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TOXIC AIR POLLUTION INTOXIC AIR POLLUTION INJEFFERSON COUNTY, ALABAMAJEFFERSON COUNTY, ALABAMA
HEALTH RISKS, ENVIRONMENTAL INJUSTICE,HEALTH RISKS, ENVIRONMENTAL INJUSTICE,AND PROPOSED REGULATORY SOLUTIONSAND PROPOSED REGULATORY SOLUTIONS
Presented ByLEGAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSISTANCE FOUNDATION, INC.
[www.leaflaw.org]June 17, 2006
ADEM REFORM COALITIONADEM REFORM COALITIONEnvironmental Justice and Human Health AgendaEnvironmental Justice and Human Health Agenda
1. Establish a Division of Environmental Justice and Health
2. Prepare disparate impact assessments for permitted activities (diligent implementation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act)
3. Adopt rules establishing health-based limits for single and multiple pollutant exposures
4. Enact legislation prohibiting disparate impacts on minority and poor communities in the permitting of pollution sources
5. Include demographic data in public notices of proposed permits
6. Increase diversity in ADEM workforce
PREVIOUS PRESENTATIONSPREVIOUS PRESENTATIONSAND SUBMISSIONS TO THE EMCAND SUBMISSIONS TO THE EMC
Race, Poverty and Environmental Burdens:Injustice in Alabama
Part I – Municipal Solid Waste LandfillsAugust 24, 2004 (Rev. Oct. 2004)
Race, Poverty and Environmental Burdens:Injustice in Alabama
Part II – Toxic Air Pollution FacilitiesSeptember 13, 2004 (Rev. Oct. 2004)
Introduction to Cumulative Health Risk AssessmentApril 8, 2005
Cumulative Health Risks of Selected Air Pollutants andImplications for Environmental Justice in Mobile County, Alabama
November 4, 2005
www.leaflaw.org
Toxic Air Pollution Facilities and AmbientToxic Air Pollution Facilities and AmbientAir Monitoring Stations in Jefferson County, AL Air Monitoring Stations in Jefferson County, AL
Source: U.S. EPA Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators Model, 2002 TRI Emissions
4113 Shuttlesworth Drive3009 28th Street No.
1242 Jersey Street 841 Finley Avenue
1801 Bruce Shaw Road
Estimated Relative Contribution to Population Health Risk (Dose Estimated Relative Contribution to Population Health Risk (Dose x Tox x x Tox x Pop) by Toxic Air Pollutants Emitted by Facilities in Jefferson Pop) by Toxic Air Pollutants Emitted by Facilities in Jefferson County, ALCounty, AL
Source: U.S. EPA Risk-Screening EnvironmentalIndicators Model, Risk Score for 2002 TRI Emissions
55%
Manganese & Compounds
Lead & Compounds
Cadmium & Compounds
Chromium & Compounds
Carbonyl sulfide
Polycyclic aromaticcompoundsNickel & Compounds
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Naphthalene
Hydrogen fluoride
Zinc compounds
Formaldehyde
Other
Relative Contribution of ManganeseRelative Contribution of ManganeseEmission Sources in Jefferson County, ALEmission Sources in Jefferson County, AL
Source: U.S. EPA, Jefferson County, AL Emissions Report of Hazardous Air Pollutants, 1999
36%
64%Major FacilitiesArea & Other Sources
Mobile Non-Road
Mobile On-Road
Manganese Emission Facilities (23) and AmbientManganese Emission Facilities (23) and AmbientAir Monitoring Stations (5) in Jefferson County, ALAir Monitoring Stations (5) in Jefferson County, AL
Source: U.S. EPA Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators Model, 2002 TRI Emissions
