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D e s p i t e a l t e r a t i o n s t o i t s e x t e r i o r and i n t e r i o r and t h e d i s a p p e a r a n c e of i t s s l a v e pens , t h i s house , ~ h i c h s e r v e d as t h e F r a n k l i n and A r n f i e l d h e a d q u c r t e r s 2nd John J . r n f i e l d T s r e s i d e n c e from 1828 t o 1836, s t i l l h a s t h e f o r e b o d i n r a p p e a r - ance i t must have had, t o t h e thousands o f s l a v e s who p a s s e d th rough i t s d o o r s . The house was c o n s t r u c t e d s o m e t i ~ e between 1810 and 1820 by Rober t Y o u n ~ , B r i c a d i e r G e n e r e l o f t h e Second r.:ilitia o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. It znd i t s ?rounds cove red h a l f a b l o c k f r o n t l n c on Duke S t r e e t . S h o r t l y a f t e r he COF- p l e t e d t h e house , Gene ra l Young, f a c e d w i t h f i n a n c i a l p rob lems , was f o r c e d t o s e l l it.

I n 1828 F r a n k l i n and Rrmf ie ld l e a s e d 2nd e v e n t u a l l y pur - chased t h e house t o s e r v e as h e a d q u a r t e r s f o r t h e i r s l a v e - t r a d i n g o p e r a t i o n s . P.ccordinz t o P r o f . E. A . Andrevs, a contemnorary o b s e r v e r , t h e n a i n b l o c k o f t h e house s e r v e d as t h e f i r m ' s o f f i c e and A r r f i e l d l s r e s i d e n c e , v h i l e t h e t l ro -s to ry a t t a c h e d wing i n t h e r e a r ?:as used t o house s l a v e s a t n i & t and had "doors and windows irhich were € r a t e d l i k e t h o s e o f o r d i n a r y p r i ~ o n s . " ~ Both ends o f t h e house had p e r t i a l l y r o o f e d c o u r t s o r pens where t h e s l a v e s c a s s e d t h e i r d a y l i g h t h o u r s a n d which were su r ronded by h i g h walls o f whitewashed brLc1:. I n 1835 Armfie ld , charged w i t h windin? up t h e f i r n p s a f f a i r s , s o l d t h e e s t ab l i shmer i t t o Geor,r;e Kephar t , a f e l l o : ~ s l a v e t r a d e r . Kephar t o p e r a t e d i t f o r a number o f y e a r s b e f o r e s e l l i n g i t t o P r i c e , B i r c h and Conpang, who d e a l t i n s l a v e s t h e r e u n t i l A l e x a n d r i a f e l l t o Union t r o o p s i n 1861. D u r i n ~ t h e C i v i l >!ar, c a p t u r e d Confede ra t e s o l d i e r s were i c p r i s o n e d t h e r e .

I n t h e 1 8 7 0 ' s Thomas Swann, a prominent r a i l r o a d b u i l d e r ; and p o l i t i c a l f i g u r e , Furchased t h e p r o p e r t y . Ee t o r e down t h e s l a v e pens , p robab ly us in^ much o f t h e r c a t e r i a l s t o c o n s t r u c t '

t h e a j a c e n t row o f townhouses now s i t u a t e d e a s t o f t h e house . A t t h e sere t i n e Swz?n a l t e r e d t h e o l d F r a n k l i n and A r n f i e l d o f f i c e i t s e l f , add ing a t h i r d s t o r y o f f r a x e c o r , s t r u c t i o n t o t h e a t t a c h e d r e z r wing and r e p l a c i n c t h e r a i n b l o c k ' s g a b l e . .

r o o f w i t h a Yqansard one t o conform w i t h t h e t o a n h o u s e s . Over t h e y e a r s j t h e p r o p e r t y h a s had s e v e r a l chznges o f ownersh ip and h a s been used c h i e f l y a s a rooming and apa r tmen t house .

