TOWARDS A KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY

TERTIARY EDUCATION POLICY & STRATEGY – KEY TO TRANSFORMATION

Dr. P. Molutsi Executive Secretary Tertiary Education Council

March 2011

TERTIARY EDUCATION COUNCILTransforming Tertiary Education

TERTIARY EDUCATION COUNCILTransforming Tertiary Education

04/19/23 2

The Progress Model.

1966 Now

3 km 6367 km

6 Sec School 233

60.00 18,340GDP capita

Bottom Upper 25 poorest Middle Income

04/19/23 3

Political Stability.

90 -100 percentile Most stable democracy in

the world

04/19/23 4

Macro Economy

90-100 percentileGlobal ranking (2007)

41 (128)

04/19/23 5

Institutional Regime

90-100 percentileGlobal Ranking (2007)

38 (128)

04/19/23 6

Other Key Enablers

2007 Global RankingsInfrastructure – 67 (128)

Market Efficiency – 61 (128)

04/19/23 7

Knowledge Economy Index

0

2

4

6

8

10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1995

Mos

t rec

ent

Africa 2.46

S. Africa 4.89Mauritius 4.25Botswana 4.20

Sweden 9.17

04/19/23 8

Development Stage

Stages of Development Characteristics

Resource DrivenUnskilled and low wage labourCheap Natural Resources

Investment Driven A strategic shift in the economy towards a knowledge intensive service sector

Innovation DrivenDomestic knowledge generationNew and unique innovations

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Peer & Comparator Countries

Stages of Development Countries

Resource Driven Africa A to Z

Transition from 1-2

BotswanaAlgeriaLibyaNamibiaTunisia

Investment DrivenMauritiusSouth Africa

Innovation DrivenCanada and AustraliaUSA

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The Burning Platform

04/19/23 11

Resource Dependency

Diamonds are NOT forever

04/19/23 12

The most Problematic areas The most problematic factors for doing business in Botswana

2007 vs 2003

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

A. Bureaucracy

B. Educated workforce

C. Access to financing

D. Work ethic

E. Labour regulations

F. Inflation

G. Infrastructure

H. Corruption

I. Crime and theft

J. Tax rates

K. Foreign currency regulations

L. Policy instability

M. Tax regulations

N. Government instability/coups

% of respondents

2007 2003

* based on an Executive Opinion Survey conducted in 2007 and 2003 by World Economic Forum

04/19/23 13

What Botswana must get right

Key Enhancers Current global rankings

Tertiary Education 89 (128)

Health & General education 115 (128)

Technological readiness 81 (128)

Business sophistication 98 (128)

Innovation 92 (128)

04/19/23 14

Knowledge Economy Index – Tertiary Education Pillar

0

2

4

6

8University industry links

Tertiary Enrollment

ResearchersS& T Journal articles

Innovation

Botswana South Africa Mauritius

04/19/23 15

Tertiary Education Policy.

Republic of Botswana Ministry of Education

TOWARDS A KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY

WHITE PAPER ON TERTIARY EDUCATION

March 2008

04/19/23 16

Driver of Development.

Resource Transition Investment Innovation

Stages of Development

Terti

ary E

du

cati

on

04/19/23 17

Value Proposition.

BENEFITS

Tertiary InstitutionsEmployment & SalariesGoods & ServicesStudent expenditures

Skilled & Adaptable PeopleQuality JobsEnhanced IncomePersonal Development

Knowledge DiscoveryResearch & InnovationProduct developmentInvestment & Income

OUTCOMES

Botswana’sAggregate

Wealth

Botswana’sSocietal Advancement

andQuality of

Life

04/19/23 18

VISION 2016 ALIGNMENT

Policy Execution

Tertiary Education

Prosperous & Productive

Educated & Informed

Open, Democratic & Accountable

Safe & Secure

United & Proud

Compassionate, Just & Caring

1. Human Resource Development

2. Research & Innovation

3. Economic & Social Transformation

Moral & Tolerant

NATIONALDEVELOPMENT

PLAN

2009-2016

Policy Fit

04/19/23 19

Policy Goal -1.

HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT;

04/19/23 20

Human Resource DevelopmentKey Driver since 1960s.

22

• Filling current and forecast vacancies• Localisation of expatria te held positions

Manpower Forecasting

ACADEMIC PROGRAMME

Core Issues Core Issues

LABOUR

MARKET

DEMAND

LABOUR

MARKET

SUPPLY

Core OBJ ECTIVE

04/19/23 21

Educational Attainment

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Adult literacy

04/19/23 22

Peers and Comparators

Botswana South Africa

Mauritius New Zealand

11.4% 15.3% 17.2% 63.2%

04/19/23 23

Government Spend on Tertiary Education

Botswana South Africa

Mauritius New Zealand

18.6 % 14.6% 15.6% 24.9%

04/19/23 24

Tertiary Education Problem Tree.

PROBLEMS

ACCESS

QUALITY

RELEVANCE

MAJOR

DISCONNECTS

•Strategy

•Structures

•Systems

EFFECTS

04/19/23 25

Tertiary Employment Problem Tree.

PROBLEMS

GRADUATE UNEMPLOYMENT

SKILLS DEFICIT

TRADITIONAL GRADUATES

MAJOR DISCONNECTS

•Strategy

•Structures

•Systems

EFFECTS

04/19/23 26

Tertiary Education Enrollment Goal.

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

18-24 Population Projection Tertiary enrolments Gross Enrollment ratio

18-24 PopulationProjection

270361 284759 299371

Tertiary enrolments 31,129 48,409 59,875

Gross Enrollment ratio 11.4 17 20

2007 2016 2020

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Policy Goal -2.