ManganeseManganeseSafe Chronic Exposure Concentration (Safe Chronic Exposure Concentration (RfCRfC) = 0.05 ) = 0.05 μμg/mg/m33
Source: U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)Source: U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)
Some Health Effects from Excessive Exposure to ManganeseSome Health Effects from Excessive Exposure to ManganeseCough
BronchitisShortness of Breath During Exercise
Susceptibility to Infectious Lung DiseaseSlow Visual Reaction Time
Poor Hand SteadinessImpaired Eye-Hand Coordination
Weakness and LethargyGait Disturbances
ClumsinessTremors
Speech DisturbancesMask-Like Facial ExpressionPsychological Disturbances
Sources: U.S. EPA Technology Transfer Network Air Toxics Website; Agency for ToxicSubstances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) Public Health Statement for Manganese
Mean Ambient Air MeasurementsMean Ambient Air Measurementsof Manganese Compared to of Manganese Compared to RfCRfC
1242 Jersey Street1242 Jersey Street
Measurements Source: Monitor Values Report - Hazardous Air Pollutants, U.S. EPA Air Data Website
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
2001 (13 PM 2.5)
2002 (59 PM 2.5)
2003 (59 PM 2.5)
2004 (61 PM 2.5)
2005 (57 PM 2.5)
Year (Number-Type of Measurements)
ug/m
3
Measured Value
RfCValue
Mean Ambient Air MeasurementsMean Ambient Air Measurementsof Manganese Compared to of Manganese Compared to RfCRfC
4113 Shuttlesworth Drive4113 Shuttlesworth Drive
Measurements Source: Monitor Values Report - Hazardous Air Pollutants, U.S. EPA Air Data Website
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
2005 (8 TSP)
Year (Number-Type of Measurements)
ug/m
3
Measured Value
RfCValue
Mean Ambient Air MeasurementsMean Ambient Air Measurementsof Manganese Compared to of Manganese Compared to RfCRfC
841 Finley Avenue841 Finley Avenue
Measurements Source: Monitor Values Report - Hazardous Air Pollutants, U.S. EPA Air Data Website
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
2005 (8 TSP)
Year (Number-Type of Measurements)
ug/m
3
Measured Value
RfCValue
Mean Ambient Air MeasurementsMean Ambient Air Measurementsof Manganese Compared to of Manganese Compared to RfCRfC
3009 283009 28thth Street NorthStreet North
Measurements Source: Monitor Values Report - Hazardous Air Pollutants, U.S. EPA Air Data Website
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
2001 (112 PM 2.5)
2002 (119 PM 2.5)
2003 (120 PM 2.5)
2004 (121 PM 2.5)
2005 (114 PM 2.5)
2005 (8 TSP)
Year (Number-Type of Measurements)
ug/m
3
Measured Value
RfCValue
Estimated Pounds of Manganese and ManganeseEstimated Pounds of Manganese and ManganeseCompounds Emitted by Facilities in Jefferson County, ALCompounds Emitted by Facilities in Jefferson County, AL
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Poun
ds P
er Y
ear
USS FAIRFIELD WORKSNUCOR STEEL BIRMINGHAM INC.BORAL BRICKS INC. BESSEMER PLANT 6
BORAL BRICKS INC. BESSEMER PLANT 5
UNITED STATES PIPE & FNDY. CO.
MEADOWCRAFT INC.
SMI STEEL INC.
U.S. PIPE & FNDY. CO.
ALABAMA POWER CO. MILLER STEAM PLANT
L. B. FOSTER CO.
SOUTHLAND TUBE
C & B PIPING
DAYTON SUPERIOR CORP.
SLOSS INDS. CORP. COKE PLANT
MCWANE CAST IRON PIPE CO.
AMEREX CORP.
AMERICAN CAST IRON PIPE CO.
HANNA STEEL CORP.
BLAZER FABRICATING PAWNEE PLANT
BLAZER - PINSON PLANT
BLAZER FABRICATING BESSEMER PLANT
ALABAMA METAL INDS. CORP.