The F r a n k l i n and Armfield o f f i c e i s a n L-shaped, Adamegque s t y l e , t h r e e - s t o r y s t r u c t u r e o f g ray -pa in t ed b r i c k . It c o ? s i s t s

( c o n t i n u e d ) f ; . ,

I ,

. . - ,

' c i t ed i n I s a b e l Uovrell, "John Amf i e l d , S l a v e ~ r a d e r , " ' I

Tennessee H i s t o r i c a l Quarterl:!, I1 (~s!arch, 19431, 19. )

NATIONAL PARK S E R V I C E

NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES INVENTORY -- NOMINATION FORM

RECEIVED

CONT~NUATION S ~ ~ ~ T F r a n k l i n 8. A r m . ITEM NUMBER 7 PAGE one

of a 24.17-by-38.13 f o o t , rectanEu1ar.-shaped, three-bay-wide main b l o c k and an a t t a c h e d t h r e e - s t o q , rear w i n ~ t h a t measu res 15.06 by 59.43 f e e t . The main blocl: s i t s on a f u l l basement , and f o u n d a t i o n s a r e b r i c k t h r o u c h o u t . The b r i c k o f t h e s o u t h , o r f r o n t , f a c a d e i s set i n F lemish bond w h i l e American o r c o m o n bond i s used e l s ewhere . Trrin, c o r b e l e d c h i n y e y s w i t h a p a r a p e t c o n n e c t i n g wall a r e l o c a t e d on t h e e a s t end o f t h e c a i n b l o c k w h i l e two o t h e r chimneys i n t e r s e c t t k e apex o f t h e g a b l e - r o o f e d wine;. The p r e s e n t Yansard roo f of t h e n a i n b l o c k is f a c e d w i t h s l a t e and cove red w i t h b l ack -pa in t ed , t u r n e d t i n , and i t i s adorned w i t h wood dormers--two on t h e Sou th a i d e and t h r e e on t h e nor th- - w i t h g a b l e d r o o f s and r e c t a n g u l a r four -over - four s a s h windows.

An 1861 pho to o f t h e s o u t h , o r f ron t ; , facade shokrs t h a t t h e house had i d e n t i c a l e n t r a n c e s l o c a t e d i n t h e c e n t e r and on t h e l e f t s i d e and s q u a r e s t o n e l i n t e l s o v e r t h e windows and doorways. Appa ren t ly , d u r i n g t h e r e n o v a t i o n of t h e l c 7 0 I s , t i l e c e n t e r doorway was conve r t ed t o a windour, ar:.i t h e s t o n e l i n t e l s ,;;ere r e p l a c e d w i t n sesrr.ental b r i c k a r c h e s . A l s o , windo?rs >:ere added t o t h e west end o f t h e main b l o c k , acd t h e b a r s v e r e renoved from t h e a t t a c h e d r e a r v!inc. I.:ost 0:' t k e xindoi.!~, s o n e o f which a p p e a r o r i g i n a l , a r e four -over - four s z s h and have p l a i n s t o n e s i l l s . S i n ~ l e doorways i n c l u d e t h e o:.iginal or en in^ i n t h e l e f t si 'de o f t h e f r o n t f acade and one on t h e east s i d e o f t h e a t t a c h e d winz. N e i t h e r doo r i s o r i g i n a l .

I n s i d e , t h e house has undergone c o n s i d e r z b l e a l t e r a t i o n o v e r t h e y e a r s and today c o n t a i n s s even a n a r t ~ e n t s . From t h e house ' s h i s t o r i c p e r i o d t h e r e remain t h e o r l c i n z l p i n e f l o o r i n g and a p p a r e n t l y t h e open-vrell, t h r e e - f l i g h t s t a i r c a s e w i t h c a r v e d newel p o s t and b a l u s t e r s . ' Less al te:-ed i s t h e basement w i t h i t s

. . rounded a r c h s u p p o r t s f o r t h e chinnc::s on t h e e a s t e n d , i t s walls w i t h p e e l i n e vrhitel;~ash, and b a r r e d t:Z;~dov~s ;?i;ich have been b r i c k e d up from t h e o u t s i d e . I

The house i s f l a n k e d on t h e e a s t by t h e brick t o ~ r n h o u s e s d a t i n e from t h e 1670 ' s and on t h e \lest by a n z l l e y and a ~ o d e r n one-s tory b u s i n e s s s t r u c t u r ~ o f nzsc::r:? and m e t a l . The n e l ~ h - borhood i s a mixtu-e of r e s i d e n t i e l cni! CO~J- . e r c i a l b u i l d i n c s , and u n t i l r e l a t i v e l y r e c e n t l y i t ha2 been d e c l i n i n . ~ . I n r e c e n t y e a r s , however, e f f o r t s have been 1al::ched t o a z i n t a i n i t s e s s e n t i a l l y r e s i d e n t i a l c h a r a c t e r . -3: p r e s e n t , t h e row o f town- houses t o t h e r i g h t o f t h e F r a n k l i n 2nd A r c f i e l d o f f i c e a r e

. undergoing r e n o v a t i o n , and t h e or!ners of :I:? o f f i c e i t s e l f h a v e exp res sed i n t e r e s t i n r e s t o r i n g i t .

