towards sustainable cities trough a decrease in co2
TRANSCRIPT
TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE CITIES THROUGH A DECREASE IN CO2 EMISSIONS BASED ON CREATING CONSCIOUSNESS ON HUMAN HABITS AND ITS RELATIONS TO BODY CO2
EMISSIONS AND ASSOCIATED IMPACTS
Enrique Posada R.
Valencia G. Gabriela, Robledo V. David
INDISA S.A.
Medellín, Colombia
AGENDA
1. Introductioni. Colombian Contextii. World contextiii. Metabolism and CO2
2. Impacti. Global impact of metabolic CO2
3. Backgroundi. Good habits and consciousness
4. What to doi. Relaxed and empathic statesii. Awareness
5. Conclusion
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3
Colombian ContextINTRODUCTION
Total planet CO2 emissions:33.535milion tonCO2eq
Colombia contributes the 0,37% of theseemissions, occupying the 51 position in the World
Colombian ContextINTRODUCTION
4
-5
15
35
55
75
95
115
135
Energy Industrial Processesand product use Agriculture, forestry
and other land uses
Waste
GH
G E
mis
sio
ns
(Mto
n C
O2
eq
)
Productive Sector
Historical evolution of GHG by sector
1990
1994
2000
2004
2010
2012
Taken and adapted from the National Inventory of Global Greenhouse Gases (INGEI) 2012
Metabolism and CO2
Human respiration: Insertionof 500 – 4000mL air into thelungs
O2 Consumption and CO2 release:
• Air movement between inside and outside of the lungs
• Gases exchange with pulmonaryblood
• Diffusion across cell membranes
The estimated CO2 generatedflow is 0,84kg/day
Oxygen usage is 0,96 kg/day , quite similar to CO2 generation
INTRODUCTION
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Metabolism and CO2
Parameter units Inspired air Expulsed air
O2 % vol 20,93 15,26
CO2 % vol 0,04 3,42
N2 % vol 78,53 75,13
H2O % vol 0,50 6,19
Breathing rate times/min 15,0 15,0
Temperature °C 21,0 36,0
Gas density at 1 atm kg/m3 1,193 1,125
Volume in each breathing m3 0,00060 0,00066
Mass flow kg/hr 0,644 0,667
O2 flow kg/hr 0,15 0,11
CO2 flow kg/hr 0,00039 0,03519
N2 flow kg/hr 0,49 0,49
H2O flow kg/hr 0,0020 0,0261
Gas Exchanges in the breathing system
INTRODUCTION
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Metabolism and CO2
In a particular study of 15various physical activitiesof 275 subjects, it wasfounded that energyexpenditures do notcorrelate well with theintensity of motionalactivity
There are more complexphysiological and mentalinfluences at work besidesobserved motion
Seliger V., Energy metabolism in selected physical exercises. Internationale Zeitschrift für angewandte Physiologie einschließlichArbeitsphysiologie, Volume 25, Issue 2 , pp 104-120
INTRODUCTION
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ActivityEnergy, kcal/h
Associated food, kg/day
CO2, kg/day
BMR, Basal metabolic rate, woman, 30 years age, 160 cm height, 60 kg weight
54 0,24 0,4
BMR, Basal metabolic rate, man, 30 years age, 170 cm height, 70 kg weight
67 0,3 0,49
Sleeping 67 0,3 0,49
Eating 101 0,44 0,74
Sitting work 101 0,44 0,74
Walking on level at 4.8 km per hour 200 0,88 1,48
Jogging at 9 km per hour 570 2,51 4,21
Cycling on level at 9 km per hour 804 3,54 5,93
Exercise , 5 min. and more, low values
336 1,48 2,48
Exercise , 5 min. and more, high values
1092 4,81 8,06
Exercise, 1-3 min, low values 462 2,03 3,41
Exercise , 1-3 min, high values 1890 8,32 13,95
Exercise , 1-30 sec, low values 2856 12,58 21,07
Exercise , 1-30 sec, high values 7350 32,36 54,24
Global impact of metabolic CO2FACTOR UNIT VALUE
Estimated world
population (2015)persons 7.311.390.000
Average CO2 generation by
metabolismKg/day-person 0,85
Total CO2 generation by
metabolismTon/day 6.231.414
Approximate CO2
generated in coal
combustion
kg/kg coal 2,20
Equivalent coal combustion
to generate CO2 associated
with average metabolism
Ton/day 2.832.461
Coal use in the world Ton/day 21.430.137
According to these numbers,human metabolism is in factrepresentative of the CO2
emissions (and more importantto global warming) confrontingit with the emissions from coal(and other fossil fuels)combustion.
Thus, any lowering of the CO2
human metabolic emissions willhave a significant impact onglobal warming gases control.
