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‘ Towards Zero Energy‘Pearl River Tower
Russell Gilchrist RIBA
SOM Practice LeaderChicago USAChicago, USA
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WHAT IS ZERO ENERGY?WHAT IS ZERO ENERGY?
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ZERO ENERGY BUILDING
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“NET POSITIVE” ENERGY BUILDING
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A HISTORY OF ELECTRIFIED BUILDINGS….THREE MEN THAT CHANGED HISTORYTHREE MEN THAT CHANGED HISTORY
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18541854CRYSTAL PALACE EXPOSITION
ELISHA GRAVES OTISELISHA GRAVES OTIS
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PEARL STREET STATION
18821882
THOMAS EDISON
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J.L. HUDSON DEPARTMENT STORE DETROIT MICHIGANDETROIT, MICHIGAN
19241924
WILLIS HAVILAND CARRIER
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SIMPLE MATH
ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGZERO ENERGY BUILDING
+ Elevators (1854)+ Elevators (1854)+ Electric Lighting (1890)+ HVAC Systems (1924)+ Electric Equipment (1928)q p
HIGH ENERGY BUILDINGHIGH ENERGY BUILDING= HIGH ENERGY BUILDINGHIGH ENERGY BUILDING=
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IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENTIMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT
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IMPACT OF BUILDINGS ON THE ENVIRONMENT
BUILDINGS
rbon
40%
Energy-useTRANSPORTATION
tric
tons
of c
ar
INDUSTRY
milli
on m
et
Source: US Department of EnergySource: US Department of Energy
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RESPIRATORY DISEASE HAS INCREASED 50%HAS INCREASED 50%IN THE LAST DECADE.
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The sulphur dioxide produced in coal combustion poses an immediate threat to the health of China's citizens, contributing to about 400,000 premature deaths a year.
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CHINA: TODAYCHINA: TODAY
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With plans on the books to urbanize half the Chinese population by 2020, energy consumption will soar. City p p y , gy p yresidents in China use 250 percent more power than their rural counterparts.
The Nation (May 7, 2007 issue)
of P
eopl
eM
illio
ns
(UN Estimates 2003)
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(UN Estimates, 2003)© CTBUH Copyright
THE AIR WE BREATHE
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China is to build 400 coal-fired power stationscoal fired power stations over the next 10 years.
ONE EVERY 9 DAYSONE EVERY 9 DAYS
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Asia is the world’s biggest construction market. China's real estate market has been booming, with investment in domestic real-estate projects rising to exceed $110 Billion Currentlyreal-estate projects rising to exceed $110 Billion. Currently, 50% of all new construction globally is happening in China.
Design Intelligence Sep/October 2009
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PEARL RIVER TOWERPEARL RIVER TOWER
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PERFORMANCEPERFORMANCEPERFORMANCEPERFORMANCEPERFORMANCEPERFORMANCE
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HIGH PERFORMANCE ARCHITECTURE ?
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HIGH-PERFORMANCE ARCHITECTURE
• Regulate Pressure Differentials• Regulate Pressure Differentials• Maximize Visual Transmittance• Minimize Solar Radiation• Invoke Power Potential• Invoke Power Potential
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DaylightingSTRATEGIES
Energy Efficient Equipment
Underfloor Ventilation with Radiant Ceiling
High Performance Facade
Wind Turbines
Photovoltaics
On-Site Generation
100%
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FOUR STEPS TO OPTIMAL HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDINGS
REDUCTION
PASSIVE ABSORPTION
RECLAMATIONABSORPTION
GENERATIONG O
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FOUR STEPS TO OPTIMAL HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDINGS
S 1
• R di t C li
Step 1
• Radiant Cooling• High Performance Glazing• Daylight Responsive Controls• High Efficacy LightingREDUCTION High Efficacy Lighting• Demand Based Ventilation• Low Discharge Ventilation• High Efficiency Plant
REDUCTION
High Efficiency Plant• High Efficient Office Equipment
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FOUR STEPS TO OPTIMAL HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDINGS
S 2• Chiller Heat Recovery
Step 2• Chiller Heat Recovery• Generator Heat Recovery• Exhaust Air Heat Recovery• Condensate RecoveryRECLAMATION Condensate RecoveryRECLAMATION
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FOUR STEPS TO OPTIMAL HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDINGS
S 3• Building Wind Turbines
Step 3• Building Wind Turbines• Integrated Photovoltaics• Geo-Condenser Cooling
PASSIVE ABSORPTION
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FOUR STEPS TO OPTIMAL HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDINGS
S 4• Micro Turbines
Step 4
GENERATION
• Micro Turbines
GENERATION
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CHINA
• AreaTotal: 9,596,960 sq km qLand: 9,326,410 sq kmWater: 270,550 sq km
• Population
China
Guangzhou
• Population1,313,973,713 (est. July)
• ClimateHong KongExtremely diverse; tropical
in south to sub arctic in north.
