tourism - reigate school...weekends and in the summer. towns like ambleside were not built to cope...
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Global growth in tourism
Tourism is the world’s largest industry, worth $500 billion dollars in 2007!
Leisure accounts for 75% of all
international travel. There were nearly
900 million tourist travellers in 2007
and this is expected to rise to 1.6 billion
by 2020. Domestic tourism is 4-5 times
greater than international tourism. The
tourism industry is therefore one of the
greatest providers of jobs and income in
countries at different stages of
development. For 83% of countries,
tourism is one of the top five sources of
foreign exchange. The Caribbean gets
half their GDP from tourism.
Tourism
Key terms
Mass tourism - tourism on a large scale to one country or region.
Tourist receipts - national income from tourists.
Tourist - a person who stays somewhere other than their home for over twenty-
four (24) hours.
Tourist arrivals - number of tourists per year.
Factors affecting tourism’s growth
Economic importance of tourism
France has had more tourists than any other country for many years. 76 million
people visited in 2005. French tourism includes every type of holiday such as city
breaks, holiday cottages, camping, beach holidays and skiing.
The USA earns more money than any other country from tourism. For Europeans a
trip to the USA is more special so they stay longer and spend more. In 2005 the
USA earnt $66,547 million.
Places such as the Caribbean heavily rely on tourism to provide the national income
and employment. Around 80% of Barbados’s national income comes from tourism.
Social and Economic factors
Since the 1950s people have become
wealthier. Incomes are larger and so is
disposable income.
Most families have two working parents
whereas in the past it was usually one.
People have fewer children as larger
families are more expensive.
Car ownership has also grown rapidly.
People have more leisure time.
Holiday leave has increased from two
weeks per year in the 1950s to between
4-6 weeks today.
Life expectancy has increased so there
are more retired people.
The retired have good pensions so they
can afford holidays abroad. They can also
afford more than one holiday a year and
have more time to travel.
Choice of holiday
During the 1950s and 1960s coastal resorts were popular in the UK and National Parks
opened up the countryside which offered new opportunities.
Cheap package holidays in the 1970s allowed access to foreign holidays for more
people.
Destinations around the world are now available and cater for a wide variety of needs.
City breaks have become popular e.g. Paris
Ecotourism and unusual destinations such as Alaska are becoming more popular.
Improvements in technology
Travel today is quick and easy –
motorways, airport expansion and
faster jet aircraft.
Flying has become cheaper with
budget airlines.
Booking online allows people to find
cheap deals.
Increases in oil prices and the
economic recession has led to more
domestic holidays being taken.
UK tourism
Almost all UK tourism used to be domestic, only the rich went abroad.
Domestic holidays can be cheap or expensive e.g. camping and hotels.
Domestic tourism grew in the 50's and 60's as the economy grew and people
could afford to take time off, so the annual holiday became common place.
UK seaside resorts peaked in the 70's with 40 million visitors a year. After
this package holidays grew in number and affordability. Summer sun is
unreliable in the UK so places like Benidorm became very popular in the 80's.
Since the world recession, domestic holidays have become more popular as the
British pound became weaker. This meant that going abroad became more
expensive. People have less job security so expensive holidays abroad are not
an option for many, or are put off until the situation improves. People also have
less disposable income.
The Butler model
The Butler model says that any tourist resort starts on a small scale, develops into
something more significant, then either goes into decline or makes changes to
maintain its attractions. There are six stages.
Stage one: Exploration
Small numbers of people are attracted by
something particular: good beaches,
attractive landscape, or cultural features.
Local people have not yet developed many
tourist services.
Stage two: Involvement
The locals see an opportunity and start to
provide accommodation, food, transport,
guides and other services for visitors.
Stage three: Development
Large companies build hotels and leisure complexes and advertise package holidays.
Numbers of visitors rise dramatically. Job opportunities for local people grow
rapidly, but this brings both advantages and disadvantages.
How does tourism contribute to the UK economy?
