TOUR 300 Final Term Notes

Tourism Network and Supply Components

Travel Industry – defined as the composite of organizations both public and private, that are involved in the development, production, and marketing of products and services to serve the needs of the travelers.

Categories of Tourism Components1. Direct Providers – includes businesses that are associated with travel, such as airlines, hotels, restaurants,

ground transportation, travel agencies and retail shops. These businesses provide services, activities and products that are consumed and, or purchased directly by travelers. They represent the sectors of the industry that are visible to the travelers.

2. Support Services – lends support to direct providers. It includes specialized services such as tour organizers, travel and trade publications, hotel management firms, and travel research firms. It also includes basic supplies and services such as contract laundry and contract food services. They provide goods and services for both the traveler and for organizations that sell goods and services directly but not exclusively to tourists.

3. Developmental Organizations – includes planners, government agencies, financial institutions, real estate developers and educational and vocational training institution. These organizations deal with tourism development which tend to be more complex and broader in scope than the production of daily travel services. The decisions and results of tourism development are more long-term in nature than the first two categories which deal more with operations.

Tourism Supply Components

1. Natural Resources – includes elements in an area for the use and enjoyment of visitors such as climate, landforms, terrain, flora, fauna, bodies of water, beaches, natural beauty and water supply for drinking, sanitation, and similar uses.Physical Characteristic of An Area:

a) Natural Scenery – a combination of the general topography, flora and fauna, proximity to lakes, rivers, seas, islands and islets, hot and mineral water, springs, caverns, waterfalls and the like.

b) Climate – comfortable climate – comfortable cold climate is determined by the wind-chill factor – a term used to express how temperature feels to the exposed skin; comfortable warm climate is determined by the combination of humidity, temperature, and wind.

c) Environment – natural land and water formations, activities that can be done in the area, flora and fauna of the area.

2. Infrastructure – consists of all underground and surface developmental construction such as water supply systems, sewage disposal systems, gas lines, electrical and communications systems, drainage systems and other constructed facilities such as highways, airports, railroads, roads, drives, parking lots, parks, night lighting, marinas and dock facilities, bus and train station facilities and similar tourist service installations.

3. Superstructure - the above ground facility services such as airport buildings, passenger traffic terminals, hotels, motels, resorts, restaurants, shopping centers, places of entertainments, museums, stores and similar structures.

Types of Accommodationsa) Hotels – provide accommodation, meals and refreshmentb) Condominiums – an apartment or individual dwelling unit owned by an individual but the management

and services are handled by an independent company.

c) Motels/Motor Hotels – provide bedroom, bath and parking to motorists, rooms are usually accessible from the parking lot and are usually near the highway.

d) Inns – lodging establishments catering to transients which do not meet the minimum requirement of an economy hotel.

e) Apartment – buildings or edifices containing several independent and furnished or semi-furnished apartments, regularly leased to tourists and travelers for dwelling, on a more or less long- term basis

f) Paradores – old convents, monasteries, castles, fortresses converted into hotels by the government and operated by a national tourism office.

g) Pensions – private or family-operated tourist accommodations similar to boarding houses or guest houses. They offer food and lodging to tourists and are well known for their informal family atmosphere

h) Bed-and-breakfast Accommodations – provide a room, bath and a hearty breakfast to touristsi) Hostels – provide minimum amenities such as a bunk bed and a commonly shared toilet and bathroom.

The traveler provides his own beddings.j) Camp Grounds – appeal mostly to families who travel in recreational vehicles (RVs)k) Health Spas – hotels and resorts which cater to individuals who go to spas or mineral springs for weight

reduction or medical treatment. l) Private Homes – provide lodging to tourists when accommodations are not available during peak

periods.

Hotel Classifications

I. By Location – center city, sub-urban, airport, highway, and resortII. By Type of Guest – commercial, convention, and resort

III. By Price – economy or budget, standard or midscale, first class or deluxe.IV. Star Rating – five star – highest rating and one star –lowest rating ( assigned according to the quality of

restaurants, rooms, amenities, and service.)V. Other Classifications – deluxe, first class, standard, economy

4. Transportation and Transportation Equipment – include items such as ships, airplanes, trains, buses, limousines, taxis, automobiles, cog railways, aerial tramway, and similar passenger transportation facilities.

