Totalitarian Governments

Chapter 13 Sections 3-5

Fascism in ItalyChapter 13 Section 3

Dissatisfaction and Unrest

Allies promised Italy territory in WWI, did not get it

Crisis in Italy-

peasants revolted

high unemployment

government in chaos

Mussolini’s Rise to Power

Benito Mussolini

Organized fascist party

Rejected communism

Black Shirts

Combat squads

Rejected democratic process for violent action

1922 - March on Rome

King gets scared and asks Mussolini to form a government

Mussolini becomes Prime Minister of Italy

Mussolini’s RuleQuickly became dictator with support of Pope Pius XI

Critics thrown in prison

Secret police

Propaganda

Rigged elections

No free press

State control of the economy

High production

No rights

Low pay

Individual & the State

Loyalty to state over all else

“Believe! Obey! Fight!”

<14 children = medal from Mussolini

Brainwashing youth

“Mussolini is always right”

Produced strong army by 1930s

What is Fascism?Totalitarian state

One-party dictatorship controls everything

State over individual

Extreme nationalism

Antidemocratic

Violent

Not Communism-

communism is international, wants people to join

Fascism is national has class system, no “workers paradise”

Check for UnderstandingWhy would fascism appeal to people?

Appeal of FascismPromises:

Strong country

Stable government

End to political feuds

Sense of power

“He got the trains running on time”

Fueled by nationalism

The Soviet Union Under Stalin

Chapter 13 Section 4

Stalin’s Five-Year Plans

Aimed at :

Building heavy industry

Improving transportation

Increasing farm output

Government owned all businesses & resources

Command economy

Government made all economic decisions

Mixed Results in Industry

Met production levels

Low quality products

No incentives

Low standard of living

Collectivization in Agriculture

Collectives

State-owned farms

All equipment, animals, etc. turned over to government

Farmers rebelled

Killed animals, destroyed equipment, etc.

Stalin executed Kulaks (wealthy farmers) or sent to labor camps

Poor harvests and seizure of grain led to famine and widespread starvation

5-8 million die in Ukraine Terror Famine

Stalin’s Terror Tactics

Terror as a weapon

No freedom of speech or press

Constantly violated human rights

Opponents sent to Gulag (forced labor camps)

Great Purge 1934-1938

Stalin eliminates rivals, critics, opponents, etc.

Executes, tortures, exiles, sends to Gulags

4-10 million people killed by Stalin

Results of the Purge

Increased Stalin’s power

Eliminated military leaders, scientists, talented writers, etc.

Communist Attempts to

Control ThoughtPropaganda

Loudspeakers, billboards, posters, theater, etc.

Censorship

Soviet Realism

Portray Soviet Union in good terms

Russification

Elimination of all non-Russian culture

Everyone in Russia is Russian

Religion

Atheism is official religion

Belief in no god

Stalin’s Propaganda

Soviet Society Under Stalin

New Elite Takes Control

Elites replace nobles as ruling class

Not a society of equals as promised

Benefits & Drawbacks

All children attend school

Universal healthcare

Provided housing

Whole family in one room

Lack of adequate nutrition

Women in the Soviet Union

Equality

Soviet Foreign Policy

Spread of Communism worldwide

Damaged relations with Western nations

Red Scare in U.S.

End of relations with Britain in 1926

Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany

Chapter 13 Section 5

Weimar Republic1919 – German constitution

Led by a Chancellor

Prime Minister

Women had right to vote

Bill of Rights

Struggle and FallCountry looked for strong leadership

Blamed Jews for economic and political problems

Runaway inflation

Prices and income rose, money became worth nothing

100 marks (July 1922) = 944,000 marks (Aug 1923)

Struggle and FallForeign powers helped German economy stabilize

1929 – Great Depression hits U.S.

U.S. ceases aid to Germany

Germany economy collapses again

Citizens turn to strong leader for recovery

Adolf Hitler

Nazi Party’s Rise to Power

Germany must expand to gain living space

Inferior races must be swept away

Mein Kampf – My Struggle

Basis of Nazi ideology

Hitler promised:

End of reparations, Jobs, Rearm Germany

Believing they could control him, Conservatives sided with Hitler over Communist rivals

Hitler became dictator within 1 year

Hitler’s First Actions

Destroyed socialists and communists

Disbanded political parties

Purged Nazi party

Demanded unquestioning obedience

The Third Reich Controls Germany

Third Reich – Third German Empire

Germany Under Hitler

Gestapo – Secret police

Enforced Hitler’s will (SS - elites)

Ended unemployment

Revived German power

Nuremberg Laws

Severe restrictions on Jews

Night of Broken Glass - KristallnachtJewish boy shoots German diplomat in Paris

Hitler calls for attacks on Jews

Leads to formulation of “Final Solution”

Nazi YouthBrainwashed youth

Less rights to women

“Pure-blooded Aryan” women received rewards for having children

Purging German Culture

Denounced modern art

Corrupted by Jews

Condemned Jazz music

African roots

Despised Christianity

Burned Books