- CIA World Fact book
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GUANGZHOU CITY, CHINA
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GUANGZHOU CITY, CHINA
• AreaTotal: 7,434 sq km q
• Population8,000,000 + New Town
• ClimateSub-Tropical
Pearl River Tower Site
Pearl River
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CLIMATE & SITE
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TRANSFORMED, INTEGRATED,
HIGH PERFORMANCE,
ENVIRONMENTALLY ENVIRONMENTALLY
RESPONSIBLE DESIGN
Pearl River TowerGuangzhou China
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Guangzhou, China© CTBUH Copyright
BASE CASE
2.2 million sq. ft.2.2 million sq. ft. Headquarters BuildingChinese Energy Code Compliant Building
20,854,997,467 Lbs of CO22
CO2 Molecule
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CAPTURING SOLAR RADIATIONCAPTURING SOLAR RADIATION
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SOLAR RADIATION
Units1800+1800+
1720-1800
1640-1720
1560-1640
1480-1560
1400-1480
1320-1400
1240-1320
1180-1240
1080-1180
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1000-1080© CTBUH Copyright
BIPV ‘s
BUILDINGINTEGRATEDPHOTO VOLTAICSPHOTO-VOLTAICS
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BIPV’s – EAST FAÇADE & TURBINE APERTURES
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BIPV s EAST FAÇADE & TURBINE APERTURES© CTBUH Copyright
HARVESTING NATURAL LIGHTHARVESTING NATURAL LIGHT
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ENTRY LOBBY- NORTH ENTRANCE
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OFFICE AREAS
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HARNESSING WIND ENERGYHARNESSING WIND ENERGY
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WIND ANALYSIS
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WIND GENERATION
P = V3
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WIND TURBINE GENERATORS
Upper Tunnel
10 2030
40320330
340350 0
110 20
3040320
330340 350 0
1
Lower Tunnel
40
50
60
70290
300
310
3200.8
0.6
0.4
40
50
60
70290
300
310
3200.8
0.6
0.4
80
90
100260
270
280 0.2 80
90
100260
270
280 0.2
110
120
130230
240
250 110
120
130230
240
250
Tunnel Wind Speed (V/Vref) Approach Wind Speed (V/Vref)
140150
160170180190200
110220 140
150160170180190
200110
220
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Tunnel Wind Speed (V/Vref) Approach Wind Speed (V/Vref)© CTBUH Copyright
STATIC PRESSURE
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VELOCITY VECTORS
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WIND TURBINE GENERATORS
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VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINES
+
Battery
-
Batte
+
ry
-
+
Wind Turbines Battery
-
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WIND LOADING - CLADDING
Pressure Tap TubingPressure Tap Tubing
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ON SITE CO-GENERATIONON SITE CO-GENERATION
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INSTALLATION OF MICRO-TURBINES
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OCCUPANCY COMFORTOCCUPANCY COMFORT
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SENSE OF SENSE OF WELL-BEINGWELL-BEING
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RADIANT COOLING WITH DISPLACEMENT VENTILATION
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RADIANT COOLING & FLOOR-FED VENTILATION SYSTEMS
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
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Radiant Cooling
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“INSIDE – OUT” RETURN AIR PATHS
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RADIANT COOLING WITH FLOOR FED VENTILATION (FFV)
85.0
84.0
83 083.0
82.0
81.0
80.0
79.0
78 078.0
76.0
75.0
74.0
73.0
72 072.0
71.0
70.0
69.0
68.0
CO1S02r – 0.3 cfm/sf, T = 31C (88F), 65F ceiling (base simulation)CO1S02r – 0.3 cfm/sf, T = 31C (88F), 65F ceiling (base simulation)CO1S02r – 0.3 cfm/sf, T = 31C (88F), ½ Return Air at PerimeterCO1S02r – 0.3 cfm/sf, T = 31C (88F), 63F Chilled CeilingCO1S02r – 0.3 cfm/sf, T = 88F, 65F ceiling, Chilled Ceiling at 55w/mCO1S02r – 0.3 cfm/sf, T = 88F, 63F ceiling, Chilled Ceiling at 55w/m
67.0
66.0
65.0
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP
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FAÇADE SYSTEMSFAÇADE SYSTEMS
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HIGH PERFORMANCE GLAZING & SHADING SYSTEMS
envelope asenvelope as thermal regulator
Solar energy is collected within the building’s double wall façade. The energy is transferred to the mechanical floors and is used as the heating for the dehumidification system
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dehumidification system.© CTBUH Copyright
DOUBLE SKIN FAÇADE
• Determine suitability of glazing• Evaluate optimal blind strategy • Identify ventilation strategyy gy• Quantify cavity flow rates• Underfloor Air Distribution• Radiant Cooling g• Assess impact on offices
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SOLAR RADIATION [W/M2]
Nov 11Angle ~ 46º
Aug 08Angle ~ 77º Angle 46Angle ~ 77
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HUMIDITYINFILTRATION AND CONTROLHUMIDITYINFILTRATION AND CONTROLINFILTRATION AND CONTROLINFILTRATION AND CONTROL
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STACK EFFECT INFILTRATION- SUMMER
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STACK EFFECT INFILTRATION - WINTER
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THE PATH TO ZERO ENERGY
40000000
BaselineReduction
Reclamation
25000000
30000000
35000000
Reclamation
Absorption
G ti
5000000
10000000
15000000
20000000 Generation
-5000000
0
asel
ing
Cool
ing
azin
g
men
t
atur
es
ghtin
g
onsi
ve Pl
ant
e Ve
nt
cove
ry
ted
PV
urbi
nes
oolin
g
ratio
n
Pear
l Des
ign
Ba
Radi
ant C
gh P
erfo
rman
ce G
la
h Ef
ficie
ncy
Equi
p
"No
Flow
" Fe a
Hig
h Ef
ficie
ncy
Lig
Day
light
Res
pCo
ntro
ls
Hig
h Ef
ficie
ncy
Dem
ad B
ase
Hea
t Rec
Inte
grat
Win
d Tu
Geo
ther
mal
Co
On-
Site
Gen
e
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP
Hig
Hig
h© CTBUH Copyright
THE PATH TO ZERO ENERGY
40000000
BaselineReduction
Reclamation
25000000
30000000
35000000
Reclamation
Absorption
5000000
10000000
15000000
20000000
0
5000000
ign
Bas
elin
g
dian
t Coo
ling
nce
Gla
zing
Equi
pmen
t
ow" F
eatu
res
ncy
Ligh
ting
t Res
pons
ive
ontr
ols
cien
cy P
lant
d B
ase
Vent
eat R
ecov
ery
nteg
rate
d PV
Win
d Tu
rbin
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Pear
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d
Hig
h Pe
rfor
man
Hig
h Ef
ficie
ncy
"No
Flo
Hig
h Ef
ficie
n
Day
light Co
Hig
h Ef
fic
Dem
ad He In W
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP
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Base Case:
Design Case:2.2 million sq. ft. Headquarters BuildingChinese Energy Code Compliant Building
20,854,997,467 Lbs of CO2
CO2 Molecule8,759,098,936 Lbs of CO2
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FOCUS:FOCUS:How do we balance a payback timeline with first costs?
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ENERGY CONSUMPTION (KWH/SQM)
6
4
5
658% Overall Reduction
2
3
4
0
1
2
0Cooling Pumps Fans Lighting
Baseline Case Design Case
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EFFICIENCY OF MATERIALS
21 Meters
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Base Case Design Case© CTBUH Copyright
5 Additional Floors(100,000 sq ft.)
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IMPROVED NET TO GROSS AREA RATIO USING WATER BASED COOLINGCOOLING
8% Less Core per Floor
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CUMULATIVE INVESTMENT IMPACT OF SUSTAINABLE MEASURES
500000Decreased Cost of EnergyI d R t f Additi l Fl
300000
400000
Increased Rent from Additional FloorsIncreased Rent from Floor Efficiency
200000
300000
RM
B
Payback Occurs in 4.8 Years
0
100000
-1000000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
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SITE PHOTOGRAPHS SEPT 09
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SITE PHOTOGRAPHS OCT 09
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CIVILIZATIONS LEAVE MARKS ON THE EARTH BY WHICH THEY ARE KNOWN AND JUDGED. “IN LARGE MEASURE THE NATURE OF THEIR IMMORTALITY IS GAUGED BY HOW WELL THEIR IMMORTALITY IS GAUGED BY HOW WELL THEIR BUILDERS MADE PEACE WITH THE ENVIRONMENT.”THE ENVIRONMENT.”
- NATHANIEL OWINGSTHE AMERICAN AESTHETIC 1969THE AMERICAN AESTHETIC 1969© CTBUH Copyrig
ht
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