PERIOD AREAS OF SIGNIFICANCE - - CHECK AND JUSTIFY BELOW

-PREHISTOR~C 4RCHEOLUGY-PREH1STORIC -COMMUNITY PLANNING -LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE -RELIGION

-1400.1499 __ARCHEOLOGY-HISTORIC -CONSERVATION -LAW J U E N C E

-1500-1599 -AGRICULTURE -ECONOMICS -LITERATURE -SCULPTURE

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A N V E N T I O N I t

SPEclFlc DATES 1828-01 -/ARCHITECT . i Rober t v o u n r I !

STATEMENT OFSIGNIFICANCE

F r a n k l i n and A m f i e l d , a c c o r d i n g t o d i s t i n g u i s h e d h i s t o r i a n 1

Clement Ea ton , vres " t h e most e c i n e n t s l a v e - t r a d i n g f i r m i n t h e ~ o u t h . " ~ 3etr ieen l e 2 8 and 1336, I s a a c F r a n k l i n , i n p a r t n e r s h i p

I w i t h h i s r e l a t i v e by m a r r i a g e , John Armfield , c r e a t e d t h e l a r g e s t - s c a l e s l a v e - t r a d i n g o p e r a t i o n i n t h e an t ebe l lum S o u t h . With what F r a n k l i n ' s b i o g r a p h e r !*rendell IIolnes S tephenson h a s d e s c r i b e d 1 as "keen i n s i ~ . h t i n t o b u s i n e s s c o n d i t i o n s , " t h e y e s t a b l i s t e d t h e i r ! j h e a d q u a r t e r s i n A lexandr i a , Va., ( t h e n p a r t o f t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbie) and t h u s were a d j a c e n t t o an erea b l e s s e d x i t h a s u r p l u s

I

i of s l z v e s a v a i l a b l e a t low p r i c e s . 2 Y h i l e P.rm.field remained i n A lexandr i a .and purchzsed s l a v e s f o r shipment s o u t h , P r a r k l i n handled s a l e s a t o f f i c e s i n Cew Or l eans and ?,Jatchez, m a r k e t s i n I v ~ h i c h s l a v e p r i c e s v:ere a t t h e i r h iwhes t . P.t i t s peak , t h e f i r m had a g e n t s i n a lmos t e v e r y impor t an t Sou the rn c i t y , o?.ned a f l e e t o f s a i l i n g s h i p s , and t r a f f i c k e d i n t housands o f s l a v e a n n u a l l y . I n t h e p r o c e s s b o t h p a r t n e r s became e n o r ~ o u s l y v:ealthy a n d acco rd - l i n g t o Kenneth S t anpp , p e r h a r s t h e l e a d i n ? e x p e r t on 7 e p o s l a v e r y , " p r o b a b l y n o t r a d e r e v e r exceeded t h e r e t u r n s e r joye r ! by t h e f i r n of F r a n k l i n & A r z f i e l d . . . . Few who ex l o i t e d s l a v e l a b o r , r a t h e r t h a n t r a d i n g i n i t , p r o f i t e d t h a t much. "T A f t e r 1335 F r a n k l i n I

r e t i r e d , and undes Armfield ' l s d i r e c t i o n , t h e f i r m c 2 s g r a d u a l l y d i sbanded .

D e s p i t e a l t e r a t i o n s t o b o t h i t s e x t e r i o r and i n t e r i o r and t h e d i s a p p e a r a n c e o f i t s o u t l y i n r s l a v e p e n s , t h i s house , which s e r v e d as t h e F r a n k l i n and A r n f i e l d h e a d q u a r t e r s and John A r m f i e l d ' s

( c o n t i n u e d ) .