RESEARCH & INNOVATION

04/19/23 28

Exciting Challenges.

“The battle for ideas is on and it is up to us as a nation as to whether we want to join the leaders

and be counted..

It has worked for small states such as Finland, Ireland, Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea,

Mauritius,..

04/19/23 29

What keeps Botswana behind?

Very small S&T HR base (~ 2, 160 employees within S&T system)R&D personnel as % of total employment is below optimal (<2.7 researchers per 1000 employed)

Low GERD (gross expenditure on R&D as % of GDP)Most research focussed on wrong areas that do not have long term ‘high value’ e.g. agricultural, manufacturing

Inadequate management of S&T such as indicators, priority areas, monitoring, political S&T leadershipOverly focussed on import of technologies which restricts breakthrough ideasCurrent University bias towards a teaching

Poor patent record (5 patents by 2004?) e.g. >500K /yr in JapanThinking that strengthening traditional attributes will bring lasting prosperity

04/19/23 30

Botswana - a small but heavy state

Vision 2016 - 1997 S&T Policy - 1998 New Zealand Consortium Report for a framework - 2000 Ministry of Communications Science and Technology - 2002 Botswana National Research Science and Technology Plan - 2005 Maitlamo ICT Policy (e-government, legal etc) - 2006 Botswana Innovation Hub (BIH) Business Plan – 2006 Botswana International University of S & T 2003 Medical School - 1998

SLOW RECORD OF IMPLEMENTATION …..Need to remember that we are playing catch-up! 10 years to implement a policy or project is too long…

04/19/23 31

Innovation Model

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

-4 -3 -2 -1 Today 1 2 3 4

Revenue

Planning Horizon

Radical Innovation

Evolutionary Innovation

Business as Usual

04/19/23 32

Choices and Consequences

QUANTUM QUANTUM GROWTHGROWTH

STAGNATESTAGNATE

DECLINEDECLINE

04/19/23 33

Tertiary Education Research & Innovation System

ideas

Peo

ple

Fu

nd

ing

Env

iron

men

t Environment

RESEARCH & INNOVATION

04/19/23 34

Tertiary R & I Value Chain

Basic R&D

Applied R&D

PrototypeR & I

Pilot Production

FUNDING( Research Allocations )

FUNDING

Early Growth

Production

(Venture Capitalists,Industry, Banks, other financiers.)

Mature Production

RESEARCH INNOVATION

Concept/Idea

INCENTIVESResearch

Allocations

Market Needs

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Policy Goal -3.

SYSTEM & INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

04/19/23 36

System Level Fragmentation.

Tertiary EducationCouncil

Botswana

Training

Authority’

Seven

Government

Ministries

ELEVEN GOVERNMENT

DEPARTMENTS

04/19/23 37

A Single Accountability.

Ministry of Education and Skills Training Department of Tertiary Education

Human ResourceDevelopment

Council

Skills Training and DevelopmentTertiary Education

Human Resource Development

INSTITUTIONAL PROFILES

Cu

sto

me

rsIn

tern

al

Pro

ce

ss

es

Le

arn

ing

&

Gro

wth

Fin

an

ci

al

Organisational culture inductions

Team spirit culture

Increase opportunities for lifelong education

Relevant programmes

Improve quality of service at FCTVEImprove quality of programmes

Improve resource management

Improve resource management

Performance reforms implementation

Effective financial management Effective procurement strategies

Strengthen the cultural values of the organisation

Improve utilisation of resources Perception audits

Improve resource management

Produce marketable graduates

Programme Audits

Organisational ExcellenceEducational Excellence

Uphold code of conduct

Partnership ExcellenceStrengthen relationships with

stakeholders/customers

Increase number of partnerships

Flexible modes of delivery

Process mapping

Market surveys

Marketing strategies

Network with corporate world

Improve quality of service at FCTVE

04/19/23 39

Funding Strategy.

Exp

enditur

es

Fund

ing

Val

ue for

M

oney

low

High High High

low low

04/19/23 40

A new Institutional

☼☼

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☼☼

☼

☼☼ ☼

☼☼

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☼

☼☼ ☼

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UBComprehensive

Research Intensive

University

PrivateInstitution

Private Institution

PrivateInstitution

Education &CommunityColleges

CollegesOf

Technology

Institute of Health

Science

SatelliteCampus

SatelliteCampus

SatelliteCampus

SatelliteCampus

SatelliteCampus

SatelliteCampus

BIUSTScience and TechnologyUniversity

BOCODOLOpen &

Distance Learning

A new Institutional Landscape.

04/19/23 41

SYSTEM-INSTITUTIONAL GOVERNANCE MODEL.

Gov

ernm

ent

Tert

iary

Ed

ucat

ion

Cou

ncil

Tert

iary

In

stitut

ion

s

low

Control

high

Steering Autonomy

04/19/23 42

Qualifications Framework

LEVEL QUALIFICATION TYPE

10 Ph.D

9 Masters

8 Undergraduate degree

7 Diplomas

6 Certificate

1-5 General education to Senior Secondary

04/19/23 43

Policy Implementation

Managing by ProjectDeveloping our People

Beginning and End

NDP10

INITIATION

Initiate

NDP9

PLANNING

Formulate

EXECUTION & CONTROL

Execution

&

Monitor

CLOSEOUT

Review

&

Evaluate

Managing by Project.

CAPACITY

CAPABILITY LEADERSHIP

S

U

C

E

S

S

PLAN&

MANAGE

Developing our People.