The UK economy earns over £80 billion a year from tourism. Almost 26 million people
arrive here every year. Restaurants earn £20 billion, hotels earn £16 billion. The London
eye is the most visited paying attraction in the UK with over 3.7 million visitors a year.
Stage four: Consolidation
Tourism is now a major part of the local economy. Numbers of visitors are steady
making employment more secure. However, some hotels and other facilities are
becoming older and unattractive, so the type of customer attracted goes down
market. Rowdiness becomes a problem.
Stage five: Stagnation
The resort becomes unfashionable and numbers of visitors start to decline.
Businesses change hands and often fail.
Stage six: Decline or Rejuvenation
Decline: visitors prefer other resorts. Day trippers and weekenders become the main
source of income.
Rejuvenation: attempts are made to modernise the resort and attract different
people to enjoy new activities.
Blackpool
Blackpool is in the county of Lancashire on the
Northwest coast of England.
Growth
During the 19th Century Blackpool became very popular with the people of the
northern industrial towns. Factory workers could afford a holiday and could travel by
train to reach the coast. Blackpool boomed between 1900-1950.
Decline
As people got wealthier they started to try somewhere different and soon package
holidays created huge competition for Britain's seaside resorts. Blackpool summers
can be unreliable and people wanted guaranteed sunshine. Eventually Blackpool lost
most of its family holiday business and came to rely on day tripper and stag/hen
parties. This isn't popular with residents and the town's image.
Problems caused
From 1990-1999 visitor numbers per year dropped from 17 million to 11 million. 1000
hotels closed down, 300 holiday-flat premises closed and the average hotel occupancy
rate fell as low as 25%. By 2000 some B&B's were charging £10 per night which
leads to no money available for improvements and investment = Spiral of Decline!
Solutions
From 2001 serious efforts were made to smarten up areas:
Old buildings were pulled down
Landscaping of car parks
Beaches cleaned up
Beach facilities improved - by 2006 three of them were Blue-flag beaches.
Sand extraction had been reduced further down the coast.
The 'Blackpool's illuminations' (a light show stretching along the golden mile)
were transformed by £10 million being spent on them. This enables the season to
carry on into the Autumn.
Conferences and festivals are attracting people to Blackpool in the off-peak
season.
Blackpool Pleasure Beach opened
Water world opened in 2006
Covered walkways between visitor attractions and around the shops.
Local Authority grants were given to upgrade hotels and turn outdoor pools into
indoor leisure centres.
More car parks were created.
Smaller failing hotels were converted into self-catering holidays flats.
Zoo and Sealife Centre were built.
New department store opened in 2008
A Supercasino was bid for but in the end it went to Manchester.
Factors affecting tourism in the 21st century
Terrorism and tourism
The destruction of the World Trade centre in New York on the 11th September 2001
had a huge impact on travel. The USA stepped up its security overnight, as did the
UK and the EU. Airport security checks have multiplied and check-in times increased.
London is a terrorist target: the Underground bombing of 7th July 2005 is an
example. In the aftermath of such events numbers of tourists declined sharply.
Foot and Mouth
The Foot and Mouth outbreak in 2001 caused a crisis in the agriculture and tourism
industry. There were 2,000 farms affected by the disease and this had a huge
impact on access to the countryside. Cumbria was one of the worst affected areas of
the UK; public rights of access were closed by order of the government. This is one
of the most popular holiday destinations in the UK and it devastated businesses and
the local economy. By the time the disease was halted in October 2011 the crisis was
estimated to have cost the UK £8 billion.
National Parks in the UK
Why were National Parks set up?
National Parks in England and Wales were set up in 1951 by an Act of Parliament; the
first was the Peak District. After the Second World War, there were many efforts
to improve people’s quality of life. National Parks were set up to conserve the natural
and cultural landscapes whilst allowing access for visitors to enjoy them. The first
National Park in Scotland was designated in 2002. The most recent National Park is
the South Downs – set up in 2010. There are over 6000 worldwide as well.
Who owns them?
