totoes and tatehathyris lauren dogaer and katelijn vandorpe

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Totoes and Tatehathyris


TM Arch 248. Version 1 (2020) Lauren Dogaer and Katelijn Vandorpe

Place Date

Language Material

Number of texts Type

Collections Find/Acquisition

Deir el-Medina (Theban West bank) 194-100 BC Demotic, Demotic/Greek and Greek Papyrus, linen and papyrus strips 53 papyri, plus 1 papyrus strip and 5 linen strips Family archive (4 generations) Turin: Museo Egizio Found in 1905 in two sealed jars in a house near the temple precinct of Deir el-Medina

Bibliography P.W. PESTMAN, ‘La terre «La Pointe» dans le domaine Pestemenôphis’, in P. L. Bat. 19, Leiden,

1978, p. 194-205.

P.W. PESTMAN, ‘Fureter dans les papiers de Totoês: archives familiales grecques-démotiques de Turin’, in P. L. Bat. 23, Leiden, 1985, p. 144-148.

P.W. PESTMAN, ‘Was de Egyptische vrouw geëmancipeerd of niet? (een verstoorde droom)’, in P.W. PESTMAN (ed.), Familiearchieven uit het land van Pharao, een bundel artikelen samengesteld naar aanleiding van een serie lezingen van het Papyrologisch Instituut van de Rijksuniversiteit van Leiden in het voorjaar van 1986, Zutphen, 1989, p. 25-30.

U. KAPLONY-HECKEL, ‘Totendienst und Tempeldienst im Alten Ägypten’, in L. POPKO/ N. QUENOUILLE/ M. RÜCKER (eds.), Von Sklaven, Pächtern und Politikern, Beiträge zum Alltag in Ägypten, Griechenland und Rom: Δουλικά έργα zu Ehren von Reinhold Scholl (Archiv für Papyrusforschung und verwandte Gebiete 33), Berlin, 2012, p. 37-38 (“II. Das Papyrusarchiv von Deir-el-medine”).

E. LANCIERS, The shrines of Hathor and Amenhotep in Western Thebes in the Ptolemaic period’, Ancient Society 44 (2014), p. 105-125.

E. LANCIERS, ‘The Cult of Arensnuphis in Thebes in the Graeco-Roman Period’, SAK 45 (2016), p. 187-216.

C. TIREL CENA, ‘Alcune considerazioni su due papiri con cessione e affitto di ἡµέραι ἁγνευτικαί’, in Pap. Congr. XXVIII (Barcelona 2016), Barcelona, 2019, p. 456-464.

I. KATO, ‘A Re-examination of P. Tor. Botti 34A. A Demotic Document Made by Agents of Hathor for Elders of the Temple of Hathor from the Archive of Twtw (2nd Century BC, Djeme)”, in F. Naether (ed.), New Approaches in Demotic Studies. Acts of the 13th

International Conference of Demotic Studies (ZÄS-B 10), Berlin/Boston, 2019, p. 135-149.

L. UGGETTI, ‘Scribes in Ptolemaic Djême: the family of Harsiêsis and Chestephnachthis, Chronique d'Égypte 2020 (in press).

L. UGGETTI, ‘Deir el-Medina Ptolemaic Papyri: the Archive of Totoes’, in P. DEL VESCO/ Ch. GRECO/ F. POOLE/ S. TÖPFER (eds.), Deir el-Medina through the Kaleidoscope. Proceedings of the Turin International Workshop (Convegni del Museo Egizio 2), Turin, 2021(a) (in press).

L. UGGETTI, ‘The Agents of Hathor in P.Tor.Botti and the Ptolemaic Temple of Deir el-

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Medina’, BIFAO 121 (2021(b)) (in press).

The numbers in bold refer to P. Tor. Botti.

Description The archive was found early 1905 by R. Paribeni during the excavations of the Egyptian Museum of Turin at Deir el-Medina, probably on 14 February, and is kept in the Museum of Turin. Uggetti (2020 and forthcoming) discusses the find circumstances in detail. All documents were discovered in two sealed jars in the wall of a building (“House G”) to the north of the Ptolemaic enclosure wall of the Hathor temple. Both jars are photographically documented.1

532 papyri have been found inside the jars, on some of which more than one document was recorded (e.g. 25A-C and 34B-C); also, some documents have been reused, such as 39 l. 1-10 (TM 47148) for the marriage contract 39 l. 11-20 (TM 45110), or the lease 19 Ro, the back of which served as an archival note enveloping the lease 21.

All papyri were wrapped either in papyri (e.g. 19 Vo and papyrus strip 35) or linen strips (P. Tor. Botti lin. 1-5 = TM 48934-48938), all having an archival note; the total amounted to 33 or 34 scrolls. These scrolls sometimes contained more than one papyrus. Since not all details concerning the original wrapping are preserved, a reconstruction remains difficult, except in some cases such strip 35, enclosing 34A, 35B-C and 36 (Uggetti 2021b).

Most documents are written in Demotic (three have a Greek tax receipt: 3, 7, 12), some in Greek mainly related to Pikos son of Psenminis (PSI 9 1016, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025). Some of the texts on linen strips have archival notes in Demotic, exceptionally in Greek (P. L. Bat. 19 3, Greek note to a Greek document). The Greek texts have been published already in 1929 by Vitelli, the Demotic ones by Botti in 1967. L. Uggetti intends to republish the archive on the basis of his PhD (EPHE-Sorbonne/PSL 2018).

