towards improving manure management in china

Towards improving manure management in China

Lin MaCenter for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetic

and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

International Symposium on Agroecology for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems (ISASAF)

Kunming, Yunnan, China, 29th August - 31st September, 2016

Outlines

• Background

• Nutrient flows of manure chain

• Strategies for improving manure management

Booming development of animal husbandry in China in the past several decades

0

100

200

300

400

50019

6119

6419

6719

7019

7319

7619

7919

8219

8519

8819

9119

9419

9720

0020

0320

0620

09Live

stoc

k un

it (m

illio

n) Pig BeefBroiler LayerSheep and goat Dairy

DATASOURCE: FAO, 2013Dairy, 1.0; Beef cattle, 1.0; Pig, 0.3; Sheep and goat, 0.1; Layer, 0.014; Broiler, 0.007

The changes of livestock production in China (in LU)

China exceeded USA to be the world biggest livestock producer

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Shar

e to

the

glob

le li

vest

ock

prot

ein

prod

uctio

n %

Productivity (kg protein per livestock unit)

Brazil

China

USA

India

Netherland

France

North Africa

20%

g

Bai et al., unpublished results

Livestock transition from 1980 to 2010

From mixed to landless system

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1980 1990 2000 2010

Landless Grazing Mix

Live

stoc

k un

it (m

illio

n)

Strokal et al., 2016

N losses from food chain to water systems in China

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

1980 1990 2000 2010

Household Food processingLivestock Cropland

3.5

5.6

2.8

(Hou & Ma et al., 2013)

N losses(Tg)

Agriculture is the main non-point source of pollution

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

COD TN TP

Human Industry Agriculture

First National Pollution Source Survey Report of China, 2010

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

COD TN TP

AquacultureAnimal producitonCrop production

Manure losses contributed more than 44% TDN and 82% TDP in water systems in 2000s

Strokal et al., 2016

Chinese Blueprint: ‘National Plan on Sustainable Agricultural Development

2015-2030’

1 Increasing productivities

2 Protecting land resource

3 Increasing water use efficiency

4 Pollution mitigation

5 Increasing ecological function

MOA, NDRC, MOST, MOF, MOLR, MOEP, MOWR, SFB, 2015

Five key targets and tasks

Zero Fertilizer Increasing Use Plan by 2020 in China

Control the fertilizer increase rate to around 1% annually between 2015 and

2019. To achieve zero fertilizer increasing use of the main crops by the end of

2020.

I: Improve the fertilizer application structure. Application the N, P, K and

micronutrients fertilizer more rationally, and increase recycle of manure by the

end of 2020. Soil testing based fertilizer application cover 90% of farms, manure

recycle rate reach to 60%.

II: Improve fertilizer application method. Reduce the phenomenon of over

application of fertilizer. The mechanized fertilization cover 40% of main crop

production, and fertigation technology extended for 10 million ha.

III: Increase fertilizer use efficiency. The fertilizer use efficiency of the main

crops can increase 1% annually, and increase the average fertilizer use efficiency

to more than 40% by the end of 2020.

NUFER model (NUtrient flows in Food chains, Environment and Resources use)

(Ma et al., JEQ 2010, Ma et al., 2012 STOTEN, Ma et al., EST 2013)

Atmosphere N2, NH3, N2O

Exports and losses

Surface watersGroundwater

Erosion and runoff

LeachingN

Crop production（soil accumulation）

P

Animal productionimports

Food processing

Humanconsumption

N N

BNF

Fertilizer

Import feed

Cropland Grassland

Water body

NH3

N2O N2

NO3-

Discharge

Animal products

Dead animal

Manure exportStorage

House

Runoff

Erosion

DroppedAppliedMain feed

By-productfeed

NH3 N2 N2O

Soil accumulation

6 animal category

20 production systems

(Bai et al., 2013, Bai et al., EST2014)

N flow of manure chain in 2010

Housing&Storage losses8.3 Tg

Excretion22.8 Tg

Housing19.3 Tg

Storage11.0 Tg

Treatment5.6 Tg

Discharge5.4 Tg

Cereals1.3 Tg

Cash crop2.7 Tg

Treatment losses1.6 Tg

Intake26.0 Tg

Products2.9 Tg

Dead animals0.3 Tg

P

Recycle losses2.5 Tg

Drop in the field3.5 Tg

Housing&Storage losses0 Tg

Excretion4.6 Tg

Housing4.1 Tg

Storage4.1 Tg

Treatment2.1 Tg

Discharge2.0 Tg

Cereals0.7 Tg

Cash crop1.3 Tg


Intake5.5 Tg

Products0.8 Tg

Dead animals<0.05 Tg



Housing&Storage losses0 Tg

Excretion16.2 Tg

Housing13.6 Tg

Storage13.6 Tg

Treatment8.0 Tg

Discharge5.6 Tg

Cereals3.7 Tg

Cash crop3.5 Tg


Intake16.7 Tg

Products0.4 Tg

Dead animals<0.05 Tg



K

N

N excretion, recycling & losses through the manure chain

• Most of the N losses during H&S sector.• 30% manure N recycled, but uneven distributed

between crops. Bai et al., unpublished results

Mixed systems, or pigs and beef production are important in N excretion, recycle and losses