81% - Private Ownership (mainly farmers)
6% - Forestry Commission
5% - National Trust
3% - Water Authorities
3% - Ministry of Defence
1% - County Councils
1% - National Park Authority
A National Park (1949) is:
"Areas of great natural beauty giving opportunities for open air recreation, established so
that the natural beauty can be preserved and enhanced, and so that enjoyment of the
scenery by the public can be promoted."
‘Honeypot sites’ are locations attracting a large number of visitors
who, due to their numbers, place pressure on the environment and
people.
The Lake District
The Lake District is in Cumbria in North-East England. Each year
it has 12 million visitors. The local population is only 42,000. It
was designated a National Park in 1951.
Attractions
Physical:
Lake Windermere
Scarfell Pike
101 SSSIs
Limestone pavement
Human:
Keswick
Ambleside
Neolithic sites dating back
12,000 years
Roman remains
Beatrix Potter’s home
Wordsworth cottage
Traffic
Nearly 90% of visitors come by car, often just for the day. Many roads, including A-
roads, are narrow and winding. Buses and large delivery vehicles have to use these to
service both the locals and tourists. Queues are a common problem especially at
weekends and in the summer. Towns like Ambleside were not built to cope with the sheer
volume of traffic. Congestion, noise/air pollution and parking are a serious problem.
People also park in desperation on grass verges causing serious damage.
Solutions:
Dual carriageways built on the edge of the Lake District
Traffic calming measures
Cattle grids and speed limits on open common land.
Improve public transport
Restrict on-road car parking
Fence off roadsides so people cannot damage the verges
New car parks screened with trees
Make roads ‘access only’
Heavy lorries should be kept off scenic routes
Bus lane to Windermere ferry
Park and Ride schemes
Honeypot sites
Beauty spots, small shopping centres and
historic houses all attract hundreds of
visitors daily. Cat Bells is quite an easy climb,
so many people walk up this smaller mountain.
It therefore suffers from serious footpath
erosion. Several areas have scarred
landscapes. Bowness is an extremely busy
shopping centre in the summer. Honeypots
need to provide access and facilities while
remaining as unspoilt as possible. Other
examples include: Beatrix Potter’s house,
Wordsworth cottage, Scarfell Pike, Aira
Force waterfall.
Kenya
Kenya is in central-east Africa with a coastline
on the Indian Ocean.
Attractions
Mountains e.g. Mount Kenya
Sandy beaches e.g. Mosbasa
Coral reefs e.g. at Mosbasa Marine Park
50 National Parks e.g. Maasai Mara
Game Reserves e.g. Amboseli
Savanna grasslands
Cities e.g. Mombasa and Nairobi
Second homes and holiday homes
Almost 1 in 6 properties in the Lake District are
either second homes or holiday cottages. Some
local people make a good income from owning and
letting such properties, however there are many
problems due to these including:
Holiday cottages, flats and second homes being
empty part of the year
Holiday makers do not always support local
businesses, often doing a supermarket shop at
home before their trip.
Demand for property from outsiders increases
property prices causing problems for local
people who are forced out of the area to find
affordable homes on the edge of the region in
Kendall or Penrith.
Solutions:
Local authorities could build more homes for
rent and developers could erect more low-cost
homes for sale.
Footpath erosion
Across the Lake District, 4 million people walk at least 6km every year. This has resulted
in the most popular routes becoming severely eroded and ugly scars being created on the
hillsides. A constant stream of new guidebooks are attracting more people to previously
remote areas.
Solutions:
Repairing eroded footpaths and damaged dry stone walls
Reinforcing path surfaces reduces future damage
Signposting routes limits the number of paths used
Environmental Issues
Water sports are not allowed on
some lakes, but Windermere, the
largest lake, has ferries and
allows power boating, windsurfing
and other faster and more
damaging activities. The main
issue is the wash from faster
vehicles erodes the shore. Fuel
spills are not uncommon, causing
pollution
Solutions:
Speed limits for boats on
Lake Windermere is 18kph
Bins provided at key points
and emptied regularly
Designated picnic areas
means litter has be dealt with
in fewer places
Benefits
Money brought into the country can be used to pay for improving services, building
more houses and roads, and creating new jobs.