The protagonists

Totoes and Tatehathyris were members of Egyptian priestly families from the second century BC, who worked mainly in the temple of Hathor in Deir el-Medina, where the archive was found, but they did not live in this well-known New Kingdom village, as it was no longer “a zone of permanent habitation”.3 The couple probably lived in Djeme (Greek Memnoneia, modern Medinet Habu) on the Theban West bank (see the purchase by Totoes of a house inside the city's wall, in the southern quarter, 23).

Their families are linked through a common ancestor: Psenminis, son of Zmanres and Senminis, who was the great-grandfather of Tatehathyris and a brother of Totoes' grandfather (App. 1).

The archive contains documents from Totoes and his parents Zmanres4 and Tanouphis, who

1 E.g. P. Tor. Botti , vol. I, Fig. A (to the right of p. viii). 2 34A and 34B-C are written on two different papyri, see Uggetti 2021b. 3 Nevertheless, various features of the village and a number of tombs were re-used under the Ptolemies and royal interest in the area resulted in the construction of the Hathor temple, as discussed in D. Montserrat and L. Meskell, ‘Mortuary Archaeology and Religious Landscape at Graeco-Roman Deir el-Medina’, JEA 83 (1997), p. 179-197. 4 The identification of Totoes' father is problematic. Zmanres is a common name in the area. • The father of Totoes is Zmanres son of Phagonis the elder and T-kousi (6, 9).

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married in 152 BC. It was the second marriage of Zmanres, who had already children from his first wife (5, l. 6-7). Totoes had an older brother Pikos (son of the first marriage?5) and three younger sisters (9). When Zmanres made his will in 134 BC (9), probably shortly before his death, Totoes was only a few years old. The elder Pikos must have inherited most of Zmanres' papers, except for documents which were related to the inheritance of Totoes.

The papers of Totoes and his parents were intermingled with those of his wife Tatehathyris and her ancestors, including her great-grandfather Psenminis, her grandmother Labois and her father Psenminis, four generations going back as early as 194 BC. Tatehathyris' father Psenminis died in the autumn of 110 BC;6 her mother remarried one and a half year later, in May 108 BC (22). The funeral of the father was delayed because of a financial quarrel between Tatehathyris and her brother Pikos, and more than six years after his death, he was still not buried (32, 16 May 103 BC). Tatehathyris' brother Pikos must have inherited the major part of his parents' papers, except, again, for documents which were related to the inheritance of Tatehathyris.

Tatehathyris married Totoes between 12 Jan. and 20 Oct. 109 BC (P. L. Bat. 19 1 and 3), probably shortly before 8 May of that year (P. L. Bat. 19 2).7 Totoes was about 25 years old at that time.8

After their marriage in 109 BC all documents belonging to Tatehathyris were deposited in Totoes' archive and the archive was continued by both of them until 100 BC. Totoes’ wife Tatehathyris acted independently in Demotic contracts and with a guardian (kyrios) in the Greek ones. Her first guardian had been her brother Pikos, after her marriage her husband Totoes became her kyrios, who sometimes even acted as owner of Tatehathyris' land in lease contracts (Pestman 1989).

Several priests of the couple's family combine:9

• the title pastophoros (“pastos-bearer”) in Greek or “doorkeeper” in Demotic (ỉry-ʿȝ, a priest who controlled the areas of a sanctuary open to the public)10 of Amun of Djeme (in the small temple of Djeme/Medinet Habu, known as the Ḏsr-s.t temple),

• with that of prophet (ḥm-ntr) of Hathor, mistress of the West in Djeme (and varying epitheta), referring to Hathor's temple in Deir el-Medina as convincingly shown by Lanciers.11

• Zmanres son of Phagonis and Senesis marries Tanouphis (5) and sells real estate and liturgical days to her (7). • But the Egyptian “will” 9 of Zmanres son of T-kousi shows that he married Tanouphis and sold the property of 7 to

her. See also Pestman 1985, p. 147. 5 Pikos was according to Pestman (1985, p. 147) a son born out of a former marriage of Zmanres, but according to 4, Pikos was also a son of (a?) Tanouphis. On the other hand, Totoes inherited all the liturgical days of his mother Tanouphis (4), which may show he and not Pikos was a son born out of Zmanres' second marriage. 6 Pestman 1978, p. 196. 7 Pestman in P. L. Bat. 19, p. 13. 8 Totoes' age is mentioned in PSI 9 1025, 1022 and 1024. 9 Compare P. Tor. Botti, p. 12-24. 10 For the reading ỉry-ʿȝ instead of wn-pr, see F. Hoffmann and J.F. Quack, ‘Pastophoros’, in A.M. Dodson, J.J. Johnston, W. Monkhouse (eds.), A Good Scribe and an Exceedingly Wise Man: Studies in Honour of W.J. Tait (GHP Egyptology 21), London, 2014, p. 127-154. 11 The Totoes papers refer to a temple of Hathor “on the mountain" and to one “in the necropolis”, but both terms refer to the same temple of Hathor in Deir el-Medina, see Lanciers 2014; see also Tirel Cena 2019.

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• A few priests also bear the title of priest (wʿb) of Min (in Djeme/Medinet Habu) (e.g. Totoes' father Zmanres, 6).