5. Hospitality Resources – include the cultural wealth of an area which makes possible the successful hosting of tourists. Ex. Welcoming spirit of tourist business employees, attitudes of residents towards visitors, courtesy, friendliness, sincere interest, willingness to serve and to get better acquainted with visitors. Also includes the cultural resources of an area such as fine arts, literature, history, music, dramatic art, dancing and shopping. (the general feeling of welcome that visitors receive while visiting a destination area)

Tourism Organizations

Since tourism is a diverse industry made up of many different segments, there is a need to interrelate and share information. This has led to the establishment of several public and private organizations at the international, national, regional, state, and local levels.

International Organizations

1. World Tourism Organizations (WTO) – the chief organization in tourism. AN inter-governmental technical body which deals with all aspects of tourism. The only organization whose activities cover all sectors of tourism on a world-wide basis. It provides an international forum where tourism officials can discuss problems and exchange ideas. It works in cooperation with all international organizations particularly the United Nations, as well as with commercial and non-commercial bodies involved in tourism.Membership:

a) Full Member – sovereign statesb) Associate Member –territories or groups of territories not responsible for their external relations but

whose membership is approved by the state which assumes responsibility for their external relations.

c) Affiliate Member – international bodies both governmental and non-governmental concerned with specialized interest in tourism, as well as commercial and non-commercial bodies and associations whose activities are related to the aims of WTO.

Legal Functioning Bodies:

a) General Assembly – meets once every two years, is the supreme organ of the WTO. Composed of representatives from all member states. Each member has a right to vote in the decision making process.

b) Executive Council – meets at least twice a year, is composed of members elected by the general assembly for a four-year term based on a fair and equitable geographical distribution. Its function is to implement the decisions of the Assembly and prepare for future sessions

c) Secretariat - headed by a secretary-general, carries out the decisions of the General Assembly and the Executive Council. The Secretary-general is elected every four years by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Executive Council.

Official Publications of WTO

a. International Travel Statisticsb. Travel Abroad – Frontier Formalitiesc. Economic Review of World Tourismd. Technical Bulletinse. Manuals

2. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) – an organization of around 134 governments established for the purpose of promoting civil aviation on a world-wide scale. Established at the Chicago conference of 1944. The 96 articles of the Chicago Convention established the privileges and restrictions of the member countries.

The Objectives of ICAO

a) Adopt international standards and to recommend practices for regulating air navigation.b) Recommend installation of navigation facilities by member countriesc) Set forth proposals for the reduction of customs and immigration formalitiesd) Plan for the safe and orderly growth of international civil aviation throughout the worlde) Encourage the improvement of the art of aircraft design and operation for peaceful purposesf) Seek the development of airways, airports, and air navigation facilities for the international civil aviationg) Provide for safe, regular, efficient, economical air transportationh) Discourage unreasonable competitioni) Insure that the rights of contracting countries are fully respected, and that every member has a fair

opportunity to operate international airlinesj) Discourage discrimination between contracting countriesk) Promote the development of all aspects of air transportation.

3. International Air Transport Association (IATA) – established in 1945 in Havana. It was composed of airline operators attached to the national delegations of the ICAO conference in Chicago. At present, membership includes more than 112 scheduled airlines. Their objectives are to promote safe, regular, and economical air transport, faster air commerce, and study problems connected with the industry. IATA serves as the agency through which airlines seek jointly to solve problems that cannot be solved individually. It is involved in standardizing tickets, prices, weight bills, baggage checks, and other documents. This helps make travel uniform throughout the world.

Regional Organizations

1. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)- was set up in a convention signed in Paris on December 14, 1960.- Objectives:

a) to promote policies designed to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in member countries, while maintaining financial stability and contributing to the development of the world economy;

b) to contribute to sound economic expansion in economically developing nonmember countries;c) to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multilateral, nondiscriminatory basis in

accordance with international obligation- tourism is an integral part of its objectives that OECD established a tourism committee responsible for

coordinating studies, organizing meetings of member countries to improve statistical methods of monetary exchanges and accounting, and assessing the policies of member countries and their impact on tourism.