Problems of tourism: Safari
Minibuses are meant to keep to well defined tracks in the National Parks and
Game Reserves. However, drivers often form new routes, either to enable
their passengers to get as close as possible to the wildlife, or to avoid wet
season marshy areas.
Minibuses can get stuck in the mud, ruining vegetation or widening existing
tracks.
Minibuses crowd around animals in large numbers and this can affect mating
and hunting. They are not supposed to go within 25 metres of animals but
drivers ignore this as they want to get good tips.
Soil erosion can lead to dust storms which in turn increases soil erosion.
Balloon safaris cause noise pollution and scare the herds of animals with their
intermittent release of hot air and their shadows.
Problems of tourism: National Parks
Nobody is allowed to live in National Parks apart from employees at the lodges.
Game Reserves only permit a limited number of herders and their cattle.
The setting up of National Parks meant that nomadic tribes, such as the Maasai
had to be moved away from their traditional grazing grounds.
Many now have to live a more permanent life, earning money from selling
souvenirs and performing traditional dances for tourists.
They have had to fence off their land so that migrating animlas do not eat
their grass. This has affected migrating patterns of these herds.
Problems of tourism: Coral reefs
In the marine reserves, glass bottom boats visit the coral reefs, however they drop
their anchors on the coral damaging it. People stand on the coral and take starfish
and shells from the reef as souvenirs. Coral is very fragile and touching it damages it
forever. Boats do not use the buoys they are supposed to and will drop anchor where
they want. There can be up to 30 boats in one area at a time which is destroying the
reefs with the large numbers of visitors they bring every day.
Lamu: Successful tourism
Lamu is on the coast of Kenya. It is a traditional town and is now encouraging tourism
but in a more sustainable way. Visitors have to pay a tax which is used to help the
infrastructure of the town. Visitors must adhere to a strict dress code. Hotels and
new buildings are not allowed to be built above the tree height and are built in the
same architecture as the town. There are limited places selling alcohol as the main
religion in the town is Islam.
Mass tourism
Mass tourism is when a large number of tourists visit a certain location at the same
time. There is usually a particular purpose and a particular type of location, such as
skiing in a mountain resort or sunbathing at a beach location.
Advantages Disadvantages
Tourism brings jobs. People go from working in
agriculture and day labour to a regular job with a
reliable wage.
The activity may be seasonal e.g. skiing only
happens in winter. Local people may be unable to
find work for the rest of the year.
New infrastructure must be built for tourists
for example airports, hotels, power supplies,
roads and telecommunications. This benefits the
local population.
Investing companies are usually based in
countries at further stages of development. This
means most of the profit goes outside the
country.
Construction jobs are often given to local people.
They are normally temporary though.
Industry dominated by large travel companies.
Hotels can be owned by TNCs so the profit goes
to the company not the country.
Many tourists have to pay a visitor tax which can
help pay for extra services they use e.g. water
supply, drainage, electricity and roads.
Few local employees are well paid. The higher
level jobs are often taken by people within the
tourist resorts.
Small businesses are started to serve the
tourists e.g. taxis, bars, restaurants, builders,
maintenance workers.
Building resorts and hotels damages the
ecosystems and destroys the wildlife. Hotels
also produce a lot of waste.
Extra jobs are created via hotels buying produce
from local suppliers to feed the visitors.
Countries heavily rely on tourism and if there is
a natural disaster countries will lose their main
source of income e.g. Thailand after the
Tsunami.
Tourists spend their money in the country. Tourists use a lot of water and energy costing a
large amount of money.
New leisure facilities may be open to local
people.
Tourists often don’t care about local culture or
traditions.
Increases the value of local property. Tourists often enjoy familiar foods so have it
imported from aboard.
Provide jobs such as waiters, souvenir shop
assistants, tour guides
Local people may not be able to afford the new
facilities created for tourists.
Tourists spend most of their money and time in
hotels.
Machu Pichu
Machu Picchu, the 'Lost City of the Incas' is the best-known and
most spectacular site in Peru, South America.
