town and planning

8/10/2019 town and Planning

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PRESENTED BY

SIDDHARTH BHANDARI

PARIS


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The city of PARIS


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INTRODUCTION

Paris, one of the global capital hubs of the world, has beenthrough tremendous transformation throughout history. Thecity has withstood poverty, disease, underdevelopment,deindustrialization and many hardships thought the 19thcenturyand was redeveloped during the second empire of

Napoleon III. A famous figure,Baron Haussmann, comes tomind when identifying Pariss urban regeneration.Haussmann, as he is commonly known, was responsible forchanging the landscape of Paris into the wide boulevards,cafes and shops, public parks and monuments and the entire

urban architectural faade the city boasts of having today. Tounderstand Paris present urban structure and prosperity, it istherefore important to look at some of the cityshistoricalprominence.
http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=24832http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Baron_Haussmann.htmlhttp://urbantimes.co/2012/02/if-only-these-walls-could-talk-urban-history-and-torontos-murmur-project/http://urbantimes.co/2012/02/if-only-these-walls-could-talk-urban-history-and-torontos-murmur-project/http://urbantimes.co/2012/02/if-only-these-walls-could-talk-urban-history-and-torontos-murmur-project/http://urbantimes.co/2012/02/if-only-these-walls-could-talk-urban-history-and-torontos-murmur-project/http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Baron_Haussmann.htmlhttp://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Baron_Haussmann.htmlhttp://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=24832


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HAUSSMANN

Haussmann lived from 27 March180911 January 1891. The sonof a well off merchant family,Haussmann attended a universityto study law and music.Napoleon appointed Haussmann

the task of renovating andreinventing Paris1853.While Haussmann proved to bevery enthusiastic and a capableadministrator, it is important tonote that he never actually hadany experience as an architect or

an urban planner, which wouldresult in some of his plans notworking out quite as intended.

Portrait of

Georges-

Eugne

Haussmann

Emperor Louis

Napoleon III on

the left

presenting a

letter to

Haussmann onthe ri ht.

Jordan, David P. Baron Haussmann and Modern Paris.American Scholar, Vol. 61


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An example of the architecture in

pre-Haussmann Paris, typified by

narrow crooked streets.

- easons ormodernization

From 1800 to 1850 thepopulation of Paris doubled tobecome over one million. Thisrapid growth put great strainon Pariss.

In 1850 the majority of Paris

was still the medieval style ofunplanned narrow windingstreets.

These streets featured opengutters for carrying sewage,which were breeding grounds

for disease. These unplanned streets were

narrow, often had confusinglayouts and were not efficientfor commerce and traffic.

Haussmann's Architectural ParisThe Art History Archive, checked 21
http://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.html


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Pre-Haussmann Paris, typified by narrow streets

and cluttered lanes.

Haussmann's Architectural ParisThe Art History Archive, checked 21 Octob
http://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.htmlhttp://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.html


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Political Reasons

From 1790 to 1850 France had transitioned between Royaldynasties, Republics, and Empires six different timesParis wasthe focal point of revolutionary movements and by this pointParisian barricades had become synonymous with revolution.

Napoleon III realized that the narrow streets of Paris were easy

to barricade and the winding disorganized layout made it difficultfor troops to quell rebellions quickly. Therefore it was hoped thatby with the new layout providing quick access for troops andbroad streets discouraging barricades, future revolutions couldbe avoided.

Napoleon had a great interest in modern technology,

architecture and city planing. He became inspired to remakeParis into a modern city after seeing London which had beenrebuilt in a massive project after the great fire in 1666. Napoleonwas determined to remake Paris into a great modern capitalworthy of the empire.


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Haussmann embarked on a radical project of urban designto rebuild Paris as a modern city. The project include :

A greatly expanded sewer system.

The construction of wide boulevards.

Gas lighting for the streets.The formulation of public building regulations.

The construction of monuments.

An updated and uniform facade for the citys buildings.

A reorganized and symmetrical road system.

The construction of new parks.The division of Paris into Districts and the expansion of the

citys limits.

HAUSSMANNS PLANNING


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One of the most important aspects of the plan was the

renovation of Pariss main roads.The main features of these

plans were:

Bringing symmetry to the city.

The new roads were laid out in a grid running east to west,north to south with diagonal connections radiating out.

Creating wide avenues to allow fast access for troops while

also improving commerce.

The construction of new roads and the widening of streets.Creating visual check points for troops.

ROADS


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Detail of the

Plan de

Turgot.Haussmann's Architectural ParisThe Art History Archive, checked 21


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In 1853, Haussman had outlined and began construction on

a series of basic projects that had been planned since the

decision had been made to modernize the city. The projectsincluded

creating a north-south axis in the city,

developing the quarters around the Opra,

the annexation of the suburbs to make them outer

In the early 1860s it is to be known that upon the completion

of the original projects, new projects were put in to

development.

Haussmann molded the city into a geometric grid, with newstreets running east and west, north and south, dividing

Medieval Paris into new sections. His plan brought

symmetry to the city, something it was lacking beforehand.