- Members of OECD:a) Australia i) Greece q) Norwayb) Austria j) Iceland r) Portugalc) Belgium k) Ireland s) Spaind) Canada l) Italy t) Swedene) Denmark m) Japan u) Switzerlandf) Finland n) Luxembourg v) Turkeyg) France o) The Netherlands w) United Kingdomh) Germany p) New Zealand x) United States

2. Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA)- was organized in Hawaii in 1951- composed of more than one thousand organizations, including governments, air and steamship lines,

wholesale and retail travel agencies, ground carriers, hotels, publishers, advertisers, public relations firms, and travel associations with major interest in the Pacific area

- its purpose is to develop, promote, and facilitate travel in the Pacific area, (including Pakistan, the United States, and Canada)

- an early leader in recognizing the need for an environmental ethic among those involved in the tourism industry; thereby initiating the PATA Code for Environmental Tourism – (environmentally responsible tourism means tourism which recognizes the necessity of ensuring a sustainable future. Meeting the needs of today without sacrificing the ability of the future to meet their own.)

- list of PATA’s publications:a) Pacific Travel Newsb) Annual Statistical Reportsc) Travel Market Studyd) Meetings Pacific (a country-by-country facilities guide)e) PATA Trade Manualf) Tourism International Research Pacific (quarterly)

3. Caribbean Tourism Association (CTA)- To encourage and assist in the development of tourism throughout the Caribbean area- Objectives:

a) Provide an instrument for close collaboration among the various territories and countries concernedb) Augment and assist local promotional and development efforts of the members of the association

and act as liaison between the membersc) Provide a liaison among the member governments, government agencies active in tourism

development and promotion, travel and transportation industries, and organizations active in tourism and regional development

d) Carry out advertising and publicity measures calculated to focus the attention of the traveling public upon the Caribbean as one of the world’s outstanding vacation areas

e) Encourage the promotion of adequate passenger transportation services to and within the Caribbean area and assist in the establishment of such services

f) Carry out statistical and research work relating to travel trends and tourism development for the benefit of the members

g) Negotiate with governments either directly or through the appropriate bodies for an easing of regulations and formalities which tend to be barriers to tourist travel

4. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)- represents 15 countries

a) Australia f) Japan k) Philippinesb) Brunei g) Korea l) Singaporec) Canada h) Malaysia m) Taiwand) Hong Kong i) New Zealand n) Thailande) Indonesia j) China o) United States

- its purpose is to establish coordination of national economies for the benefit of countries in the Asia-Pacific region as a whole

- Specific goals:a) To sustain the growth an development of capital and technology in keeping with the principles of

GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)b) To develop and strengthen the open multi-lateral trading system in the interest of Asia-Pacific and

all other economies.

5. Organization of American States (OAS)- Main objective is to strengthen relations between American States by providing advisory services and

training programs in many fields including tourism- Conducts a number of travel studies and tourism development programs

6. South American Tourism Organization (SATO), European Travel Commission (ETC), Common Market Travel Association (CMTA)- Established to coordinate tourist activities among and within member countries

National Tourism Organizations

Role of National Organizations in Tourism

The government plays an important role in formulating policy to guide tourism development and promotion in line with other national economic and social objectives. The WTO Manila Declaration provides the basic foundation and guidelines that help governments in defining tourism role.

Governments can play a decisive role in the following areas:

a) Planning – attracting foreign investment and funding infrastructure developmentb) Employment and Training – determining manpower needs, developing tourism and training programsc) Coordinating Public and Public Sectors – determining roles in mixed economies

IN order to achieve national development, the government should clearly delineate its policy with regard to tourism and other development options.

Countries that are visited by tourists have an official organization that regulates and encourages tourist activities. Its importance varies from one country to another. In some countries, tourism organizations are at the full ministry level while in others it may be on a subcabinet level or a council or information post. The national tourism office is responsible for the promotion of tourism in a particular country and for the overall development of the tourist industry.

1. United States Travel and Tourism Administration – under the umbrella of the US Department of Commerce- Its director is an undersecretary of commerce for tourism- Its main objective is to promote and develop tourism and to and within the United States and to promote a

better and friendlier attitude towards the United States

2. Department of Tourism in the Philippines- Is the primary government agency charged with the responsibility to :

a) encourage, promote, and develop tourism as a major socio-economic activity;b) generate foreign currency and employment; and

c) spread the benefits of tourism to a wider segment of the population, to assure the safe, convenient, enjoyable stay and travel of the foreign and local tourists in the country.