The family members (male and female) owned or leased a large number of liturgical days, mainly in Hathor's temple in Deir el-Medina, where they served as prophet (see the tables below). Although women were able to buy and sell liturgical days, their titles and offices are never mentioned.12 Further liturgical days are leased by the family in the upper or lower-ml-shrine of the deified architect and royal scribe Amenhotep, son of Hapu. Apart from a tomb and a mortuary temple, several sanctuaries were dedicated to this healer god in Western Thebes. Łajtar13 places these shrines in the mortuary temple of Hatsjepsut, the upper one on the upper court and the lower one14 on the middle court. The ml-sanctuary possessed fields and other belongings (21 and 24). Finally, liturgical days were bought or leased by family members in the Isis sanctuary (Great Isieion),15 probably located immediately north of Medinet Habu,16 and in several shrines of the god Arsenouphis in Djeme (called Ramesnouphieion in a Greek receipt, 12).17

Liturgical days were counted by the month and/or year (e.g., 1 day a month is equal to 12 days a year). In a few cases prices are mentioned (only in the Greek texts or receipts), and to compare, one should take into account the inflations of the second century, but even then, it is clear that the liturgical days in the Hathor temple of Deir el-Medina are the most expensive ones, those in the Isis temple are about one sixth of the price, those in the shrines of Arsenouphis are very cheap. The following table mentions salesprices for one day a month (a year: x 12):

Date BC Hathor temple

Price for one day/month

Isis temple


Shrines Arsenouphis


171 900 dr.

110 15 tal. 3,600 dr. 3,000 dr.

107 24 tal. (two examples)

104 4 tal. 1,500 dr.

By 100 BC, Totoes had become one of the six elders (ẖl-ꜥy.w) or presbyteroi of the Hathor temple in Deir el-Medina,18 involving financial and organisational responsibilites.

12 Kaplony-Heckel, 2012, p. 38. 13 A. Łajtar, Deir el-Bahari in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods. A Study of an Egyptian Temple Based on Greek Sources (JJP, Supplement IV), Warsaw, 2006, p. 28-30 and 44. 14 The location of the lower shrine on the middle court has been doubted by Lanciers, see Lanciers, 2014, p. 105-108. 15 4, 25 + P.Ackerpachtverträge p. 23-24 (C), PSI 9 1024); Kaplony-Heckel, 2012, p. 38. 16 For the exact location, see E. Lanciers, ‘The Isis cult in western Thebes in the Graeco-Roman period (part II)’, Chronique d‘Egypte 90 (2015), p. 394-396; perhaps this same chapel is mentioned in a document from Panas’ archive (TM Arch 364); see P. Survey 3. 17 Lanciers, 2016. 18 See Pestman in P. L. Bat. 23, p. 169-171; Uggetti 2021b.

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Composition of the archive

The archive can be divided in four groups; a number of texts are problematic:

(1) Documents related to Tatehathyris’ family before her marriage with Totoes (194-110 BC); (2) Documents related to Totoes’ family before his marriage with Tatehathyris (150-110 BC); (3) Period of the marriage of Totoes and Tatehathyris (109-100 BC)

(a) Documents related to Tatehathyris' inheritance including the land “The Point” (b) Documents concerning liturgical days of or for Totoes and Tatehathyris (c) Other contracts of the couple (d) Cluster of texts kept by Totoes as elder or presbyteros of the Hathor temple (100 BC);

(4) Marriage and divorce contracts of female family members and friends; (5) Problematic cases.

Documents related to Tatehathyris’ family before her marriage with Totoes

(194-110 BC)

The oldest documents of the archive are related to Tatehathyris' great-grandfather Psenminis, son of Zmanres and Senminis, who bought liturgical days in Hathor's Deir el-Medina temple on two occasions. In August-September 194 BC Imouthes, son of Psenamounis (a priest of Min in Medinet Habu and of Amun-Re in the Ramesseum) sold 4 1/3 1/9 liturgical days a month (53 1/3 a year) (2), while in August-September 187 Psenminis the elder, son of a Totoes, ceded (out of his 140 days) 10 liturgical days a month equivalent to 120 days a year (1). The documents were inherited by his son Zmanres (Tatehathyris' grandfather), who, together with his brother Teos, bought more liturgical days in the Hathor temple from Phagonis the elder (grandfather of Totoes) (3 1/3 a month or 40 days a year) (3).19 The sale was negotiated for 3000 drachmas on 23 December 171 BC, while the transfer tax of 5% was paid six days later.

On 13 August 159 BC Labois, daughter of Amenothes, “sold” to her son Psenminis (father of Tatehathyris20) part of the inheritance:

• her part of a house in the southern quarter of Djeme inside the wall (including a store room, part of an entrance hall, staircase and courtyard) + ¼ of a pigeon house and its building plots in the northern quarter;

• 3 ½ arouras land and half of a plot of highland of 17 ½ arouras in the area of Pestemenophis (see below) + half of a plot of highland of 7 arouras in ‘The Point’ (Pȝ ḥȝṱ);

• 1 liturgical day in the shrine of Isis of Djeme a month (12 a year) + 5/6 liturgical day a month in the temple of Hathor (10 a year).

Of this division intended for Tatehathyris only a copy (ẖ wʿ sẖ) is extant (4),21 made 50 years later when the inheritance was divided between her and her elder brother Pikos on 8 May 109 BC (see below). Pikos must have kept the original document.

