town and street planning 23 e 24 05 2012

7/27/2019 Town and Street Planning 23 e 24 05 2012

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Town and street

network



2

Town and street network

A quick historical overview

1 - Before Automobile1-1 - At the beginning : town and street network 1-2 - The motorized transports in town

2 - Town, Automobile and urban area2-1 - Old tools…but2-2 - the urban shape is changing

2-3 – Automobile and automobile dependency

3 - The evolutions of urban literature3-1 - From the XIX century to the beginning of the XX century

3-2 – The evolution since 1970



3


1 - Before Automobile1-1 - At the beginning : town and street network

1-2 - The motorized transports in town2 - Town, Automobile and urban area2-1 - Old tools…but

2-2 - the urban shape is changing2-3 – Automobile and automobile dependency

3 - The evolutions of urban literature

3-1 - From the XIX century to the beginning of the XX century3-2 – The evolution since 1970



4

From village to town

When economic activities and services are

no more practiced by the farmers

Town is where authority takes place

A need for exchanges, roads andtransportations



5

Mentioned by Aristote

Hippodamos of Milet and the « regular

division of the town» - 480 BC

A territory divided in three parts dedicated to :

gods, public life,

private properties,



6

Map of Milet - Hippodamos (Vème BC)



7

From the right angle to a rectangular network

Geometric design of Milet, Rhodes,

Olynthe, Agrigente, Paestum, NaplesPompéi

Right angles, few main streets dividing thetown in parallel strip, a lot of secondary

.



8

Pompeii



9

The groma drawing the decumanus and the cardo



10

The Roman Vienna (200 hectares)



11

Vienna (Camillo Sitte)

After 1857, urban development between the old city and the baroque periphery

12



12

Medieval towns

Walls up to the XIV century



14



14

Algiers - The Casbah

15



15

Tunis: Medina and the European city

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16

Barcelona – Rovira’s project

17



Barcelone – Cerda’s project

18



Avenue de l’opéra - Paris

Expropriations in 1876 (1850 law)

19



Rue de Rennes - Paris

20



Haussmann’s works

New streets and new areas

21



Washington –Pierre Charles L’Enfant

22



Manhattan - New York

23

T d k





- - e mo or ze ranspor s n own2 - Town, Automobile and urban area2-1 - Old tools…but




24



Clay MacShane

In the XIX century the beginning of sprawl

Middle class and suburbanization:

Social Status: to own a house

Many Christian in US sects at the end of theXVIII century, stigmatizing the "urban evil"

Environmental causes of the sickness

25



Clay MacShane

Municipalities' policies:

To facilitate the transport companies

To develop parks (« Town lungs »).

Suburban speculation and public transports.

26



Clay MacShane

1840 (Kensington district of Philadelphia)

women and children attacked railwayworkers

Risk of explosion of steam - engineThe cable car then the trolley as "safe"

u

27

l h



Clay MacShane

Average ½ h. Radius

miles

Accessible

land

(mph)

(square miles)

Walk 2 1 7

Omnibus 4 2 12

Horse car 6 3 28

Cable car 10 5 78.5

Trolley (tramway) 12 6 114

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29

T d t eet et k





- - e mo or ze ranspor s n own2 - Town, Automobile and urban area2-1 - Old tools…but




30



2-1 - Old tools

Chicane (mentioned by Aristotel)

Pedestrian streets in Pompeii,

Side walks in the XVIII century

Street lightning in the XIX century

31

Old l



Old tools

Facilitate the movements by

- Separation of slow vehicles- enlarging road infrastructures

- Side road In 1922 in Frnace about ten “one way” streets

Traffic lights in Cleveland 1914, France 1933.Cycle lanes (in North of France)

32Hénard 1906



“Carrefour à giration” (mentioned by Le Corbusier)