- Headed by the Secretary of Tourism who is assisted by three (3) undersecretaries and one assistant secretary

a) Assistant Secretary for Internal Services and Legislative Liaison responsible for the Legal Service, Administrative Service, Financial and Management Service

b) Undersecretary for Planning, Product Development, and Coordination responsible for the Office of Tourism Development, Office of Tourism Coordination

c) Undersecretary for Tourism Service responsible for the Office of Tourism Standards, National Capital Region and all Regional

Officesd) Undersecretary for Tourism Promotions

responsible for the Bureau of Domestic Promotions, Bureau of International Tourism Promotions and the Office of Tourism Information

- The fifteen (15) regional offices of DOT are responsible for:a) domestic tourism promotionb) tourism marketing accreditationc) tourism assistanced) public relations and coordination with local government units and tourism stockholders in the

region.e) Active involvement in the formulation of Regional Tourism Master Plan that will serve as the

framework in the development of travel and tourism in the Philippines.

- Regional offices are located in the following:a) Baguio Cityb) La Union – with sub-office in Laoag Cityc) Tuguegarao, Cagayand) San Fernando, Pampanga – with sub-office in Clarke) Legaspi Cityf) Iloilo City – with sub-offices in Bacolod City and Boracay Islandg) Cebu Cityh) Tacloban Cityi) Zamboanga Cityj) Cagayan de Oro Cityk) Davao Cityl) Cotabato Citym) Butuan Cityn) DOT Building in T.M. Kalaw St. Manila – for Region IV and NCR

- REPUBLIC ACT No. 9593 of 2009= AN ACT DECLARING A NATIONAL POLICY FOR TOURISM AS AN ENGINE OF INVESTMENT, EMPLOYMENT, GROWTH AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, AND STRENGTHENING THE DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM AND ITS ATTACHED AGENCIES TO EFFECTIVELY AND EFFICIENTLY IMPLEMENT THAT POLICY, AND APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFORE.

- there are seven government offices/agencies that are directly under the DOT-Secretary that help in the performance of DOT’s functions

-a) TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE AND ENTERPRISE ZONE AUTHORITY TIEZA (Mark Lapid)

Formerly PTA Philippine Tourism Authority have sole and exclusive jurisdiction in the establishment and designation of a TEZ which

shall not be impliedly repealed or modified. Issue all permits and licenses to TEZ Operators and Registered Tourism Enterprises.

b) Tourism Promotions Board TPB Formerly PCVC Philippine Convention and Visitors Corporation exists to market and promote the Philippines domestically and internationally as

a world-class tourism and MICE destination, in strategic partnership with private and public stakeholders to deliver a unique high-value experience for visitors, significantly contributing to increased arrivals, receipts and investments to the country.

c) Intramuros Administration Established in 1979 Vested with the following powers and functions by virtue of PD 1616 as amended by PD

1748: responsible for the orderly restoration and development of Intramuros as a monument to

the Hispanic period in Philippine history. It ensures that the general appearance of Intramuros conforms to the Philippine-Spanish

architecture of the sixteenth to the nineteenth century

d) National Parks Development Committee Created on January 14, 1963 by virtue of EO No. 30 as amended by EO Nos.3, 93, 270, and

299. Became an attached agency of DOT in January 1987 through EO 120. tasked to develop, preserve and manage Rizal and Paco Parks in Manila and other parks that

may be assigned to NPDC. Has the following functions:

1. Undertake development of new parks.2. Upgrade and maintain park facilities.3. Develop and operate cultural and educational programs.4. Facilitate private sector participation in appropriate aspects of parks development and

maintenance.

e) Nayong Pilipino Foundation, Inc. Managed by the Nayong Pilipino Foundation Attached to the DOT in 1991 by virtue of EO 497 promote Philippine Art and Culture, aims principally to undertake, promote, encourage and

initiate the development of projects in social sciences and humanities and established parks and recreation centers for the promotion of tourism;

Its major administrative and operational concern is to keep its facilities and surroundings in the best condition.

Rehabilitation, restoration, and construction programs are necessary to ensure a fine collection of miniature Philippine attractions which reflect Filipino history and culture.

f) Philippine Retirement Authority a government owned and controlled corporation established in 1985, under Executive Order

1037. Its vision is to make the Philippines a globally competitive and preferred retirement

destination in Asia. And its mission is to provide excellent and world class services centered towards customer-

valued quality of life that is easy, pleasant and beneficial to foreign retirees and global Filipinos, as a channel of accelerating the socio-economic development of the country.

g) Philippine Commission on Sports Scuba Diving undertake measures to provide the standard basic dive rules to all levels or kinds of divers,

regulate scuba sports and technical diving in the country and ensure the safety of the sport through the formulation of policies pursuant thereto, in coordination with the Office of Tourism Standards and Regulations, including the regulation of the accredited scuba sports and technical diving establishments.