Attractions: physical
The Andes mountain range is 6000m high, with snow peaks and deep valleys.
This is very picturesque.
The Inca trail has ten different types of vegetation ranging from deserts to
tropical rainforest.
The Inca trail is home to a wide variety of plants and animals. This includes
over 400 types of orchids, begonias, trees and well as the condor, puma and
miniature deer.
Attractions: human
Rafting trips can be taken down the Urubamba River.
Machu Pichu, the ‘lost city of the Incas’ is the best known site in South
America.
The nearby town of Aguas Calientes has thermal baths.
Pisac is the main craftwork centre on the high plains. The main square is small
with a colourful market on Sunday mornings.
Hiking the Inca Trail – this was the Royal Highway that led pilgrims and
officials of the Empire to the Sacred City of the Incas. The trek is 32
kilometres long ending at the Holy City.
Type Benefits Costs
Soc
ial
It encourages the learning of
new languages and skills.
Desecration of burial sites and the removal and display of
human remains from Machu Picchu to further stimulate
tourism has contributed to the destruction of the Indian
spiritual heritage.
It encourages the
preservation and celebration
of local festivals and
cultural events.
Overloading of porters leads to health problems.
It has led to an increase in crime in the area.
Tourists compete with residents for available services and
facilities. Backpackers use the local train rather than the
much more luxurious and expensive tourist train.
Eco
nom
ic
Creates local jobs and business opportunities. These include
those jobs directly related to tourism (hotel and tour
services) and those that indirectly support tourism (such as
food production and housing construction).
The jobs provided are
usually poorly paid.
It provides governments with extra tax revenues each year
through accommodation and restaurant taxes, airport taxes,
sales taxes, Inca Trail and Machu Picchu entrance fees which
can be used for education and health care.
It inflates property values
and prices of goods and
services for local people. It provides money to support the community facilities and
services that otherwise might not be developed.
It attracts tourists who spend lots of money in the local
towns.
Employment also tends to
be seasonal so workers are
unemployed in the low
season. Facilities and infrastructure provided by tourism (e.g. the
railway) can also benefit residents.
Env
iron
men
tal
It does not contribute to
global warming, so it is
relatively environmentally
friendly.
The number of people hiking along the Inca Trail rose from
6,000 in 1984 to 82,000 in 2000. The trail is being eroded
and tea bags and water bottles litter the route, where
campsites are scarce.
Tourism encourages the
conservation and
preservation of the
environment and historic site
of Machu Pichu.
Helicopters have been allowed to fly in tourists and operate
low-flying tours, thereby disturbing not only the peaceful
quality of the ruins, but potentially damaging them.
Up to 2,000 people visit the Machu Picchu citadel every
day. The site is being slowly eroded by tourists' feet.
Plans to build a road from Cuzco and a cable car running
from the valley to the top of Machu Picchu could lead to
irreparable harm being done.
Extreme Tourism
Extreme tourism involves visiting dangerous landscapes often with a difficult climate,
are places that are sparsely populated and access is normally difficult. It appeals to
a niche market, those seeking an element of risk and danger. This type of holiday
appeals to people around 30 years old, unmarried and without children, have high
powered jobs and a good income as these trips are expensive. Groups are small and
distances are great.
Little investment is needed to set up such trips. The usual costly expense of building
hotels and roads are irrelevant. Part of the experience is to sleep ‘rough’ and travel
over untouched landscapes. Examples include: Rock climbing, paragliding, white-
water rafting, ice-walking, micro-lighting, deserts treks, cliff-diving in Jamaica, ice-
diving in the White Sea (Russia).
Antarctica
Antarctica is one and a half times the size of the US
(5 million square miles). No one has lived there until
1897, and hardly anyone lives there now apart from
scientists in the 50 or so research stations dotted
around. In summer McMurdo is home to about 1000 people.
Temperatures can get down to -60°C inland and -30°C on the coast but it warms up in
summer but then not above freezing.
In 1992, 6700 tourists visited Antarctica; by 2009 numbers had jumped to 45,000.