IMPACT
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Good habits and consciousness
Henry David Thoreau
Rachel Carson Ansel Adams
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“Henry David Thoreau was thought by many in his own time, and many in our own, to be an eccentricwho escaped from the mainstream of real life in order to dream. He was the opposite of that. Heunderstood intuitively what we now know in more concrete and objective terms, that humanity is abiological species and thus exquisitely adapted to the natural world that cradled us. Thoreau was thescientific observer and lyrical expositor who hit upon the power of this conjunction between science andthe humanities”.Edward Wilson
BACKGROUND
Good habits and consciousness
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Gregory BatesonEcology of Mind
HUMANISTIC SCHOOL
There are important mechanisms of positive feedback, which allow forharmonious habits in people.
The desirable change should not only refer to our actions, but most of all, toour thoughts Object Experimentation applied to ideas.
BACKGROUND
Relaxed and empathic states
Farrel, D.J., The reduction in metabolic rate and heart rate on man during meditation, Energy Metabolism: Proceedings of the Eighth Symposium on Energy Metabolism, 1979
Ding-E Young, J., Taylor, E., Meditation as a Voluntary Hypometabolic State of Biological Estivation, Am.Physiol. Soc. News Physiol. Sci. Volume 13. June 1998
Wallace, R. K., and H. Benson. A wakeful hypometabolic physiologic state. Am. J. Physiol. 221: 795–799, 1971
WHAT TO DO
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Relaxed State
Catecholamine levels drop
Galvanic skin resistance increases
Respiration rate and volume flow decrease
Decreased vascular resistance
Lowered O2 and CO2 consumption
Empathic State
The person acts as an observer, able to experiment and feel the situation that is being experimented by another object, being, animal, idea…
Respiration pattern becomes slower, abdominal, controlled by the diaphragm and deeper.
Lower O2 consumption rates lower metabolic energies and CO2 generation
Awareness
It would be veryeducative that humanbeings have, as muchas possible, awarenessof themselves as directand representativesources of CO2
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WHAT TO DO
While practicing empathic states, we reduce CO2 emissions, not only because the lower metabolismstate, but also because of the activities promotedunder these states
We present the following habits for lowermetabolic CO2 emissions, either because they are closer to the basal metabolic rates or because theyinclude empathic or relaxation practices
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CONCLUSION
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CONCLUSION
Listening to others withempathic attention
• Changing the usual defensive and offensive responses for: Recognitionand appreciation no matter the othercontext
• The defensive response demand exitedmetabolic funtioning and excess of CO2
generation
Habits for lower metabolic CO2 emissions
Habits for lower metabolic CO2 emissions
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CONCLUSION
Meditation and relaxationpractices
• When practiced in group have larger impacts
• This practices should be taught and encouraged in the educationalsystem and institutions and companies
Habits for lower metabolic CO2 emissions
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CONCLUSION
Conversation and sharing
• Friendship, family life, smallcommunities, communal activities, enriched by empathic attitudes
• The opposite to this: WAR associated with major environmental disasters and violence: excitec metabolic states and CO2 emissions
• Sustainable cities must be pleasant and peaceful
Habits for lower metabolic CO2 emissions
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CONCLUSION
Conscious writing, representing, art work and reading
• This will create self-esteem, self-reference, leadership and a sense of compromise
• Creation of city narratives and memories enchance healthy pride
• Stimulation of good cultural habits thatall sustainable citizens can enjoy and practice
Habits for lower metabolic CO2 emissions
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CONCLUSION
Improving food consumptionhabits
• According to Schwarsera, eating beefhas the highest GHG generation, with22,6 kg CO2-eq/kg. Including differentprotein sources in the diet wouldreduce the CO2 emission in digestion
• Minimizing food waste, by purchasing, cooking and eating only the necessary.
• Eating slowly and in a conscious way
Habits for lower metabolic CO2 emissions
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CONCLUSION
Additional habits
• Diminish, separate, recycle and reuse waste.
• Seek rational use of water and energy in every human daily activity
• Seek changes in the smoking of tobacco (and marihuana), or entirely avoid them, as these are bad habits generate huge amounts of CO2
• Understanding activities in term of their impact on CO2 generation and having them in the collective and individual mind as indicators of commitment with sustainability
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CONCLUSION
Activity CO2 generator indicator Sustainable actionsTransportation anddriving
CO2 generated according to driving practices, number of occupants and type of vehicle
Conscious drivingRide sharingUse of mass transportEstablish city indicators of total daily CO2 generated by transportation
Using electricity CO2 generated according to origin of used electricity and type of urban practices
Electricity savingCommunal and individual projects to generate electricity with renewable sources
Solid waste generating and disposal
CO2 and CH4 generated according towaste disposal methods being usedand scale of recycling and reuse
RecyclingLess generation of wasteIndividual and communal projects torecycle and reuse
Industrial andcommercialemissions
Regional and urban indicators ofspecific emissions according to majorprocesses and activities
Companies calculate theircontribution to the indicators andestablish goal to improveCitizens know this and contribute toimprovements trough vigilance andparticipation
Example of areas that can be object of establishing CO2 indicators
THANKS
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Contact Info:Enrique Posada, Special Projects AdvisorINDISA S.A.Medellín, ColombiaPhone: (+574)446166 cel 57 [email protected]@yahoo.com