Tourism Organizations in the Philippines

Philippine Travel Agencies Association (PTAA) Established in 1979 Born out of a union of the national associations of the outbound travel agencies and inbound tour

operators Aims to foster unity in the travel industry and to promote the welfare of its members and the traveling

public Organizational Structure: includes the General Memberships (composed of Regular, Associate, Allied &

Affiliate members admitted by the Board of Trusties), Board of Trustees (serves as the policy-making body of the organization, composed of 15 members duly elected by the general membership in an annual meeting; has 24 working committees that assist in the formulation and implementation of policies, plans, and programs), the Secretariat ( the administrative, information, and service center of the whole association).

Membership: 1. Regular members – firms duly licensed as travel & tour agencies2. Associate Members – branches of regular members who are also duly licensed3. Allied Members – airlines, convention organizers, handicraft stores, hotels, inns, nightclubs,

resorts, restaurants, shipping companies, tourist transport operators and other entities related to or engaged in the tourism industry duly licensed by the Department of Tourism

4. Affiliate – regional or provincial associations of travel and tour agencies duly organized and Licensed

Hotel and Restaurant Association of the Philippines (HRAP) Founded on September 12, 1952 by executives from the leading hotels and restaurants in Manila

Its main objective is to upgrade the management skills and personnel services to maintain proper standards at home as well as keep abreast with progressive trends abroad.

Membership:1. Hotel Sector – hotels, resorts, apartelles, pension houses, & transport establishments with

accommodations and food service facilities.2. Restaurant Sector – restaurants, clubs, pubs, bistros, catering, quick-service establishments3. Allied Sector – established suppliers of products and equipments and services for hotels,

restaurants, & food service establishments.4. Associate Division – schools offering hotel & restaurant management/administration or

tourism-oriented degree courses.5. Affiliate Sector - 6. Provincial Chapter7. Honorary Members8. Life Members

Tourism Educators of Schools, Colleges, and Universities (TESCU) Council of Hotel and Restaurant Educators of the Philippines (COHREP) THE Association of Administrators in Hospitality, Hotel and Restaurant Management

Educational Institutions Incorporated (AAHRMEI) Network of Independent Travel Agencies (NAITAS) Movement of Incentive Travel Executives (MITE) Guides, Inc (Philippines) Philippine Tour Operators Association (PHILTOA)

Employment Opportunities in Tourism

At present, tourism has acquired the distinction of being one of the world’s largest industries. It consists of many components such as transportation, accommodations, food service, tourist destinations, tourist attractions, travel brokers as well as travel-related services.

Since tourism is a diverse and complex industry, each sector offers several career and employment opportunities.

Airlines

Flight Attendant – evolved from the career once called steward/stewardess or hostess. Primary responsibility is to see to it that the passengers are comfortable to include services conducive to the safety and comfort of airline passengers during flight, greets passengers, verifies tickets, records destinations and assigns seats, explain use of safety belts, oxygen masks, and life jackets, & serves previously prepared meals and beverages. He/she observes passengers to detect signs of discomfort & issues palliatives o relieve them of ailments; answers questions with regards to flight and performs other services. Qualifications: excellent English language skills, excellent health condition

Ticket Agents, Reservation Agents, Clerks – Reservation agents work in large central offices where they become the link between telephone inquiries and the computer terminal; answer questions on flight schedules & seat availability & make reservations. Ticket Agents work at airport ticket counters & in central city ticket offices. Their work include answering questions about fares, & schedules, handing out timetables & literature, checking with the reservation agent on seat availability, & selling tickets as well as check baggage, add excess weight charges if necessary, & issue boarding passes.

Airline Food Service – the behind-the-scene position but an essential one. Can be an in-house or outsourced. Requirement: educational training in food service or practical experience in the hotel or restaurant field.

Flight Dispatcher – gives permission for aircraft of specific airlines to take off. Evaluates all factors of the flight, including the airplane’s status, the crew, weather information, & other details.

Operations, Station Ramp Agents – responsibilities are the supervision & loading of baggage & cargo. Cargo weights must be evenly distributed by these agents with the corresponding list of members & passengers recorded. They coordinate the transfer of baggage for connecting flights and announcing arrivals and departures.