19 The 3 1/3 liturgical days were part of a set of 10 days Phagonis the elder had bought at a public auction. 20 Tatehathyris' father Psenminis, son of Zmanres and Labois, is not to be confused with Tatehathyris' great-grandfather Psenminis, son of Zmanres and Senminis, mentioned earlier. 21 P. L. Bat. 19, p. 13 n. 1.

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On 4 December 110 BC Imouthes, son of Thotsytes, priest of Pan (Min), ceded for 13 talents, 10 liturgical days a year in the temple of Hathor to Tatehathyris and her brother Pikos, who also acted as her guardian (Greek PSI 9 1019). The new owners Tatehathyris and Pikos, on the same day, leased to Imouthes these liturgical days for the remaining part of the year (9.5 months) at 100 drachmas a month (Greek PSI 9 1020). According to the verso of PSI 9 1019 a loan played a role in these transactions.22 Both Greek documents, inspired by clauses of Demotic contracts such as the “cessions”, were copies intended for Tatehathyris.23

If we take into account the number of liturgical days recorded in the above-mentioned contracts, Tatehathyris may have inherited or bought before her marriage to Totoes, on a yearly basis: c. 43 2/3 liturgical days in the Hathor temple at Deir el-Medina + 4 days in the Isis temple of Djeme, that is if she inherited 1/3 of her father's belongings (her brother received Pikos 2/3), as was the case with the rest of the inheritance (see below).

Family members of Tatehathyris

Date BC

Liturgical days in Hathor temple/ month24

Idem/ year

Liturgical days elsewhere

Varia

Psenminis (great-grandf.) (2)

194 4 1/3 1/9 days

(= 53 1/3) Bought

Psenminis (great-grandf.) (1)

187 10 = 120 Bought

Zmanres (grandf.) & brother Teos (3)

171 3 1/3 (= 40) Bought Sales price 3000 dr. for 3 1/3 day = 900 dr. for one day

Psenminis (f.) (4)

159 5/6 (= 10) 12 days in Isis temple

Inherited from his mother

Tatehathyris and brother Pikos (PSI 9 1019)

110 (5/6) = 10 Bought Sales price 13 talents for 5/6 day = 15 tal. 3,600 dr. for one day rent 100 dr./month for10 dr. for ten days (PSI 9 1020)

Total Inherited/bought by Tatehathyris and her brother Pikos

c. 43 days 2/3 (Pikos: c. 82 1/3)

4 days (Pikos: 9) or rather: 12 for Tatehathyris (see 25A, below)

22 Pestman 1978, p. 194, n. 1. 23 Tirel Cena 2016. 24 Liturgical days were counted a month and/or a year (e.g., 1 day a month is equal to 12 days a year).

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Documents related to Totoes’ family before his marriage with Tatehathyris

(150-110 BC)

Most documents are leases, sales or wills concerning liturgical days (in the temple of Hathor and in a chapel of Arsenouphis), owned by or sold to Totoes' parents Zmanres and Tanouphis, and to Totoes himself. In all, 56 days a year were in the hands of Totoes' parents by 134 BC, of which Totoes inherited 21 days (partly in 134 BC, see 4, and partly in 104 BC, see 31); in addition, he bought a number of days in one of the chapels of Arsenouphis.

Overview of the transactions:

• On 29 October 150 BC Zmanres, son of Phagonis the younger and Senapathes, ceded to his cousin Zmanres (Totoes’ father), 4 of his 7 ½ liturgical days a year in the temple of Hathor (6, see also 9, l. 4). Phagonis (I) the younger, the father of the seller, agreed.

• On 10 December 143 BC Zmanres sold to his wife Tanouphis (Totoes' mother) (7): o a room (rj.t) and adjacent courtyard in a house built in the southern quarter of Djeme + his half of a

building plot within the wall of Djeme; o 1 of his 2 liturgical days a year in the temple of Hathor, + 12 liturgical days in a chapel of

Arsenouphis in Djeme25. o The transfer tax of 5% on the total price of 12,000 drachmas was paid three weeks later (4 Jan. 142

BC). • On 13 September 137 BC (8) the pastophoros of Amun of Djeme Psenminis alias P-nehek, son of Phagonis

(I) the younger (and an uncle of Totoes), sold to Tanouphis 3 1/5 liturgical days a year in the temple of Hathor.

• Shortly before his death, on 7 May 134 BC (9), Zmanres bequeathed 56 liturgical days a year in the temple of Hathor, partly inherited by him (20 days), partly bought by him (20 4/5 days) or by his wife Tanouphis (15 1/5 days, see 7 and 8, previous paragraphs):

o The liturgical days of Tanouphis (15 1/5 days) and 5 3/2 1/10 1/30 days from Zmanres are bequeathed to Totoes in 134 BC; the 15 1/5 days of Tanouphis will be inherited by Totoes in 104 BC (31), in all 21 days.

o The remaining part of the 56 liturgical days were in the hands of Pikos, Zmanres' elder son (who inherited 14 days), of Pikos' son (9 days) and of Zmanres' three daughters (12 days).

• On 10 October 110 BC Psenapathes, son of Harsiesis, either a linen weaver or a stolistes in the temple of Sobek in Djeme,26 sold to Totoes 6 liturgical days a month in a chapel of Arsenouphis in Djeme (called the Ramesnouphieion in the Greek receipt27) (12). Almost a month later on 7 November 110 BC, the transfer tax of 10% was paid on the total price of 18,000 drachmas.