No Parisian neighborhood was left untouched by

Haussmanshand.


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Haussmanns design of an

arch bridge

New and organized streets

after the renovation


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An example of the symmetrical

layout employed by

Haussmann. The main

boulevards are connected bysmaller diagonal streets.

An example of the wide

tree lined boulevards

constructed by

Haussmann.Haussmann's Architectural ParisThe Art History Archive, checked 21


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The new streets were also wider than most of their

predecessors, for reasons of public health and traffic

engineering. During a time when the city was filled to the

brim with people, disease was a large risk.

The widening of the streets would relieve the cramped city

and allow for the people to get around more easily.

It also allowed for an increase in height of the buildings,providing more room for the people of Paris to live and thrive

in.

Running alongside the new roads, which had been

widened to accommodate the rising number of people living

within the city limits, were rows of chestnut trees, which

allowed Haussmann to maintain the geometric and

symmetrical aesthetic that he had created with the new

roads.

And where he struggled to maintain his visual order, new


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Street before and after Haussmanns

renovationHaussmann's Architectural ParisThe Art History Archive, checked 21


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His new roads have been admired since their unveiling.

They not only served as new roadways for general use, but

also as streets leading to the center of Paris from the train

stations scattered throughout the city, as well as roads thatled to the monuments that were found throughout the city

The next step in Haussmanns plan for the new Paris was to

divide the city into arrondissements, or districts. The

decision to divide Paris into these new districts came aboutin 1853, at the same time as the decision to modernize the

city completely. The plan implied the destruction of the old,

heterogeneous quarters in the city center and the creation of

large new quarters implicitly dividing the population byeconomic status.

DISTRICTS


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This map is of Pre-Haussmann Paris. While there are some

main streets running more or less straight through the city, for

the most part it is chaotic and unplanned.Jordan, David P. Baron Haussmann and Modern Paris.American Scholar, Vol. 61


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This map shows

the much more

orderly layout of

modern Paris,

the streets

outlined in red

are the mainboulevards

constructed by

Haussmann.

Modern Paris,the main

boulevards

added by

Haussmann are

outlined in red.Jordan, David P. Baron Haussmann and Modern Paris.American Scholar, Vol. 61


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A engraving of a tour of the Parisian sewer

in 1867.


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By keeping the wastewater and contaminated water

separate, the human waste could be used as fertilizer for

crops to help support the economy and allow for agriculturalemployment opportunities for those moving to the big city.

Also by utilizing the new sewer system for human waste,

the city would become cleaner and more sterile, eliminating

the smell of rotting waste and lowering the threat of disease

from living in cramped, contaminated quarters.

Cleaning up the city also led way to the cleaning of the

people. Now that the people were living in cleaner areas,

they themselves also had to be clean, ushering in an idea of

modern narcissism. It would be uncivilized to live in such aclean environment when you yourself are dirty and uncouth.

The revamping of the sewer system was an integral part of

bringing the city of light out of the Dark Ages and into theModern era.


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SEWAGE SYSTEM BEFORE 1837

Haussmann and Haussmannisation : The Legacy for Paris.French


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SEWAGE SYSTEM AFTER HAUSSMANNS

RENOVATIONHaussmann and Haussmannisation : The Legacy for Paris.French


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PRESENT DAY SEWAGE TUNNEL


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The scene paintedhere is very different

from the crowded

narrow streets of

pre-HaussmannParis. The buildings

are in the

neoclassical style

and provide a sense

of uniformity andorder. It also depicts

the new Paris as a

city for the

prosperous

STREETSCAPE

bourgeoisie as they are seen here strolling about the wide

boulevard with plenty of affluent ground level stores to window

shop from. Also of note is the new gas lamp in the center of the

painting, enabling the citizens to walk the street at night.Haussmann and Haussmannisation : The Legacy for Paris.French


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The photo on the left taken

during the construction of

the Avenue de Loperais an

example of the demolitionthat accompanied the

widening of the boulevards.

The buildings in the

foreground will all beremoved to make room for a

wide boulevard leading to

the Opera seen in the

background. The

photo bellow shows themodern Avenue de Lopera

from the same perspective.

Note the buildings on the

side are typical of the

The modern Avenue de Lope



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Quite possibly one of the largest stages of the project,

second only to the new roads, was the architecture. To

accompany the new streets and provide visual unity to the

entire city, Haussmann and his team of architects

constructed a unifying architectural faade that changed theshape of Paris. As well as coating the city with a unifying

style, they also constructed new public buildings, such as

LOpra, as well as many other buildings.

The buildings became expressive and mimicked nature,

ignoring the classical norms they once followed. The

Baroque and Rococo styles of architectural design were

short lived, with people once again wanting a return to the

historical classical style that was so prominent throughout

ARCHITECTURAL CHANGES


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The neoclassical style was a unifying theme used in everythingfrom the facades of apartment buildings to the construction of

major Parisian landmarks. One such landmark constructed

during this time was the Palais Garnier opera seen below.