33

Project of an underground network by



j g y

Bourdeix, mentioned by Le Corbusier

34



35

Hénard



é d

Flip over urban junction

36

Le Corbusier



Road through a village

37Le Corbusier



Road engineering

38Le Corbusier



US engineering

39






- - e mo or ze ranspor s n own

2 - Town, Automobile and urban area2-1 - Old tools… but


-


40

Houston Texas



Houston - Texas

41

Road network USA



Road network - USA

42

Toulouse Le Mirail hexagonal network



Toulouse Le Mirail – hexagonal network

G. Candilis, A. Josic, S. Woods, P. Dony, H Piot, J. François Arch et Ing

43

Toulouse Le Mirail – Model



Toulouse Le Mirail – Model

44

Caracas - « Hélicoïdal » network



Caracas - « Hélicoïdal » network

J.R. Guttierrez, P. Neuberger et D. Bornhorst, architectes



46



The extensions of urban technical networks

47

The automobile dependency (p1991)



The automobile dependency (p1991)

48

Fuel consumption and urban density



Fuel consumption and urban density

49






2 - Town, Automobile and urban area2-1 - Old tools…but

2-2 - the urban shape is changing



3-1 - From the XIX century to the beginning of the XXcentury3-2 – The evolution since 1970

50

Cerda – La Teoria general de la urbanizacion (1867)



Cerda La Teoria general de la urbanizacion (1867)

Cerda describes an actual revolution : the use of

–

Urbanisation is a grouping of buildings

connected together and which communicates so

the inhabitants can meet, help and defendthemselves (p83)

very ng a en n o cons era on, ur an e s

made of two essential elements. Human stays,human moves: that's all. (p149)



52

Linear City (Ciudad Lineal)- Soria Y Mata



y ( )

53

Linear City (Ciudad Lineal)- Soria Y Mata



5,2km long, 460m wide in Madrid

54

Classified and unclassified citiesLe Corb sier La ille radie se (R di i ) 1933 p108



Le Corbusier – La ville radieuse (Radiant city) 1933 p108

55



"Traffic falls into categories - better than

any other thing. Today, traffic is notcategorised - dynamite thrown into the

streets. The pedestrian is killed. And then

traffic stops. It is sterile to sacrifice

edestrians" Le Corbusier 1966 ed. .

160).

56

The « Voisin » plan for Paris

L C b i L ill di 1933 207



Le Corbusier – La ville radieuse 1933 p. 207

57

Le Corbusier



... …"The first useful measure would be a radical

separation, in congested throughways, of pedestrians and mechanical vehicles. The

second would be to give heavy goods vehicles a

special traffic lane. The third would be to lay

out traffic lanes for heav traffic that are

independent of the common lanes designed forlocal traffic "

" (the Athens charter Article 60)

58

Le Corbusier



…"Zoning, taking key functions into account: living,working and relaxing, will create order in theur an an scape. ra c, e our unc on,should have just one goal: usefully bringing theother three into communication. Majortransformations are inevitable. The city and its

region must be supplied with a network that isexactly suited to its uses and needs, constitutingmodern traffic techni ues. Traffic means must becategorised and differentiated and channels areneeded for each type which are suited to the verynature of the vehicles in use“

(the Athens charter Article 81).

59

Le Corbusier - The « Voisin » plan for Paris (1922)



60

"a main traffic artery, 120 m wide, with an elevated fast lane for one-

way traffic without intersections" (Le Corbusier 1966 p265)



way traffic without intersections (Le Corbusier, 1966 p265).

61

Le Corbusier

A way design for the traffic, a way design for the triumph (1922



y g y g p (

62

Chandigarh, Panjab, India – Le Corbusier



63

Chandigarh, Panjab, India

Le Corbusier – The 7V - 1945



Le Corbusier The 7V 1945

V2 Arterial road for urban traffic

V3 intra-urban network for automobiles

V4 Commercial street inside urban areas

-

V7 Leisure path

64



2 principles:

Segregation of means of transportation

Road network hierarchy

65

BenevoloExample of segregation of means of transportation



66

Buchanan (1963)

Segregation and hierarchy



67

Road hierarchy



Primary distributor

s r c s r u orsLocal distributors

OCDE (1979)

Les voies de desserte es vo es e str ut on

Les voies artériellesLes voies à caractéristiques autoroutières

CETUR – Alphand (1991)