• Snachomneus the younger, son of Chesthotes, leased to Totoes' mother Tanouphis 8 liturgical days until 14 September 111 BC (30 Mesore, the end of the Egyptian year) (20).

• On 15 December 111 BC Psenmonthes, son of Pahyris, pastophoros of Amun of Djeme and priest of the royal scribe Amenhotep, son of Hapu, leased 3 liturgical days of the upper and lower-ml of the deified Amenhotep to Totoes for a period of three years (21).

25 Lanciers, 2016, p. 191-192 no. 3. 26 Lanciers, 2016, p. 197-198. 27 Lanciers, 2016, p. 192-193 no. 4, p. 197.

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Family members of Totoes

Date BC

Liturgical days in Hathor temple/ month

Idem/ year


Varia

Zmanres (f.) (cf. 9, l. 4)

- 20 Inherited from his father

Zmanres (f.) (cf. 9, l. 4)

- 3 + 4 2/3 1/10 1/30 + 5 + 4 = 16 2/3 1/10 1/30 + 12 (which will be sold to his wife in 143 BC, see below) +

Bought from a number of persons

Zmanres (f.) (6, cf. 9, l. 4)

150 (1/3)

= 4

Bought

Tanouphis (m.) (7, cf. 9, l. 6)

143 1 (= 12) 12 days (= ? 144/year) in shrine Arsenouphis

Bought from her husband Zmanres

Tanouphis (m.) (8, cf. 9, l. 5)

137 (1/4 1/60) = 3 1/5 Bought

Total: Zmanres (+ Tanouphis) (cf. 9)

56 (to be divided among children)

This total of 56 is recorded as such in 9

Totoes (9) 134 (and 104)

5 2/3 1/10 1/30 from his father, in 134 BC + 15 1/5 from his mother (12 + 3 1/5), in 104 BC = 21

Inherited from his father and mother

Totoes (12) 110 6 days (= ?72 a year) in shrine Arsenouphis

Bought Salesprice 18,000 dr = 3000 dr. for one day

Some further contracts deal with leases or sales of land, housing or cattle, or with loans:

• On 25 October 114 BC Totoes borrows 10 ½ artabas (i.e. 7 artabas plus interest of 50%) wheat from Totoes, son of Psenchonsis, (13) and 15 artabas wheat (i.e. 10 artabas plus interest of 50%) from Tanouphis, daughter of Totoes (14).

• Totoes is involved in a loan of 10 ½ artabas (i.e. 7 artabas plus interest of 50%) of wheat negotiated on 30 November 114 BC between Tasemis, daughter of Psenminis, and Psenminis, son of Petenephotes (15).

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• On 14 September 112 BC Totoes leased highland, the third part of 20 arouras, to Psenmonthes, son of Harsiesis for one year (P. Ackerpachtverträge p. 20 = 19 Ro). The back of this lease (19 Vo) was re-used one year later for an archival note of 21, a lease of liturgical days, with which it was rolled up (rotolo 27).

• On 6 March 111 BC Tanouphis ceded a cow and a pregnant donkey to her son Totoes (18).

Period of the marriage of Totoes and Tatehathyris

(109-100 BC)

a. Documents related to Tatehathyris' inheritance including the land “The Point”

Several documents deal with two plots of land located in Pestenemenophis (Pȝ šty n Imn-Ipj), a domain of the temple estate of Amun on the Theban West bank, crossed from south to north by the canal of Patinis and discussed in detail by Pestman 1978:

(plot A) an area to the west of the Patinis canal, called ‘The Point’ (Pȝ ḥȝṱ), measuring 7 arouras (extended to 7 ½ arouras later on);

(plot B) another area located to the east of the Patinis canal, measuring 17 ½ arouras.

The plots had originally been bought by Labois and her son Psenminis (father of Tatehathyris), partly at public auctions probably organised after the chaotic period of the 160s. Labois sold her part to her son Psenminis in 159 BC (4), who thus became almost28 the full owner of the two plots (amounting to 19 ½ to 21 arouras in total29). Psenminis left everything to his children Pikos (2/3) and Tatehathyris (1/3) after his death in 110 BC. Tatehathyris thus became the owner of plot A, “The Point” (7 or 7 ½ arouras).

• 12 Jan. 109 BC: Tatehathyris leased out part of her inheritance30 to Psenmonthes, son of Zmanres, for two years (110-108 BC31; Demotic P. L. Bat. 19 1, with summary on the verso);

• 8 May 109 BC: a few months after this lease, the plots were actually divided between the siblings (Demotic division P. L. Bat. 19 2), hence

o Pikos became the owner of plot B (c. 2/3 of the inheritance) o Tatehathyris of plot A, “The Point” (7 (½ ) arouras or c. 1/3 of the inheritance).

• Between 108 and 103 BC: Pikos gave ½ aroura extra to his sister (thus plot A became 7 ½ instead of 7 arouras), for which Tatehathyris' husband Totoes paid 1100 deben or 22,000 drachmas (P. L. Bat. 23 p. 182 no. 3 = 44).

Several lease contracts for Tatehathyris' plot A are preserved. Unexpectedly, Totoes occurs in three of the five leases as the owner instead of his wife (Pestman 1989).

• 20 October 109 BC: due to the division of 8 May, Tatehathyris had to alter the lease contract she negotiated on 12 January, which she did with the help of her husband Totoes: the latter now leased the entire plot A for one year to a woman, who probably subleased the land through an intermediary (Greek P. L. Bat. 19 3, with two Demotic and one Greek summary on the back32).