BERMCO ALUMINUM
Source: U.S. EPA Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators Model, Risk Score for 2002 TRI Emissions
USS Fairfield Works
Nucor Steel Birmingham, Inc.
Source: U.S. EPA Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators Model, Risk Score for 2002 TRI Emissions
Estimated Relative Population Health Risk from Facilities EmittiEstimated Relative Population Health Risk from Facilities EmittingngManganese and Manganese Compounds in Jefferson County, ALManganese and Manganese Compounds in Jefferson County, AL
0.00E+00
1.00E+04
2.00E+04
3.00E+04
4.00E+04
5.00E+04
6.00E+04 NUCOR STEEL BIRMINGHAM INC.USS FAIRFIELD WORKSU.S. PIPE & FN D Y . C O.
M EA D OW C R AFT IN C .
UN ITED STA TES PIPE & FND Y . C O.
SM I STEEL IN C .
BOR A L BR ICKS IN C . B ESSEM ER PLAN T 5
L. B . FOSTER CO.
SOU THLA N D TU B E
BOR A L BR ICKS IN C . B ESSEM ER PLAN T 6
C & B PIPING
DA Y TON SU PER IOR C OR P.
SLOSS IND S. C OR P. COKE PLA NT
AM ER IC A N C A ST IR ON PIPE CO.
M C W A N E CA ST IR ON PIPE C O.
HAN N A STEEL C ORP.
BLAZER FAB R ICA TING PA W N EE PLA N T
BLAZER - PIN SON PLA N T
AM ER EX C ORP.
ALAB A M A POW ER C O. M ILLER STEA M PLA N T
ALAB A M A M ETA L IN D S. C OR P.
BLAZER FAB R ICA TING B ESSEM ER PLA N T
BER M C O A LU M INU M
USS Fairfield Works
Nucor Steel Birmingham, Inc.
ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE COMMUNITIESENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE COMMUNITIES
> 1.2 X State-wide Percent Minority
> 1.2 X State-wide Percent Individuals Below Poverty
> 1.2 X State-wide Percent HouseholdsBelow $15,000 Income
1.2 X 29.7% = 35.6%
1.2 X 16.1% = 19.3%
1.2 X 22.5% = 27.0%
Source: U.S. EPA, Interim Policy to Identify and AddressPotential Environmental Justice Areas (EPA-904-R99-004, April 1999)
Radii Surrounding Nucor Steel Birmingham, Inc.Radii Surrounding Nucor Steel Birmingham, Inc.
Demographics Surrounding Nucor Steel Demographics Surrounding Nucor Steel Birmingham, Inc. in Jefferson County, ALBirmingham, Inc. in Jefferson County, AL
Radius (miles) from Nucor Steel
B’ham, Inc.
Estimated Population Percent Minority
Percent Individuals
Below Poverty
Percent Households
Below $15,000
1.0 9,226
52,206
161,080
96.9 39.2 44.3
3.0 85.8 34.7
5.0
42.8
68.0 24.6 30.8
Source: U.S. EPA Environmental Justice Geographic Assessment Tool based on U.S. Census Bureau (Race Data 2000, Economic Data 1999). Note: Values in RED exceed U.S. EPA Region 4 criteria for identifying “environmental justice” communities.
Radii Surrounding US Steel Fairfield WorksRadii Surrounding US Steel Fairfield Works
Demographics SurroundingDemographics SurroundingUS Steel Fairfield Works in Jefferson County, ALUS Steel Fairfield Works in Jefferson County, AL
Radius (miles) from USS
Fairfield Works
Estimated Population Percent Minority
Percent Individuals
Below Poverty
Percent Households
Below $15,000
1.0 8,470
66,635
138,537
91.6 24.1 34.6
3.0 84.5 21.9
5.0
28.1
81.1 22.7 29.8
Source: U.S. EPA Environmental Justice Geographic Assessment Tool based on U.S. Census Bureau (Race Data 2000, Economic Data 1999). Note: Values in RED exceed U.S. EPA Region 4 criteria for identifying “environmental justice” communities.