'clement E a t o n , A H i s t o r y o f t h e Old Sou th ,2nd e d . (New York, 1966) ,. 233. -

" r lende l l Iiolmes S t ephenson , I s a a c F r a n k l i n : S l a v e T r a d e r 2nd - P l a n t e r of t h e Old Sou th (Ea ton R o u ~ e , 19381, 211.

3 ~ e n n e t h !?. Stampp, The P e c u l i a r I n s t i t u t i o n : S l a v e r y i n t h e Ante-Bellum Sou th ( N e w York, 1955) , 265.

..' NATIONAL Rl%XSTER OF HISTORIC PLACES INVENTORY-- NOMINATION FOXM

CONTINUATION SHEETFrenk-in & I \ r m . ITEM N U M B E R 8 PAGE one

r e s i d e n c e from 1828 t o 1 8 3 6 , s t i l l h a s t h e f o r e b o d i n g a p p e a r a n c e i t must have had t o t h e thousands of s l a v e s who pas sed t h r o u p h i t s door s . A f t e r F r a n k l i n and Armfield s o l d i t , t h e house con- t i n u e d as a c e n t e r f o r s l a v e t r a d i n g u n t i l 1851, and d u r i n ~ t h e C i v i l War i t housed c a p t u r e d Confede ra t e s o l d i e r s . The Adamesque s t y l e s t r u c t u r e i s an L-shaped, t h p e e - s t o r y s t r u c t u r e o f p ray- p a i n t e d b r i c k and consi: : ts o f a three-bay-wide, r e c t a n c u l a r - s h a p e d main b l o c k w i t h a Ib:ansar.< r o o f , which i s n o t o r i z i n e l , and a t t a c h e d t h r e e - s t o r y , r e a r viing. The on ly o t h e r known s t r u c t u r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h F r a n k l i n and Armfield o r i t s o;!ners d u r i n e t h e e x i s t e n c e o f t h e f i r m i s t h e I s a a c F r a n k l i n P l z n t a t i o n n e a r G a l l a t i n , Tenn.

H i s t o r y

Tne h i g h l y s u c c e s s f u l F r a n k l i n and Armfield s l a v e - t r a d i n g f i r m had i t s g e n e s i s i n t h e e a r l y 1 8 0 0 ' s vinen a younc Tennessean , I s a a c F r a n k l i n , ch2rged w i t h h a n d l i n g b u s i n e s s m a t t e x f o r h i s b r o t h e r s i n New O r l e a n s , becane a7::are o f t h e l a r g e s c z l e n i p a t i o n t o t h e Southvrest; t h e grovr in~; demand f o r . s l a v e s i n t h e r e z i o n , and t h e g r e a t p r o f i t s t o b e made i n d e a l i n g i n human c h a t t e l s . The e x a c t d a t e F r a n k l i n became a s l a v e t r a d e r i s unLno:vn, b u t e x t a n t r e c o r d s show him s e l l i n g s l a v e s i n Xatchez , Kiss., by 1819 and ITex O r l e a n s by 1828.

I n 1824 F r a n k l i n n e t and b e f r i e n d e d John A m f i e l d , a s t e g e - coach d r i v e r o f ?:orth C a r o l i n a Quaker s t o c k , and t r a i n e d him i n t h e a r t o f buyinF s l a v e s . I n 1825 h e cnde A r m f i e l d , viho e v e n t - u a l l y mar r i ed F r a n k l i n ' s n i e c e , h2s F a r t n e r , and what Ea ton h a s c a l l e d " t h e nosC eminent s l a v e - t r a d i n g f i r m i n t h e South" came 4 i n t o e x i s t e n c e . Possessed w i t h what F r a n k l i n ' s b i o ~ r a p h e r S tephenson has d e s c r i b e d as "keen i n s i v h t l n t o b u s f n e s s c o n d i t i o n s , " t hey e s t a b l i s h e e t h e i r h e a d q u a r t e r s i n A l e x a n d r i a , V a . , a d j a c e n t t o an a r e a b l e s s e d w i t h a s u r p l u s cf s l a v e s e v a i l a b l e a t low p r i c e s . 5 K h i l e F r a n k l i n handled s a l e s a t o f f i c e s i n 1:ew O r l e a n s and Izatchez, marke ts i n which s l a v e p r i c e s were h l y h e s t , A m f i e l d remained i n A lexandr i a , r e s i d i n g and conduc t ing b u s i n e s s i n a l e a s e d house a t 1315 Duke S t r e e t . By means o f newspaper a d v e r t i s e r c n t s , a g e n t s

( c o n t i n u e d ) i

aton on, Histor:r o f t h e S o u t h , 2 3 3 . - 5 ~ t e p h ~ n s o n , I s ~ a c F r a n k l i n , 2 4 .