Excretion Recycle Losses

22.8Tg

7.5Tg

17.8Tg

4.6Tg

2.5Tg

2.4Tg

16.2Tg

9.8Tg 7.2

Tg

Con

trib

utio

n to

man

ure

N

man

agem

ent

Con

trib

utio

n to

man

ure

P m

anag

emen

t C

ontr

ibut

ion

to m

anur

e K

man

agem

ent


22.8Tg

7.5Tg

17.8Tg

4.6Tg

2.5Tg

2.4Tg

16.2Tg

9.8Tg 7.2

Tg

Con

trib

utio

n to

man

ure

N

man

agem

ent

Con

trib

utio

n to

man

ure

P m

anag

emen

t C

ontr

ibut

ion

to m

anur

e K

man

agem

ent

0

2

4

6

8

10

Tota

l N lo

sses

(T

g)

GrazingMixedLandless


22.8Tg

7.5Tg

17.8Tg

4.6Tg

2.5Tg

2.4Tg

16.2Tg

9.8Tg 7.2

Tg

Con

trib

utio

n to

man

ure

N

man

agem

ent

Con

trib

utio

n to

man

ure

P m

anag

emen

t C

ontr

ibut

ion

to m

anur

e K

man

agem

ent

0

2

4

6

8

10

Tota

l N lo

sses

(T

g)

GrazingMixedLandless

0

2

4

6

8

10

Total N losses

(Tg)

PigsLayersBroilersDairy cattleOther cattleSheep&goat


22.8Tg

7.5Tg

17.8Tg

4.6Tg

2.5Tg

2.4Tg

16.2Tg

9.8Tg 7.2

Tg

Con

trib

utio

n to

man

ure

N

man

agem

ent

Con

trib

utio

n to

man

ure

P m

anag

emen

t C

ontr

ibut

ion

to m

anur

e K

man

agem

ent

0

2

4

6

8

10

Total N losses

(Tg)

PigsLayersBroilersDairy cattleOther cattleSheep&goat



Huge differences between animals & systems

0

10

20

30

40

50N P K

0

20

40

60

800

5

10

15

20

25

Mixed Grazing Landless Total

Feed

nut

rient

s us

e ef

ficie

ncie

s (%

)

0

20

40

60

80

100

Mixed Grazing Landless Total

Excr

etio

n N

,P a

nd K

re

cycl

e ra

tes

(%)

a b

c d

Gra

zing

Mix

ed

Land

less

Aver

age

Pigs

Laye

rs

Bro

ilers

Dai

ry

cattl

eO

ther

cattl

e

Shee

p&go

at


Most of N losses via NH3 and discharge of manure

0

2

4

6

8

10

NH3 N2O N2 L&R&E Discharge

Tota

l N lo

sses

(T

g)

Grazing Mixed Landless

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

L&R&E Discharge

Tota

l P lo

sses

(T

g)

Landless

Mixed

Grazing0.01.02.03.04.05.06.0

L&R&E Discharge

Tota

l K lo

sses

(Tg)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Leaching Discharge

Tota

l P lo

sses

(Tg)

Sheep andgoatBeef

Dairy

Broiler

Layer0

2

4

6

8

10

NH3 N2O N2 NO3- Discharge

Tota

l N lo

sses

(Tg)

Pigs Layers BroilersDairy cattle Other cattle Sheep&goat

0.01.02.03.04.05.06.0

Leaching Discharge

Tota

l K lo

sses

(Tg)

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

L&R&E Discharge

Aver

age

P lo

sses

(k

g P.

ha-1

)

0

5

10

15

20


Aver

age

N lo

sses

(k

g N

.ha

-1)

0

3

6

9

12

15

L&R&E DischargeAv

erag

e K

loss

es

(kg

K.h

a-1

)NH3 N2O N2

0

2

4

6

8

10


Total N

loss

es

(Tg)

Grazing Mixed Landless

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

L&R&E Discharge

Total P

loss

es

(Tg)

Landless

Mixed

Grazing0.01.02.03.04.05.06.0

L&R&E Discharge

Total K

loss

es(Tg)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Leaching Discharge

Total P

loss

es(Tg)

Sheep andgoatBeef

Dairy

Broiler

Layer0

2

4

6

8

10

NH3 N2O N2 NO3- Discharge

Total N

loss

es(Tg)

Pigs Layers BroilersDairy cattle Other cattle Sheep&goat

0.01.02.03.04.05.06.0

Leaching Discharge

Total K

loss

es(Tg)