Sales Manager, District Sales Manager – both oversee ticket and reservations offices, supervise sales representatives, & promote traffic on their airlines. They maintain contact with local travel agents and tour operators to keep them informed on the latest airline promotions

Airline Lounge Receptionist – admits members & guests to the airline lounge; serves beverages & snacks; opens the door to the lounge in response to the sound of a buzzer; verifies membership cards; admits & seats members & guests; answers questions regarding scheduled flights & terminal facilities; & verifies passenger reservations.

Flight Attendant Supervisor – supervises & coordinates activities of flight attendants; assigns duties & areas of work to flight attendants; observes activities of employees to evaluate work performance & maintains personnel records; explains & demonstrates methods & procedures for performing tasks, prepares evaluation reports on the performance of employees.

Ramp Flight Attendant – checks flight attendant’s conformity to personal appearance standards & performance of preflight duties during the boarding stage of scheduled airline flights & compiles reports of finding; & inspects appearance & grooming of personnel.

Crew Scheduler – compiles duty rosters of flight crews & maintains records of crew members’ flying time; schedules airline flights; prepares flight register which crew members sign to indicate their preference & availability for flights & time they wish to be called before each flight.

Flight-Crew-Time-Clerk – compiles flight time records of flight officers for the payroll & crew scheduling departments to ensure accuracy of payroll & legality of flights & posts data using posting machines.

Flight Reservations Manager – directs & coordinates, through subordinate supervisory personnel, flight reservation activities for certified commercial or transport companies; review flight reservation reports and conducts comparative studies with other airline reservations; & develop methods & procedures to improve operating efficiency & increase reservations for company flights. Gate Agent – assist passengers & checks flight tickets at entrance gates or stations when boarding or

disembarking airplanes of commercial airlines; examines passenger tickets to ensure that passengers have the correct flights or seats or directs passengers to correct boarding areas, using passenger manifests, seating charts, & flight schedules.

Gate Services Supervisor- supervises and coordinates activities of workers engaged in admitting departing passengers to the aircraft & assisting passengers to disembark at terminal exits of commercial airlines

Ground Host/Hostess – renders personal services to passengers in airline terminals to facilitate movement of passengers through terminals & create goodwill; greets & welcomes passengers to the terminals; answers questions & advises passengers concerning flight schedules & accommodations such as arrival or departure time; assembles & forwards luggage to departing

flights. Passenger Service Representatives – renders personal services such as taking care of company officials,

distinguished persons, foreign speaking passengers, invalids, & unaccompanied children. Reservations Agent – makes & confirms reservation & routing for passengers on scheduled airline flights Senior Reservations Agent- supervises & coordinates activities of workers engaged in reserving seat space for

passengers on scheduled airline flights; assigns workers to tasks in accordance with abilities & personnel requirements; observes work procedures, monitors telephone calls, & reviews completed work to ensure adherence to quality & efficiency standards & to rules & regulations.

Ticketing Clerk – compiles and records information to assemble airline tickets for transmittal or mailing to passengers; reads coded data on booking card to ascertain destination, carrier, flight number, type of accommodation, stop-over en route, computes & records identification & fare data using tariff manuals, rate tables, flight schedules, & pen or ticket imprinter.

Aircraft Log Clerk – keeps record of usage & time intervals between inspection & maintenance of designated airplane parts

Airport Attendant – periodically inspects buildings & hangars to detect fire hazards & violations of airport regulations;

Flight Information Expediter – determines flight times of airplanes & transmits information to flight operations & Air Traffic Command Centers

Airport Manager – plans, directs, and coordinates, through subordinate personnel, activities concerned with construction & maintenance of airport facilities & operation of airport in accordance with government agency or commission policies & regulations

Station Manager – directs & coordinates airline station activities at transport stations located at airports to provide services for scheduled flight operations

Chief Airport Guide – supervises & coordinates activities of workers engaged in conducting guided tours at airport.

Traffic Agent – solicits freight business from industrial & commercial firms & passenger travel business from travel agencies, schools, clubs & other organizations.

Travel Agencies

Travel Agent – plans itineraries & arranges accommodations & other travel services for customers of travel agency

Travel-Information Center Supervisor – supervises & coordinates activities of workers engaged in greeting & welcoming motorists at state highway information centers.