28 Except for 5 arouras of plot B, which were inherited by Psenminis' sister. 29 Psenminis owned 19 ½ arouras, but 21 arouras are mentioned in P. L. Bat. 19 2, see Pestman 1978, p. 198. 30 Probably her 1/3 part of plot A or c. 2 ½ arouras, see Pestman, in P. L. Bat. 19, p. 9, note c. 31 The lease must have started earlier, after the summer of 110 BC, but was written down in winter. 32 The first Demotic summary was written immediately after the transaction, the second Demotic and the Greek summaries were recorded probably after the plot was subleased through the intermediary Petechonsis, see

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• 20 October 108 BC: Tatehathyris leased the 7 arouras to her brother (25C + P. Ackerpachtverträge p. 23-24).33 On the same papyrus two leases of liturgical days are recorded (25A and B, see below).

• 1 October 104 BC: Totoes leased the 7 ½ arouras to the cavalryman Petepsais the elder, son of Herianouphis (30 + P. Ackerpachtverträge p. 26-27).

• 16 November 101 BC: Totoes leased to the soldier-misthophoros Paeris, son of Psen-setne, the part of plot A “that receives water” (P. Ackerpachtverträge p. 29-30 = 37).

Further documents deal with financial regulations34 between the siblings, documented in:

• the division contract they made on 8 May 109 BC (Demotic P. L. Bat. 19 2, see above); • a receipt of 17 August 105 BC in which Pikos acknowledged he had received his sister's third part for the

funeral expenses of their father (P. L. Bat. 23 p. 178 no. 2); Pikos would pay 2/3 of these expenses; • a Demotic receipt of 15 May 103 BC in which Pikos acknowledges Tatehathyris has paid her debts (32), but

at that time the father was apparently still not buried, more than six years after his death.

b. Documents concerning liturgical days of or for Totoes and Tatehathyris

When they married in 109, Tatehathyris may have owned c. 43 2/3 days and Totoes had inherited 5 2/3 1/10 1/30 days a year in the temple of Hathor in Deir el-Medina (see above), alongside days in the Isis temple of Djeme (Tatehathyris) and in chapels of Arsenouphis (Totoes). In the period 107-104 BC Totoes inherited and acquired 33 1/5 extra days in the Hathor temple, while Tatehathyris sold 10 days in the Hathor temple and bought 12 extra days in the Isis temple (which are apparently preferred by women?).

Situation ca. 102 BC, on a yearly basis:

Tatehathyris: c. 33 2/3 days in Hathor temple + c. 24 days in Isis temple

Totoes: 39 days in Hathor temple + a large number of days in a shrine of Arsenouphis.

Most documents in this section are sales of liturgical days to Tatehathyris or Totoes, or leases from or to the protagonists.

Leasing or selling party: Tatehathyris' brother Pikos

• 20 October 108 BC: Pikos leased from his sister Tatehathyris 6 2/3 liturgical days in the Hathor temple and 12 liturgical days in the Isis sanctuary of Djeme (25A), which she probably had all inherited from her father Psenminis (see 4).

Leasing or selling party: Pikos, son of Psenminis (and grandson of Peteminis)35, not to be confused with Totoes' brother-in-law (who is a grandson of Zmanres).36 Pikos is the owner of liturgical days in the temple of Hathor in Deir el-Medina, which he first leases and eventually sold to Totoes; his 12 liturgical days in the Isis sanctuary of Djeme were sold to Tatehathyris.37 Almost all contracts negotiated with this Pikos are Greek.

• 27 February 107 BC: this Pikos leased to Totoes (and Tatehathyris) 22 liturgical days in the Hathor temple,

Pestman, in P. L. Bat. 19, p. 28-29, n. t and v. 33 Lanciers, 2015, p. 393. 34 For an interpretation of the complex financial regulations, see Pestman, in P. L. Bat. 19, p. 17-18, n. j. 35 See PSI 9 1016. 36 Pestman 1978, p. 196, n. 2. 37 Lanciers, 2014.

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the payment of which is acknowledged in 27. • 27 November 107 BC: Pikos sold to Totoes 5 liturgical days (a year) in the Hathor temple (Aphrodisieion)

for 10 talents (Greek PSI 9 1018). • 7 May 106 BC: Pikos sold to Totoes 3 liturgical days (a year) in the Hathor temple for 6 talents (Greek PSI 9

1022). Totoes was probably not able to pay immediately the whole sum (10 + 6 talents), as he had to lend in the same period 4 talents from the same Pikos (Greek PSI 9 1023, see below).

• 3 June 104 BC: this Pikos sold to Tatehathyris, with Totoes as guardian, his part of the liturgical days in the Isis sanctuary of Djeme (the Great Isieion), that is 1 liturgical day a month or 12 on a yearly basis (Greek PSI 9 1024).

• As older documents testifying to the ownership of liturgical days were handed over to the new owners, this may be the reason why the following sale has become part of Totoes' papers (Greek PSI 9 1016): on 21 September 129 BC Harsiesis, son of Patemis, and Sennouthis, daughter of Horos, with as guardian Harsiesis, sold to Psenminis, son of Peteminis, 10 liturgical days in the sanctuary of Hathor.38 Psenminis' son Pikos apparently inherited them and sold at least 8 of these 10 liturgical days to Totoes.

• (The same Pikos also sold grain land in the Memnoneia in 104 BC to Totoes (see below), so he was apparently in need of money).