Manganese Emission FacilitiesManganese Emission Facilitiesand Minority Census Blocksand Minority Census Blocks
Manganese Emission Facilities and PovertyManganese Emission Facilities and Povertyor Low Income Census Block Groupsor Low Income Census Block Groups
Manganese Emission Facilities and Minority Census Blocks Manganese Emission Facilities and Minority Census Blocks and Poverty or Low Income Census Block Groupsand Poverty or Low Income Census Block Groups
Estimated Relative Contribution to Population Health Risk (Dose Estimated Relative Contribution to Population Health Risk (Dose x Tox x x Tox x Pop) by Toxic Air Pollutants Emitted by Facilities in Jefferson Pop) by Toxic Air Pollutants Emitted by Facilities in Jefferson County, ALCounty, AL
Source: U.S. EPA Risk-Screening EnvironmentalIndicators Model, Risk Score for 2002 TRI Emissions
18%
Manganese & Compounds
Lead & Compounds
Cadmium & Compounds
Chromium & Compounds
Carbonyl sulfide
Polycyclic aromaticcompoundsNickel & Compounds
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Naphthalene
Hydrogen fluoride
Zinc compounds
Formaldehyde
Other
Relative Contribution of Lead Relative Contribution of Lead Emission Sources in Jefferson County, ALEmission Sources in Jefferson County, AL
Source: U.S. EPA, County Emissions Report of Hazardous Air Pollutants, 1999
46%50%
4%
Major FacilitiesArea & Other Sources
Mobile Non-Road
Mobile On-Road
Lead Emission Facilities (23) and Ambient AirLead Emission Facilities (23) and Ambient AirMonitoring Stations (5) in Jefferson County, AlabamaMonitoring Stations (5) in Jefferson County, Alabama
Source: U.S. EPA Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators Model, 2002 TRI Emissions
LeadLeadSafe Chronic Exposure Concentration = 1.5 Safe Chronic Exposure Concentration = 1.5 μμg/mg/m33
Source: U.S. EPA Nat’l Ambient Air Quality Standard, 43 Fed. Reg. 46246 (1978)Note: Cal OEHHA provides CSFi = 4.2E-02 (mg/kg-day)-1 À 0.09 μg/m3
Some Health Effects from Excessive Exposure to LeadSome Health Effects from Excessive Exposure to LeadProbable Human Carcinogen (B2)
Premature BirthsLow Birthweights
Impaired Mental DevelopmentDecreased IQ
AnemiaSlowed Nerve Conduction
Hearing Threshold (children)Impaired Mental and Physical Growth (children)
Increased Blood PressureKidney Damage
Vitamin D MetabolismReduced Sperm Count
Decreased Prostate FunctionDecreased Seminal Vesicle Function
Sources: U.S. EPA Technology Transfer Network Air Toxics Website; Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) Public Health Statement for Lead
Mean Ambient Air MeasurementsMean Ambient Air Measurementsof Lead Compared to NAAQSof Lead Compared to NAAQS
1242 Jersey Street1242 Jersey Street
Measurements Source: Monitor Values Report - Hazardous Air Pollutants, U.S. EPA Air Data Website
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
2001 (13 PM 2.5)
2002 (59 PM 2.5)
2003 (59 PM 2.5)
2004 (61 PM 2.5)
2005 (57 PM 2.5)
Year (Number-Type of Measurements)
ug/m
3
Measured Value
NAAQSValue