Tour Operator – designs tour and tour packages on a large scale, market the package to retail travel agencies and major airline carriers.

Tourist Information Assistant – provides information & other services to tourists at an information center Tour Guide – escorts visitors around city or town; describes points of interest along the route of tour

Hotels & Motels

Managers, Hotel or Motel – ensure efficient & profitable operations Lodging Facilities Manager – manages & maintains temporary or permanent lodging facilities Hotel Clerk – performs a combination of duties for guests of hotels, registers & assigns rooms to guests; issues

room keys; transmits & receives messages; answers inquiries pertaining to hotel services, registration of guests, shopping, dining, entertainment, etc.

Sales Representative – contacts representatives of government, business, & social groups to solicit business for hotels.

Cruise Lines

Cruise Line Director – responsible for all daily activities, planning, entertainment, & port of call information for passengers.

Documentation Supervisor – supervises and coordinates activities of workers engaged in preparing shipping documents and related reports, & in classifying and rating cargo according to established tariff rates

Chief Steward/Stewardess – supervises and coordinates activities of personnel in the steward’s department aboard a passenger vessel.

Social Director – plans and organizes recreational activities and creates a friendly atmosphere for guests in hotels or resorts or for passengers on board ships.

Booking Supervisor – supervises and coordinates activities of workers engaged in booking shipments of cargo on ships and keeping booking control records to ensure maximum utilization of cargo spaces.

Motor coaches

Bus Dispatcher – dispatches long distance buses according to schedule and oversees bus drivers and bus attendants while they are at the terminal.

Bus Attendant – tenders a variety of personal services to bus passengers to make their trip pleasant. Dispatcher Clerk – schedules work for bus crew or individual workers and keeps time records.

Car Rental Companies

Sales Rental Agent – greets customers and helps them find suitable cars for their needs Reservation Agent – work directly over the phone with requests from airline reservation clerks, travel agents,

and the general public. Car Rental Sales Representatives – promotes car rental services to the business traveler segment, travel agents

and airlines with the goal of increasing sales through the establishment of corporate package deals on a large volume basis.

Automobile Rental Clerk – rents automobiles to customers at airports, hotels, marinas, and other locations

World Airport Codes

World's Busiest Airports

The following table shows the world's busiest top 30 airports by passenger numbers for 2002.

  Airport Name, Location, Country, Code, Passengers 1 Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport / Atlanta, Georgia USA (ATL) 76,876,128 2 O'Hare International Airport / Chicago, Illinois United States (ORD) 66,565,952 3 London Heathrow Airport / London United Kingdom (LHR) 63,338,641 4 Tokyo International Airport / Tokyo Japan (HND) 61,079,478 5 Los Angeles International Airport / Los Angeles, California United States (LAX) 56,223,843 6 Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport / Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas United States (DFW) 52,828,573 7 Frankfurt International Airport / Frankfurt Germany (FRA) 48,450,357 8 Charles De Gaulle International Airport / Paris France (CDG) 48,350,172

9 Schiphol Airport / Amsterdam The Netherlands (AMS) 48,350,172 10 Denver International Airport / Denver, Colorado United States (DEN) 35,651,098 11 Sky Harbor International Airport / Phoenix, Arizona United States (PHX) 35,547,167 12 McCarran International Airport / Las Vegas, Nevada United States (LAS) 35,009,011 13 Barajas International Airport / Madrid Spain (MAD) 33,913,456 14 George Bush Intercontinental Airport / Houston, Texas United States (IAH) 33,905,253 15 Hong Kong International Airport / Hong Kong People's Republic of China (HKG) 33,882,463 16 Minneapolis/Saint Paul International Airport / Minneapolis/Saint Paul, Minnesota United States (MSP) 32,628,331 17 Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport / Detroit, Michigan United States (DTW) 32,477,694 18 Don Muang International Airport / Bangkok Thailand (BKK) 32,182,980 19 San Francisco International Airport / San Francisco, California United States (SFO) 31,456,422 20 Miami International Airport / Miami, Florida United States (MIA) 30,060,241 21 John F. Kennedy International Airport / New York City, New York United States (JFK) 29,943,084 22 London Gatwick Airport / London United Kingdom (LGW) 29,628,423 23 Newark Liberty International Airport / Newark, New Jersey United States (EWR) 29,202,654 24 Changi International Airport / Singapore Singapore (SIN) 28,979,344 25 Narita International Airport / Tokyo Japan (NRT) 28,883,606 26 Beijing Capital International Airport / Beijing People's Republic of China (PEK) 27,159,665 27 Seattle-Tacoma International Airport / Seattle, Washington United States (SEA) 26,690,843 28 Orlando International Airport / Orlando, Florida United States (MCO) 26,653,672 29 Toronto Pearson International Airport / Toronto, Ontario Canada (YYZ) 25,930,363 30 Lambert-Saint Louis International Airport / Saint Louis, Missouri United States (STL) 25,626,114

