Prevented Dr Visit in Past Year 11.6 B d 15.4 14.8

% Cost Prevented Getting Prescription in Past Year 18.0 d d 15.8 16.9

% Cost Prevented Physician Visit in Past Year 17.5 d d 18.2 17.1

% Difficulty Getting Appointment in Past Year 12.6 B d 17.0 13.7

% Difficulty Finding Physician in Past Year 7.0 B d 11.0 10.2

% Transportation Hindered Dr Visit in Past Year 5.5 B d 9.4 6.3

204

Boyle County

2014


Access to Health Services (continued) vs. KY vs. US

vs. HP2020

TREND (2008)

% Skipped Prescription Doses to Save Costs 19.3 h d 15.3 20.8

% Difficulty Getting Child's Healthcare in Past Year 8.8 d d 6.0 5.9

% [Age 18+] Have a Specific Source of Ongoing Care

80.5 B h d 76.3 95.0 79.2

% Have Had Routine Checkup in Past Year 64.8 d d 65.0 64.4

% Child Has Had Checkup in Past Year 80.0 d d 84.1 86.4

% Two or More ER Visits in Past Year 10.6 d d 8.9 8.2

% Rate Local Healthcare "Fair/Poor" 12.7 B B 16.5 17.4

B d h


Boyle

County 2014


Arthritis, Osteoporosis & Chronic Back Conditions

vs. KY vs. US vs.

HP2020 TREND (2008)

% [50+] Arthritis/Rheumatism 40.5 d d 37.3 47.4

% [50+] Osteoporosis 9.8 d h d 13.5 5.3 12.9

% Sciatica/Chronic Back Pain 23.4 h B 18.4 30.1

B d h


Boyle County

2014


Cancer vs. KY vs. US

vs. HP2020

TREND (2008)

Cancer (Age-Adjusted Death Rate) 196.8 h h B 182.5 160.6 213.3

% Skin Cancer 9.1 d d d 7.3 6.7 6.5

% Cancer (Other Than Skin) 6.6 d d d 7.1 6.1 4.9

205

Boyle County

2014


Cancer (continued) vs. KY vs. US

vs. HP2020

TREND (2008)

% [Women 50-74] Mammogram in Past 2 Years 69.9 d h h d 74.6 83.6 81.1 77.5

% [Women 21-65] Pap Smear in Past 3 Years 79.9 d d h d 76.6 83.9 93.0 83.0

% [Age 50+] Sigmoid/Colonoscopy Ever 72.0 B d B 65.9 75.2 65.5

% [Age 50+] Blood Stool Test in Past 2 Years 21.5 B h h 13.9 36.9 33.3

B d h


Boyle County

2014


Chronic Kidney Disease vs. KY vs. US

vs. HP2020

TREND (2008)

Kidney Disease (Age-Adjusted Death Rate) 25.1

% Kidney Disease 4.5 d d 3.0 3.0

B d h


Boyle County

2014


Diabetes vs. KY vs. US vs.

HP2020 TREND (2008)

% Diabetes/High Blood Sugar 14.3 h d d 10.7 11.7 12.4

% Borderline/Pre-Diabetes 4.4 d 5.1

% [Non-Diabetes] Blood Sugar Tested in Past 3 Years

46.5 d 49.2

B d h


206

Boyle

County 2014


Dementias, Including Alzheimer's Disease vs. KY vs. US

vs. HP2020

TREND (2008)

Alzheimer's Disease (Age-Adjusted Death Rate) 61.6 h h 17.7 50.8

B d h


Boyle

County 2014


Family Planning vs. KY vs. US

vs. HP2020

TREND (2008)

Teenage Birth Rate (15-19)/1,000 34.4

B d h


Boyle

County 2014


Hearing & Other Sensory or Communication Disorders

vs. KY vs. US vs.