Other leasing or selling parties:

• 7 October 108 BC: Harsiesis, son of Hellos, leased from Totoes 3 liturgical days of the upper and lower-ml of the deified royal scribe Amenhotep for a period of three years (24).

• 7 October 104 BC: Totoes' mother Tanouphis sold to her son 15 1/5 liturgical days on a yearly basis, 1 ¼ 1/15 a month, in the temple of Hathor (31, sale and cession). The document has a summary on the back.

• 14 January 102 BC: Tatehathyris sold to her husband Totoes 10 liturgical days on a yearly basis (5/6 day a month) in the temple of Hathor (33, sale and cession).

Totoes or Tatehathyris

Date BC

Liturgical days in Hathor temple/ month

Idem/ year


Varia

Totoes (PSI 9 1018)

107 (1/3 1/12) = 5 Bought Salesprice 10 talents = 24 tal. for one day

Totoes (PSI 9 1022)

106 (1/4) = 3 Bought Salesprice 6 talents = 24 tal. for one day

Tatehathyris (PSI 9 1024)

104 12 days a year in Isis temple = 1 day a month

Bought Salesprice 4 tal. 1500 dr. = 4 tal. 1500 dr. for one day

Totoes (31, cf. also 4)

104 1 ¼ 1/15 = 15 1/5

Inherited from his mother Tanouphis

Totoes (33)

102 5/6 = 10 Bought from his wife, ? whoc in turn had bought them in 110 BC, see PSI 9 1019

38 Lanciers, 2014, p. 105-125.

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c. Other contracts of Totoes and Tatehathyris

Loans, sales or leases of real estate do not take a prominent place in the archive, except for the above-mentioned plot of land “The Point” inherited by Tatehathyris. In addition, Totoes bought the 1/9th share of a plot of grain land in the plain around the Memnoneia, surnamed 'P(te)menakoak', for 4000 drachmas on 5 September 104 BC (PSI 9 1025). Pikos, son of Psenminis (not Totoes' brother-in-law), is the seller. The transfer tax of 10% was paid three days later.

Three further documents concern houses:

• On 21 January 111 BC Chensthotes, son of Snachomneus, leased the premises located on the ground floor of a house, to Amenothes, son of Snachomneus, for a period of one year (17). The house was located in the southern quarter of Djeme.39 This lease to Totoes' brother-in-law must somehow be connected to the arrangements described in the next paragraph.

• About 15 July 108 BC Totoes bought from his sister Thermouthis half a house and courtyard,40 while the other half remained in the possession of Totoes' three sisters including Thermouthis; the sale is not preserved, only an agreement negotiated by Thermouthis' husband Amenothes son of Snachomneus, in the presence of four elders (P. L. Bat. 23 p. 173 no. 1 = 23).41

• A few months later, on 20 October, Tatehathyris leased to her brother Pikos her 1/3 of a house located in the southern quarter of Djeme, of which Pikos owned the remaining part (25B). Probably Tatehathyris lived at that time with her husband in the house he had just bought from his sister.

Two contracts document money loans, probably linked to the purchase of liturgical days. As already suggested above, Totoes was not able to put immediately all the money on the table for the sale of liturgical days by Pikos, son of Psenminis, grandson of Peteminis (Totoes had to pay at least 16 talents).

• Thus Totoes borrowed 4 talents from the same Pikos and repaid 12,800 drachmas on 9 July 106 BC (PSI 9 1023).

• 42 of c. 105 BC42 records the withdrawal of the loan of 4 talents by Pikos, except for 144 deben or 2,880 drachmas which Totoes had to repay in the same year before 22 Choiak.

A last contract involves the loan of 6 ¾ artabas of wheat (i.e. 4,5 artabas plus interest of 50%) by Totoes on 26 January 107 BC to a colleague-pastophoros (26).

39 Lanciers, 2016, p. 193-194 no. 5. 40 The exact location of the house is not recorded. 41 See also Pestman 1985, p. 148. 42 Pestman, in P. L. Bat. 19, p. 48, n. 3.

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d. Cluster of texts kept by Totoes as elder or presbyteros of Hathor's temple (100 BC)

34A, 34 B-C and 36 were rolled up together, enveloped by the papyrus 35, which has an archival note; though 40 was not part of this bundle, it is related to these texts, which all date to 100 BC and were kept by Totoes in his capacity as one of the elders (ẖl-ꜥy.w or presbyteroi) of the temple of Hathor in Deir el-Medina.

This cluster of texts has been discussed in detail by Uggetti (2021b) and is summarized in the archival note (35): “The lease of the agents of Hathor, the discharge and the document of oath” (translation by Uggetti). The texts relate to agreements between the six elders including Totoes and the four agents (rwḏ.w) of the Hathor temple, Chonstephnachtis and his sons Harsiesis, Amenothes and Pikos. 34A of 15 January records the discharge from previous agreements negotiated with the father Chonstephnachtis regarding a sum of 17 talents; his sons acknowledged to have no futher claims (34A is a copy kept by Totoes). On the same day a copy was made of the oath the elders had to swear by Amun-of-the-Ogdoad (34B), confirming that they would act in the interest of the Hathor temple during the next five years when the sons of Chonstephnachtis acted as temple agents. The scribe of the oath added a kind of summary (34C). On 17 April 100 BC a five-year lease with one of the sons (Amenothes) involved the management of the collection-boxes which were entrusted to him by the elders (36): two boxes from the village and one box from the temple, where money, grain and other gifts could be deposited. The elders confirm in an oath to support the agent (Amenothes) the following five years (40). The gifts may have been used for the maintenance or repair of the temple of Deir el-Medina, or for new additions or decoration.