Airport City Codes in the Philippines

City / Code / Airport Name

Angeles CRK Diosdado Macapagal International Airport, Clark Airport, Clark International Airport Bacolod BCD Bacolod City Airport Baguio BAG Loakan Airport, Baguio City AirportBasco BSO Basco AirportBusuanga USU Busuanga Airport, Coron Airport, Coran Airport Butuan BXU Bancasi Airport, Butuan City Airport Cagayan De Oro CGY Lumbia Airport, Cagayan Airport Calbayog City CYP Calbayog Airport Catarman CRM Catarman National Airport Caticlan MPH Godofredo Ramos Airport, Malay Airport Cebu CEB Mactan Cebu International Airport, Lapu Lapu Airport, Mactan Airport Cotabato CBO Awang Airport Davao DVO Francisco Bangoy International AirportDipolog City DPL Dipolog AirportDumaguete DGT Sibulan Airport General Santos GES Rajah Buayan Airport, General Santos International AirportIloilo ILO Mandurriao Airport Kalibo KLO Kalibo Airport

Laoag LAO Laoag International AirportLegazpi City LGP Legazpi Airport, Legaspi AirportManila MNL Ninoy Aquino International AirportMasbate City MBT Masbate Airport Naga WNP Naga AirportPagadian City PAG Pagadian AirportPuerto Princesa City PPS Puerto Princesa Airport Roxas RXS Roxas City Airport San Fernando City SFE San Fernando Airport San Jose Antique EUQ Evelio Javier Airport, Antique Airport San Jose Mindoro SJI McGuire Field Sanga Sanga SGS Tawi Tawi Airport, Bongao Airport Siargao None Siargao National Airport Surigao City SUG Surigao Airport Tacloban TAC Daniel Romualdez AirportTagbilaran TAG Tagbilaran City Airport Tandag TDG Tandag Airport Tuguegarao City TUG Tuguegarao Airport Virac VRC Virac Airport Zamboanga ZAM Zamboanga International Airport

The Phonetic Alphabet

A Alpha H Hotel O Oscar V VictorB Bravo I India P Papa W WhiskyC Charlie J Juliet Q Quebec X X-ray

D Delta K Kilo R Romeo Y Yankee

E Echo L Lima S Sierra Z Zulu

F Foxtrot M Mike T Tango

G Golf N November U Uniform

Airline Codes

Code Name of Airline Country Represented

AAACAFAYAZBABICICOCX

American AirlineAir CanadaAir FranceFinnairAlitaliaBritish AirwaysRoyal Brunei AirlinesChina AirlinesContinental AirlinesCathay Pacific

USACanadaFranceFinlandItalyUKBruneiTaiwanUSAHongkong

EKGAGFIBICIRJLKEKULHLOLY

EmiratesGaruda IndonesiaGulf Air CompanyIberia AirlinesIndian AirlinesIran AirJapan AirlinesKorean AirKuwait Airways CorpLufthansa German AirlinesLOT-Polish AirlinesEl Al Israel Airlines

UAEIndonesiaBahrainSpainIndiaIranJapanKoreaKuwaitGermanyPolandIsrael

MHMSNWNZOKOSPKPRQFRJSQSVTGUSULVAWTQR

Malaysian AirlinesEgyptairNorthwest AirlinesAir New ZealandCzechoslovak AirlinesAustrian AirlinesPakistan AirlinesPhilippine AirlinesQuantas AirlinesRoyal JordanianSingapore AirlinesSaudiaThai Airways InternationalUnited AirlinesAir LankaViasaNigeria AirwaysQatar Airways

MalaysiaEgyptUSANew ZealandCzech Rep.AustriaPakistanPhilippinesAustraliaJordanSingaporeSaudi ArabiaThailandUSASri LankaVenezuelaNigeriaQatar

5J Cebu Pacific2P Air Philippines

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