HP2020 TREND (2008)

% Deafness/Trouble Hearing 13.1 d d 10.3 12.0

B d h


Boyle

County 2014


Heart Disease & Stroke vs. KY vs. US

vs. HP2020

TREND (2008)

Diseases of the Heart (Age-Adjusted Death Rate) 182.8 B h B 203.1 158.9 246.9

Stroke (Age-Adjusted Death Rate) 42.2 h h B 36.6 33.8 69.4

% Heart Disease (Heart Attack, Angina, Coronary Disease)

7.4 d d 6.1 8.8

% Stroke 3.7 d d d 4.2 3.9 2.8

% Blood Pressure Checked in Past 2 Years 94.9 B B d 91.0 92.6 95.9

% Told Have High Blood Pressure (Ever) 41.7 d h h d 38.0 34.1 26.9 38.2

207

Boyle

County 2014


Heart Disease & Stroke (continued) vs. KY vs. US

vs. HP2020

TREND (2008)

% [HBP] Taking Action to Control High Blood Pressure

97.5 B d 89.2 95.4

% Cholesterol Checked in Past 5 Years 89.5 B d B d 75.7 86.6 82.1 91.2

% Told Have High Cholesterol (Ever) 35.5 B h h d 41.3 29.9 13.5 36.0

% [HBC] Taking Action to Control High Blood Cholesterol

85.7 d d 81.4 88.0

% 1+ Cardiovascular Risk Factor 88.8 h d 82.3 88.0

B d h


Boyle County

2014


HIV vs. KY vs. US

vs. HP2020

TREND (2008)

% [Age 18-44] HIV Test in the Past Year 42.0 B B B 19.3 18.9 16.5

B d h


Boyle

County 2014


Immunization & Infectious Diseases vs. KY vs. US

vs. HP2020

TREND (2008)

% [Age 65+] Flu Vaccine in Past Year 64.1 d d h d 61.8 57.5 90.0 74.3

% [High-Risk 18-64] Flu Vaccine in Past Year 36.7 d h d 45.9 90.0 48.1

% [Age 65+] Pneumonia Vaccine Ever 66.3 d d h d 65.6 68.4 90.0 62.6

% [High-Risk 18-64] Pneumonia Vaccine Ever 30.3 h h d 41.9 60.0 29.9

Tuberculosis Incidence per 100,000 0.0 B B B 4.7 1.0 1.2

B d h


208

Boyle

County 2014


Injury & Violence Prevention vs. KY vs. US

vs. HP2020

TREND (2008)

Unintentional Injury (Age-Adjusted Death Rate) 56.7 h h h 28.1 36.0 41.5

% "Always" Wear Seat Belt 79.9 h h h d 91.0 84.8 92.0 79.0

% Child [Age 0-17] "Always" Uses Seat Belt/Car Seat

92.2 d d 92.2 91.7

% Child [Age 5-17] "Always" Wears Bicycle Helmet 38.0 d d 48.7 34.0

% Firearm in Home 57.3 h h 34.7 51.5

% [Homes With Children] Firearm in Home 61.8 h d 37.4 53.6

% [Homes With Firearms] Weapon(s) Unlocked & Loaded

21.1 d d 16.8 16.9

Violent Crime per 100,000 281.1 B h 322.9 165.8

% Victim of Violent Crime in Past 5 Years 1.8 d d 2.8 2.6

B d h


Boyle County

2014


Maternal, Infant & Child Health vs. KY vs. US vs.

HP2020 TREND (2008)

Less Than Adequate Prenatal Care (Percent) 33.1

Low Birthweight Births (Percent) 7.8 B d B 10.6 7.8 9.2

B d h


209

Boyle

County 2014


Mental Health & Mental Disorders vs. KY vs. US

vs. HP2020

TREND (2008)

% "Fair/Poor" Mental Health 13.2 d d 11.9 10.0

% Diagnosed Depression 20.9 d 20.4

% Symptoms of Chronic Depression (2+ Years) 26.5 d d 30.4 29.4

% Have Ever Sought Help for Mental Health 27.0 d 23.7

% Typical Day Is "Extremely/Very" Stressful 9.5 d d 11.9 12.8

B d h


Boyle

County 2014


Nutrition & Weight Status vs. KY vs. US

vs. HP2020

TREND (2008)

% Eat 5+ Servings of Fruit or Vegetables per Day 33.4 h h 39.5 47.0

% "Very/Somewhat" Difficult to Buy Fresh Produce 19.3 B 24.4

% Medical Advice on Nutrition in Past Year 32.5 h d 39.2 35.9

% Healthy Weight (BMI 18.5-24.9) 32.5 d d d d 31.1 34.4 33.9 33.5

% Overweight (BMI 25+) 66.6 d d d 66.9 63.1 64.9

% Obese (BMI 30+) 28.6 d d d d 31.3 29.0 30.5 33.6

% Medical Advice on Weight in Past Year 20.1 d h 23.7 43.0

% [Overweights] Counseled About Weight in Past Year

25.8 h 31.8

% [Overweights] Trying to Lose Weight Both Diet/Exercise

31.6 h d 39.5 29.1

% Children [Age 5-17] Overweight (85th Percentile) 34.2 d d 31.5 35.6

210

Boyle

County 2014


Nutrition & Weight Status (continued) vs. KY vs. US

vs. HP2020

TREND (2008)