While both

Napoleon III

and

Haussmannwanted to

modernize

Paris at the

same time theywere adherents

of a more

classical style

of architecture.

This led to theprojects

buildings being

constructed in a

neoclassicalHaussmann and Haussmannisation : The Legacy for Paris.French


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A building in the typical neoclassical style

employed by Haussmann.


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With the widening of the Parisian streets, Haussmann and

his crew were able to add an extra story of height to the

buildings that lined the roads. The additional heightincreased the amount of living space within the city limits,

easing up on the overcrowding, but not changing the

affordability of the housing. The change in height can be

seen best in the apartment buildings found rampant

throughout the city. They are noted by their simple decorationand adherence to the classical style.

The apartment buildings were typically five stories. The

second story usually had a balcony with elaboratestonework, while the third and fourth floors resembled the

second floor without the balcony. The fifth floor or top floor

generally had an undecorated balcony that traveled the

length of the buildingInspired by the Industrial Revolution, the

new apartment buildings mimicked the products produced by


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Haussmann and Napoleon III wanted the buildings of Paris to

share a unifying theme. The city was rebuilt with a neoclassical

facade that has is still typical of Paris today. The widening of

the streets allowed for extra height to be added to the buildings

increasing living space. Typically five stories these buildingswould feature elaborate balconies. In contrast to todays

buildings the cheaper apartments would be high up while the

more desirable rooms were on the lower floors, this is primarily

due to the absence of elevators. The ground floor wouldusually be reserved for shops or other businesses. In many

ways these buildings were precursors to the prefabricated

buildings of today. While the outside facade is fancy,

Haussmann employed cost saving measures beneath the

exterior, and since all the buildings were made in the same

FACADISM


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The Quai des Orfevres and Pont Saint-Michel, before and after

Hausmann,

-by Marville, via Le Figaro.Building Paris. New York, Cambridge University Press, 1994
http://www.lefigaro.fr/photos/2009/03/27/01013-20090327DIMWWW00367-paris-avant-et-apres-haussmann.phphttp://www.lefigaro.fr/photos/2009/03/27/01013-20090327DIMWWW00367-paris-avant-et-apres-haussmann.phphttp://www.lefigaro.fr/photos/2009/03/27/01013-20090327DIMWWW00367-paris-avant-et-apres-haussmann.php


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An emphasis on the horizontal can be seen in the faade,

following the horizontal of the streets they sat next to, adding

to the symmetry and geometric unity that Haussmann

wanted the new Paris to have. By using a much moremodern style for the faade, the cost for the buildings could

be kept low and the buildings would appear timeless in a

changing city.

The facades were also constructed out of large stone

blocks, adding to the simplicity of the structure and the lack

of decoration made the building seem larger than it actually

was.


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GRAND PARIS

Grand Paris (Greater Paris) is the name of an initiativelaunched by former French President Nicolas Sarkozy for"a new global plan for the Paris metropolitan region.

It has led to a new transportation master plan for theParis region and to plans to develop several areas around

Paris.

In 2008 an international urban and architecturalcompetition for the future development of metropolitanParis was launched. Ten teams gathering architects, urban

planners, geographers, landscape architects will offer theirvision for building a Paris metropolis of the 21st century inthe post-Kyoto era and make a prospective diagnosis forParis and its suburbs that will define future developments inGreater Paris for the next 40 years.


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TRANSPORTATION LAYOUT

A new transportation plan was prepared and announced onApril 29, 2009.

The transport plan will be carried out in ten years, at a

cost of 35 billion Euros funded by the state, local

governments and new debt. An important part of the projectis a driverless subway linking important business and

residential poles such as Versailles and the Charles de

Gaulle airport but also banlieues like

Montfermeil and Clichy-sous-

Bois through a figure-eight track

140 km long and operating 24-

hour, which will alone cost 21billion Euros. Another 14 billion

will be spent in the extension

and re-equipment of existing

metro, regional and suburban

lines.


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SEWAGE SYSTEM

The aims of the modernization were to protect the Seine fromstorm overflow pollution by reducing the amount ofuntreated water discharged directly into the Seine, toreinforce the existing sewers, to enable the network tofunction better.

This project, which is costing an estimated 152 million eurosover the first 5 years, will include:

the refurbishing of the old sewers in a bad condition,

the renovation of pumping stations,

the construction of new sewers,

the installation of measuring devices and automated flowcontrol management,

the improving of the management of solid waste and grit,

the development of the computerized network management


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REFRENCES

Haussman Paris Transformed- Howard Saalman

Town building in history- Hiornes FR , 1956

David Van Zanten. Building Paris. New York,

Cambridge University Press, 1994

Jordan, David P. Baron Haussmann and Modern

Paris.American Scholar, Vol. 61 Issue 1, p99, 1992

Haussmann's renovation of Paris- Wikipedia

Haussmann and Haussmannisation : The Legacy for

Paris.French Historical Studies. Winter2004

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