68

Radburn, N.J. USA – 1928 (OCDE,1979)



69

Radburn, details



70

The Radburn principles (Buchanan)



71



(1963)

72

How to avoid congestion (Buchanan)



74

Oxford street shopping centre (Buchanan)The complete re-development (hexagonal distribution system)



75

Oxford street shopping centre (Buchanan)The deck level – shop, residence, office, industry



76

Coventry - development planThe needs of through traffic and of town traffic



77

The SCAFT guideline– University of Göteborg, 1968



Principles laid down by their work:

Reduce traffic by localising activities and use of space,

Separate modes of transportation: vehicles, cycles and pedestrians, to eliminate conflicts,

Differentiate the network by functions and features,ensure transit outside the town centre and residential

areas, Differentiate the various traffic flows so that each flow is

as omogenous as poss e,

Clarify, simplify and standardise the design of roads tofacilitate the decision-making process,

Design a safe road side to decrease the seriousness of

accidents

78

OCDE (1979)Closing roads (UK)



79

OCDE (1979)Access with an automobile



80

OCDE (1979)



81

OCDE (1979)



82

Gunnarsson (1987)Residential areas



83

Gunnarsson (1987)Down town



84

StrasbourgDown town



85

HelsinkiSpeed hierarchy



86

OCDE (1979)Risk of accidents in urban areas (Germany)



87

Stevenage (85inht/hectare)



88

Cumbernauld (205inht/hectare)



89

Accident risk in town (UK)



90


1 B f A t bil





2 - Town, Automobile and urban area2-1 - Old tools…but

2-2 - the urban shape is changing


3 - The evolutions of urban literature 3-1 - From the XIX century to the beginning of the XX century

3-2 – The evolution since 1970

91

Since 1970 – Woonerf - Holland



93

Speed reduction – Engel (1990)



94

Woonerf (Holland) – OCDE 1979



95

Widening the sidewalksBlackburn street, Lancs, UK



96

Manchester – OCDE 1979



97

Plantations and parkingGelsenkirchen-Schelke, Allemagne



98

« Wohnbereich » (Residential community)Munster-Coerde, Germany



99

Experimentations by H. E. Pettersson Sweden



100

Zone 30 entrance - France



101

zone 30 - France



102

zone 30 (pict. CETUR)



103

zone 30 (pict. CETUR)



104

Zone 30 - Paris



105

Zone 30 - Paris



106

Technical principles



Integrating modes of transportation and

street functions

107

Ville plus sûre – Chambéry le Haut



108

Ville plus sûre – Chambéry le Haut



109

Road Hierarchy for motor traffic



Primary distributors

District

distributors

Local distributors Access roads

Pedestrian streets

110

Reduced speedon entering the city



111

Reduced speed within the city



112

Cycle lane and reduced perceived width formotor traffic



113

Crossing place on aroute to school



114

References

BENEVOLO L. (1997) Histoire de la ville Col. Parenthèses. 509



( ) pages.

BUCHANAN, (1963). Traffic in towns. A study of the long term

problems of traffic in urban areas. Reports of the Steering Group andWorking Group appointed by the Minister of Transport. Waterlow &Son Ltd London and Dunstable. 224p.

ENGEL U., (1990). Effets sur la vitesse des mesures visant uneréduction de la vitesse dans les agglomérations danoises. Colloque

"Régulation de la vitesse dans les agglomérations". Copenhague,Danemark. 14-16 mai.

GUNNARSSON S. O. (1987) Strategies for reduction of traffic riskshrough urban and traffic planning. in Traffic and children's health.

The Nordic School of Public Health. Stockholm

LE CORBUSIER, (1966). Urbanisme. Première édition en 1924.Collection de "l'esprit nouveau" éditions Vincent, Fréal & Cie. Paris.284p.

LE CORBUSIER (1964) La ville radieuse. Première édition en 1933.

Ed Vincent, Fréal & Cie. Paris. OCDE, (1979). Sécurité routière dans les zones résidentielles. Paris

town and street planning 23 e 24 05 2012

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