% Children [Age 5-17] Obese (95th Percentile) 20.8 d d d 14.8 14.5 14.5

B d h


Boyle County

2014


Oral Health vs. KY vs. US

vs. HP2020

TREND (2008)

% [Age 18+] Dental Visit in Past Year 55.0 h h B h 60.3 65.9 49.0 63.5

% Child [Age 2-17] Dental Visit in Past Year 73.8 d B h 81.5 49.0 87.2

% Have Dental Insurance 53.5 h d 65.6 54.4

B d h


Boyle County

2014


Physical Activity vs. KY vs. US

vs. HP2020

TREND (2008)

% No Leisure-Time Physical Activity 31.2 d h d d 29.7 20.7 32.6 35.3

% Meeting Physical Activity Guidelines 42.0 h d 50.3 37.9

% Moderate Physical Activity 23.9 h d 30.6 20.8

% Vigorous Physical Activity 32.0 h d 38.0 30.9

% Medical Advice on Physical Activity in Past Year 37.6 h d 44.0 43.0

B d h


Boyle County

2014


Respiratory Diseases vs. KY vs. US

vs. HP2020

TREND (2008)

CLRD (Age-Adjusted Death Rate) 56.0 h h 30.4 48.3

% COPD (Lung Disease) 13.7 d h d 11.2 8.6 11.8

211

Boyle

County 2014


Respiratory Diseases (continued) vs. KY vs. US

vs. HP2020

TREND (2008)

% [Adult] Currently Has Asthma 11.2 d d d 11.1 9.4 8.4

% [Child 0-17] Currently Has Asthma 6.5 d d 7.1 10.2

B d h


Boyle County

2014


Sexually Transmitted Diseases vs. KY vs. US vs.

HP2020 TREND (2008)

Gonorrhea Incidence per 100,000 52.6 B h 62.1 35.3

% [Unmarried 18-64] 3+ Sexual Partners in Past Year

7.2 d h 11.7 1.9

% [Unmarried 18-64] Using Condoms 42.0 d B 33.6 15.8

B d h


Boyle

County 2014


Substance Abuse vs. KY vs. US vs.

HP2020 TREND (2008)

% Current Drinker 33.8 B B B 40.7 56.5 46.6

% Chronic Drinker (Average 2+ Drinks/Day) 3.3 B d d 5.3 5.2 5.6

% Binge Drinker (Single Occasion - 5+ Drinks Men, 4+ Women)

7.5 B B B B 14.9 19.5 24.4 13.3

% Drinking & Driving in Past Month 0.0 B B 5.0 1.5

% Illicit Drug Use in Past Month 0.0 B B B 4.0 7.1 1.4

% Ever Sought Help for Alcohol or Drug Problem 4.4 d d 4.9 3.1

B d h


212

Boyle

County 2014


Tobacco Use vs. KY vs. US

vs. HP2020

TREND (2008)

% Current Smoker 20.4 B h h B 28.3 14.9 12.0 27.2

% Someone Smokes at Home 14.3 d B 12.7 25.5

% [Non-Smokers] Someone Smokes in the Home 5.7 d B 6.3 10.4

% [Household With Children] Someone Smokes in the Home

17.2 d B 9.7 28.0

% [Smokers] Received Advice to Quit Smoking 61.1 d d 67.8 62.5

% [Smokers] Have Quit Smoking 1+ Days in Past Year

42.1 d h d 55.9 80.0 42.9

% Smoke Cigars 4.5 d h d 4.1 0.2 4.6

% Use Smokeless Tobacco 10.0 h h h 4.0 0.3 6.4

B d h


Boyle

County 2014


Vision vs. KY vs. US vs.

HP2020 TREND (2008)

% Blindness/Trouble Seeing 9.5 d d 8.5 10.1

% Eye Exam in Past 2 Years 56.3 d d 56.8 57.8

B d h


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