UNlTEDSTATkS D E P A R T M E N 1 OF THE I N T t R I O I <

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

RECEIVED

NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES INVENTORY -- NOMINATION FORM

C O N T I N U A T I O N S H E E T T ; ~ ~ ? , , ! ~ ~ ~ ~ A r m . ITEM NUMBER 3 -. PAGE t-:?~

who scoured t h e c o u n t r y s i d e , a w i l l i n g n e s s t o pay h i p h e r p r i c e s t h a n o t h e r d e a l e r s , and a r e p u t a t i o n f o r f a i r d e a l i n e , h e was a b l e t o supply F r a n k l i n w i t h s l a v e s purchased a t r e l a t i v e l y low p r i c e s . During t h e firm's heyday i n t h e 1 0 3 0 1 s , a n n u a l p r o f i t s were o f t e n i n e x c e s s o f $100,000, and 1 ,000 t o 1 ,200 s l a v e s were s h i p p e d a n n u a l l y t o t h e Southvrest . East o f them were t r a n s p o r t e d on t h e f i r m ' s own s h i p s , which s a i l e d f r o n A l e x a n d r i a e v e r y 30 days d u r i n g t h e October-May s h i p p i n g s e a s o n .

Because Franl:lin and Armfield had 9Jhat F r e d e r i c B a n c r o f t , t h e h i s t o r i a n o f t h e s l a v e t r a d e , h a s d e s c r i b e d as "a p o s i t i v e g e n i u s f o r specu a t i n e i n s l a v e s , " t h e y r a p i d l y amassed c o n s i d - e r a b l e f ~ r t u n e s . ~ Although F r a n k l i n t s e s t a t e was l a t e r a s s e s s e d a t S750,000, Ran7 o f h i s con tempora r i e s c o n s i d e r e d him a m i l l i o n a i r e , a f i g u r e which nay be c l o s e r t o t h e t r u t h . A r c f i e l d was b e l i e v e d t o be n o r t h around ~ 5 W 0 , 0 0 0 . "But a l o n g with w e a l t h , " s a y s S tephenson , "had cone a nodicum o f s t i g v a r e s u l t i n g from p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n a b u s i n e s s t h a t was t o l e r a t e d o n l y b e c a u s e i t was r e g a r d e d as a n e c e s s i t y ."7

By 1836 F r a n k l i n had withdrawn from a c t i v e involvement i n t h e s l a v e t r a d e , t h e Alexandr ia o f f i c e and s a i l i n g s h i p s had been s o l d , and A r n f i e l d had begun s e t t l i n g t h e f i rc ls a f f a i r s , a t a s k n o t f i n i s h e d u n t i l w e l l a f t e r t h e s e n i o r p e r t n e r l s d e a t h i n 1546. Durir,!: h i s l a s t 1 0 y e a r s , F r a n k l i n , who had i n v e s t e d much o f h i s w e a l t h i n l a n e and h i s o m p e r s o n a l s l a v e s , l i v e d t h e l i f e o f 2 t y p i c a l wea l thy p l a n t e r , d i v i d i n ~ h i s t i n e bet7:een h i s F a i r v u e P l a n t a t i o n i n Tennessee and h i s o t h e r h o l d i n g s i n L o u i s i a n a . Armf ie ld , : ~ h o d i d n o t r e t i r e c o r ~ p l e t e l y f r o n t h e s l a v e t r a d e u n t i l t h e 1 8 5 0 1 s , i n v e s t e d h i s v e a l t h i n r e a l e s t a t e and gave l a r g e sums t o t h e U n i v e r s i t y of t h e S o u t h b e f o r e h i s d e a t h i n 1871.

' ~ r e d e r i c E a n c r o f t , S l z v e Trad ing i n t h e Old S o u t h ( E a l t i m o r e , 1 9 3 1 ) , 5 5 .