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

L&R&E DischargeAv

erag

e P loss

es

(kg P.ha

-1)

0

5

10

15

20


Averag

e N lo

sses

(kg N.ha

-1)

0

3

6

9

12

15

L&R&E Discharge

Averag

e K lo

sses

(kg K.ha

-1)

NH3 N2O N2Bai et al., unpublished results

Scenarios in 2020Housing&Storage losses

7.7 Tg N

Excretion23.3 Tg N

Housing20.2 Tg N

Storage12.5 Tg N

Treatment5.3 Tg N

Discharge7.2 Tg N

Applied1.1 Tg N

Export3.0 Tg N

Treatment losses1.2 Tg N

Intake27.1 Tg N

Products3.5 Tg N

Dead animals0.3 Tg NN Recycle losses

2.3 Tg N

Drop in the field2.8 Tg N

0

5

10

15

20

25

Excretion N losses N recycled

Nitr

ogen

(Tg) 2010

S0 S0-BAU: Projections by

FAO, all the additional

products supply by

industrial farms


Scenarios in 2020Fertilizer replace rate (FRR)% = (Recycled manure * Fertilizer Value) / Chemical fertilizer * 100%

S0: BAU

S1: Ban discharge of manure

S2: Improve housing and

storage

S3: Improve of manure

application

S4: Combine of S1-S3.

0102030405060708090

100

S0 S1 S2 S3 S4

2010 2020

Che

mic

al fe

rtili

zer r

epla

ce

rate

by

man

ure

(%) N P Ka

0

5

10

15

20

25

S0 S1 S2 S3 S4

2010 2020

Nut

rient

s lo

sses

thro

ugh

the

m

anag

emen

t cha

in (T

g) b


Externalities

Traditional & mixed farming system

Input Output

Strategies 1: The role of animal manure in a farming systems / agro-ecosystems of China

Specialized & intensive farming system

InputOutput

Externalities

Sustainable & integrated Agro-ecosystem

Input

Externalities

Output

-200 1980s 2010sYear

Wastes Resources and pollutersResources

Learn from history

Strategies 2: Strict environmental policy and/or incentives for recycling manure

Crop production:- Crop type - Cropped area - Management

N outputs: milk, meat, egg

Groundwater & surface waters

N inputs:N fertilizer BNF, N deposition

Animal production:- Animal species - Animal number- Management

N outputs: harvested crop

NH4+ NO3

- DON Npart

NH3 N2O NOX N2

NH4+ NO3

- DON Npart

manure

NH3 N2O NOX N2

feed

Atmosphere

Agriculture

Air-related Policies

Water-related Policies

Agricultural Policies

Nature Policies

Oenema et al., 2009

Learn from EU

◄EU27

Fertilizer consumption (source EFMA 2009)

0.0

4.0

8.0

12.0

16.0

20.0

Milli

on to

nnes

N P2O5 K2O

Share of the different N inputs in total N

inputs, EU-27 average 2005-2008

Nutrient inputs of farming systems in EU

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Pho

spho

rus (T

g)

Mineral P fertilizer

Manure P fertilizer

P excretion

Rapid increasing of chemical fertilizer application changed the role of manure as a resource

Bai et al., 2015. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems

29, 85%

5, 15%

Chemical N fertilizerManure N application

Unit: Tg Ton

2010

Strategies 3: Recycling techniques from the whole manure management chain

RumenDigestive tract

Kidney

Diets

Milk

Feces urine

Intake

Perfermance

Excretionof P, N

Low Pr low P Low Pr medium P

Low Pr high PHigh Pr high P

Digestibility Microbial protein

Rumen fermentation

Blood metabolism

Low protein & P feeding

Slurry acidification

Housing

Negative pressure

composting

N, P removal through struvite

Application

Slurry

Separation

StruviteMgNH4PO4·6H2O

“ Housing-storage” N, P loss

reduction

Struvite techniques to

recycle P

Negative pressure composting exhaust

gas recycling

Closed-lots slurry

injection

NH3 recycle

① ④③②

④

③

②Solid cover

storage

①

Housing Storage Treatment Application

To summeryNUFER model is a functional model helps to understanding nutrient flow through the whole manure management chain;

The current manure N recycle rate was 30% of total excretion, and uneven distributed between grazing, cash crop and cereals crop;

Great part of manure N losses during housing and storage (60% of the total excreted N). This indicated a strong need to improve manure management in these sections

Through integrated options can increase N fertilizer replace rate from 1% in 2010 to 20% in 2020, which is benefit for Zero Fertilizer Increasing Use Plan..

Strategies are to 1) change to role of manure as resources, 2) strict environmental policy and/or incentives for recycling manure, and 3) develop recycling techniques from the whole manure management chain.

Group of COupling of Food, Environmental protection and Resource use (COFER)

Thank you !E-mail: [email protected]

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