Antarctica has become popular as people want to visit the wild environment and see
unique wildlife whilst causing as little impact as possible. There is a growing market
of younger single people with a high income plus a grey market of older people
(recently retired) who can afford to pay for the tours. There are now more tour
operators running more trips to satisfy the growing demand. Nowadays tourists to
Antarctica don't have to be super fit and intrepid like the explorers of the past.
They can marvel at the scenery and wildlife from cruise ships and small boats.
It costs approximately £2,500 per person to visit the continent for a 7 day cruise.
Tourists usually fly to New Zealand or Argentina and then take a cruise ship onwards
for one to two weeks. Smaller boats then take them ashore at key locations for
short visits, mainly to the peninsula or nearby islands.
Activities
Fly over the ice in helicopters
Climb rock and ice faces
Cruise inlets in small boats
Visit scientific research stations
Hike
Scuba dive under the ice
Kayak
Explore the shallow sea bed in underwater vehicles
Problems
Landing sites quickly become honeypot sites.
Tourists want to visit the most picturesque and wildlife-rich areas.
Animals, especially penguins and seals are disturbed by more than a few people.
They are not used to humans and may leave as a result. This means they may
abandon eggs or young.
There have been accidents when ships have struck uncharted rocks or ice
floes.
Oil spills are becoming an increasing hazard for wildlife.
Tourist ships must discharge all waste materials well away from the shore of
Antarctica.
Coping with tourism
All tour operators are members of IATTO which direct tourism to be safe and
environmentally friendly.
The Antarctic treaty was signed in 1961 by 50 countries. It protects
Antarctica from mining, drilling for oil, pollution and war up to 2048. The
treaty accepts tourism as an acceptable activity but the scale has to be
controlled.
Visitors are not allowed to visit SSSIs in order to conserve precious wildlife
and landscapes. Bird Island on South Georgia is one example.
A permit must be gained for any activity on the continent.
In 2011 ships won’t be allowed to use heavy fuel oil
2013 – The New polar code will limit the number and size of ships. For example
no ship carrying over 500 passengers can land in Antarctica. Only 100 people
are allowed onshore at one time.
Ecotourism
Aims of ecotourism
Ecotourism is environmentally friendly tourism.
It caters for a small but growing niche market of environmentally aware
tourists.
These types of holidays are expensive.
Eco-tourists want to experience the natural environment directly, undertaking
activities such as trekking and bird watching.
They want their holiday to have as little impact on the environment as possible.
Energy use should be sustainable and no waste should be generated that cannot
be dealt with efficiently.
Small-scale accommodation in lodges that may not have electricity.
Tourists eat local food.
Local people are their guides as their knowledge and experience is seen as more
valuable.
Examples
Heron Island, Australia
Clayoquat sound, Vancover Island
The Galapagos Islands
The 50 Volcanic islands lie 1000 km off the west
coast of South America in the Pacific Ocean.
They belong to Ecuador.
They are most famous for being the place that
Charles Darwin came up with his theory of
evolution.
90% of the islands have become a National Park
or marine reserve since the 1930's. They were
designated at UNESCO World Heritage site in 1979.
Key terms
Conservation - the careful and planned use of resources in order to manage and
maintain the natural environment for future generations.
Ecotourism - tourism that focuses on protecting the environment and the local way of
life.
Stewardship - the personal responsibility for looking after things, in this case the
environment. No one should damage the present or future environment.
How does visiting the Galapagos Islands fit the eco-tourism principles?
There are strict rules for tourists visiting the islands as they are among the most
precious and fragile ecosystems in the world.
Tourists arrive in small ships that tour the islands.
Only a limited number of people can go onshore at specific locations.
The holiday is expensive so this limits numbers - £800 for an eight day cruise
each without flights!
The Galapagos Conservation Trust gets £25 from every visitor. This goes to
support the conservation work on the islands.
The boat tours are run by local people and take 10-16 tourists each. They are
accompanied by professional guides so that the tourists don't disturb the
wildlife.
Visitors are educated so that they do not cause damage.