(4) Marriage and divorce contracts of female family members and friends

Totoes and Tatehathyris and their parents kept marriage and divorce contracts for female family members or friends:

• On 31 August 152 BC Totoes' mother Tanouphis married Zmanres (5). The marriage contract became part of her son's (Totoes') papers later on, undoubtedly after the death of Zmanres, when Totoes had become an adult.

• Totoes and Tatehathyris kept the marriage contract of Tatehathyris' mother Senmouthis, who after her husband Psenminis died in 110 BC, remarried on 21 May 108 BC according to 22.43

The relation of the following persons to the family is unknown:

• On 1 February 118 BC Patemous, son of Psenesis, married Tasemis, daughter of Pasemis (11).

• On 29 December 114 BC Harpaesis, son of Esnechates, divorced his wife Tateosiris, daughter of P-chem-bik (16).

• 38 contains fragments of a marriage contract of a Zmanres, written between 145 and 116 BC, while the name of the wife is lost.

43 Pestman, 1978, p. 196.

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• The marriage contract 39, l. 11-20 is fragmentary.

(5) Problematic cases

For 10 the link with the archive owners is not clear: the cavalryman Petenephotes, son of Esnechates, who had borrowed 1500 deben or 30,000 drachmas to Petenephotes, son of Teos, is reimbursed on 4 July 121 BC.

41 of c. 112 BC is fragmentary.

Archive texts P. Ackerpachtverträge p. 20 (= P. Tor. Botti 19 Ro); P. Ackerpachtverträge p. 26-27 + P. Tor. Botti 30; P. Ackerpachtverträge p. 29-30 (= P. Tor. Botti 37); P. L. Bat. 19 1, 2 and 3 (= P. Tor. Botti 43, 28, 45); P. L. Bat. 23 p. 173ff no. 1, 2 and 3 (= P. Tor. Botti 23, 29, 44); P. Tor. Botti 1, 2 A-B, 3 A-B, 4, 5, 6 A-B, 7 A-B, 8 A-B, 9, 10, 11, 12 A-B, 13, 14,15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25 A-B + P. Ackerpachtverträge p. 23-24 (C) (= P. Tor. Botti 25 C); P. Tor. Botti 26, 27, 31 A-B, 32, 33 A-B, 34 A, 34 B-C, 35, 36, 38, 39 l. 1-10, 39 l. 11-20, 40, 41, 42; PSI 9 1016, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025.

P. Tor. Botti lin. 1-5.

For P. Tor. Botti, consult DBL, p. 364-401.

Text types Sale and/or cessions (including of inheritances): 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 18, 31, 33, PSI 9 1016, 1018, 1019, 1022, 1024, 1025.

Leases: 17, 20, 21, 24, 25 A-B, 36, P. Ackerpachtverträge p. 20, P. Ackerpachtverträge p. 26-27 + P. Tor. Botti 30, P. Ackerpachtverträge p. 29-30, P. L. Bat. 19 1 and 3, PSI 9 1020.

Marriage contracts: 5, 11, 22, 38, 39; Divorce: 16.

Loans: 13, 14, 15, 26, 42, PSI 9 2023.

Archival notes: 19 Vo, 35, P. Tor. Botti lin. 1-5 (linen cloth).

Varia: hn.w-agreement: P. L. Bat. 23 no 1; agreement division inheritance: P. L. Bat. 19 2; oaths: 34 B-C, 40; receipts (re)payment: 10, 27, 32, 42, P. L. Bat. 23 no. 2 and 3; discharge agreement: 34 A. Fragmentary: 41.

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Appendices App. 1. Stemma of Totoes’ and Tatehathyris' family44

Zmanres x Senminis

Psenminis x Nahomsesis Phagonis sr. x Senenis ~ T- kousi45 Phagonis jr. x Senapathes

Zmanres x Labois Teos Zmanres Psenminis 1. ? x Zmanres sisters ~ P-nehek Psenminis x Senmouthis 2. Tanouphis x

Pikos Tatehathyris x Totoes Pikos Amenothes x Thermouthis Senhathyris Tiou-hou

Petearensnouphis

44 Compare partial family trees by Pestman in P. L. Bat. 19, p. 196, and P L. Bat. 23, p. 144 and 172. 45 See above, note 3.

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App. 2. Map of the Theban West bank (by L. Dogaer)

1. Deir el Bahari (mortuary temple of Hatsjepsut)

2. Assassif

3. Dra-abu’l-Nagga (Tomb Thunabounoun)

4. Sheik Abd el-Qurna

5. Ramesseum

6. Memnon Colossus of Memnon

7. Medinet Habu (Djeme)

8. Deir el-Medina (Hathor temple)

Esri. “Topographic”. Scale: 1:24 000. “World Topographic Map”. October 2 2019. http://www.arcgis.com/home/item.h@tml?id=30e5fe3149c34df1ba922e6f5bbf808f. (9 August 2020).

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App. 3. Aerial photograph of the Theban West bank

Esri. “Imagery”. Scale: 1:24 000. “World Imagery Map”. October 2 2019. http://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=10df2279f9684e4a9f6a7f08febac2a9. (9 August 2020).