' ~ t e ~ h e n s o n , I s a a c F r a n k l i n , 93.

/ . a M A J O R BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES

B a n c r o f t , F r e d e r i c , S l a v e T r a d i n c i n t h e O l d Sou th ( B a l t i m o r e : J. H . F u r s t Company, 1 9 3 1 ) .

Cox, E t h e l y n , H i s t o r i c Alexandr ia V i r r i n i a , S t r e e t bv S t r e e t : A Survey oS Lx:ztlrlC- -arLxi S u l l u l n z s ( i ? l e x a n C r l c : i i l s t o r i c A l e x a n d r i ~ u r , c i a t i o n,lc?F\ ( c o n r ~ r i u e n ~

GEOGRAPHICAL DATA ACREAGE OF NOMINATED PROPERTY l e s s t h a n one a c r e UTM REFERENCES

WUd1 11518~01 I ~ 1 2 1 v t 6 1 ~ 0 1 0 ~ b . . J ~ ~ ZONE EASTING NORTHING

I I I- VERBAL BOUNDAR { LIESCRIPTION

o w ll-LuJ u The boundary o f t h e nominated n r o p e r t v c o i n c i d e s w i t h t h e boundary o f - t h e l ega l l o t knov i as 1315 Cu!:e S t r e e t , '

Alexandr i a , Va.

LIST ALL STATES A N D COUNTIES FOR PROPERTIES OVERLAPPING STATE OR COUNTY BOUNDARIES

STATE CODE COUNN CODE

STATE CODE COUNN CODE

FORM PREPARED BY NAME 1 TITLE

Palnh S . C'nrj&&!n F'4 stor3an December 1976 ORGANIZATION DATE -

STREET 8 NUhlBER TELEPHONE

1400 E i g h t h Avenue South 615-242-55'83 CITY OR TOWN STATE

! J a s h v i l l e , Tennessee *

STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICER CERTIFICATION THE EVALUATED SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS PROPERN WITHIN THE STATE I S

NATIONAL, STATE - LOCAL-

A s t h e d e s ~ ~ n a t e d State Htstoric Preservat~on Offlcer for the Natlonal H ~ s t o r c P r e s e ~ a t ~ o n Act of 1966 lPubi~c Law 89 6651. 1 hereby norntnate t h ~ s property for lncluslon in the Nat~onal Reglster and cer t~fy that 11 has been evaluated accordrng t o the crlterla and procedures set forlh by the Nattonal Park Servlce

FEDERAL REPRESENTATIVE SIGNATURE

TITLE DATE

RESY CERTIFY THATTHiS PROPERTY IS INCLUDED I N THE NATIONAL REGISTER

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF TI-IE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTOEIC PLACES INVENTORY -- NOMINATION FORM

RECEIVED

DATE ENTERED

CONTINUATION S H E E T r r l n ] : l i n t A r m . ITEM NUMBER 0 PAGE one

Eaton, Clement, A H i s t o r y o f t h e Old Sou th , 2nd ed . (Mew York: The !tacmillan Company, 1966) .

, The Growth o f Southern C i v i l i z a t i o n , 1790-1860 Harper & Roi , 1961) .

Howell , I s a b e l , "John Armfie ld , S l a v e - t r a d e r , " Tennessee H i s t o r i c a l Q u a r t e r l y , I1 (Rarch , 1943), 3-30.

I , "John Armfield o f See r sheba S p r i n g s , " Tennessee H i s t o r i c a l Q u a r t e r l y , 111 (!,larch, June 1 9 4 4 ) , 4-13-'67.

P h i l l i p s , U l r i c h 9., American h!erro S l a v e r y ( 9 a t o n Rouge: L o u i s i a n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1566) . P u b l i s h e d o r i g i n a l l y i n 1918.

Stampp, Kenneth E.!., The P e c u l i a r I n s t i t u t i o n : S l a v e r y i n t h e Ante-Bellum Sou th (?lev? York: Vin tage Pooks , 105x).

Stephenson , Vende l l Holnes , I s a a c FranklLn.: S l a v e T r a d e r and P l a n t e r o f t h e Old ~ o u t h C 5 a t o n Eouce: L o u i s i a n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1938).