Mean Ambient Air MeasurementsMean Ambient Air Measurementsof Lead Compared to NAAQSof Lead Compared to NAAQS
4113 Shuttlesworth Drive4113 Shuttlesworth Drive
Measurements Source: Monitor Values Report - Hazardous Air Pollutants, U.S. EPA Air Data Website
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
2005 (8 TSP)
Year (Number-Type of Measurements)
ug/m
3
Measured Value
NAAQSValue
Mean Ambient Air MeasurementsMean Ambient Air Measurementsof Lead Compared to NAAQSof Lead Compared to NAAQS
841 Finley Avenue841 Finley Avenue
Measurements Source: Monitor Values Report - Hazardous Air Pollutants, U.S. EPA Air Data Website
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
2005 (8 TSP)
Year (Number-Type of Measurements)
ug/m
3
Measured Value
NAAQSValue
Mean Ambient Air MeasurementsMean Ambient Air Measurementsof Lead Compared to NAAQSof Lead Compared to NAAQS
3009 283009 28thth Street NorthStreet North
Measurements Source: Monitor Values Report - Hazardous Air Pollutants, U.S. EPA Air Data Website
00.2
0.40.6
0.81
1.21.4
1.6
2001 (112 PM 2.5)
2002 (119 PM 2.5)
2003 (120 PM 2.5)
2004 (121 PM 2.5)
2005 (114 PM 2.5)
2005 (8 TSP)
Year (Number-Type of Measurements)
ug/m
3
Measured Value
NAAQSValue
Estimated Pounds of Lead and Lead CompoundsEstimated Pounds of Lead and Lead CompoundsEmitted by Facilities in Jefferson County, ALEmitted by Facilities in Jefferson County, AL
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Poun
ds P
er Y
ear
NUCOR STEEL BIRMINGHAM INC.
MCWANE CAST IRON PIPE CO.
AMERICAN CAST IRON PIPE CO.
ACME PACKAGING CORP. LEEDSFACILITYU.S. PIPE & FNDY. CO.
UNITED STATES PIPE & FNDY. CO.
SMI STEEL INC.
LEHIGH CEMENT CO.
USS FAIRFIELD WORKS
ALABAMA POWER CO. MILLER STEAMPLANTSLOSS INDS. CORP. COKE PLANT
METALPLATE GALVANIZING L.P.
U.S. STEEL MINING CO. L.L.C. OAK GROVESYS.METALPLATE GALVANIZING L.P.
NATIONAL METALS INC.
ALABAMA COPPER & BRONZE CO. INC.
ANDERSON ELECTRICAL PRODS. INC.
HOLCIM (US) INC.
DRUMMOND CO. INC. ABC COKE DIV.
CITATION CASTINGS L.L.C.
ALABAMA COAL RECOVERY L.L.C.BIRMINGPORT PLANTBERMCO ALUMINUM
BERMCO ALUMINUM
Nucor Steel Birmingham, Inc.
Source: U.S. EPA Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators Model, Risk Score for 2002 TRI Emissions
McWane Cast Iron Pipe Co.
Estimated Relative Population Health Risk from FacilitiesEstimated Relative Population Health Risk from FacilitiesEmitting Lead and Lead Compounds in Jefferson County, ALEmitting Lead and Lead Compounds in Jefferson County, AL
Source: U.S. EPA Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators Model, Risk Score for 2002 TRI Emissions
0.00E+00
5.00E+03
1.00E+04
1.50E+04
2.00E+04
2.50E+04NUCOR STEEL BIRMINGHAM INC.
MCWANE CAST IRON PIPE CO.
A M ER IC A N C A ST IR ON PIPE C O.
U .S. PIPE & FN D Y . C O.
U N ITED STA TES PIPE & FN D Y . C O.
SM I STEEL IN C .
A C M E PA C KA GIN G C OR P. LEED SFA C ILITYSLOSS IN D S. C OR P. C OKE PLA N T
U SS FA IR FIELD W OR KS
LEHIGH C EM EN T C O.
M ETA LPLA TE GA LV A N IZ IN G L.P.
M ETA LPLA TE GA LV A N IZ IN G L.P.
A LA B A M A C OPPER & B R ON ZE C O. IN C .
HOLC IM ( U S) IN C .
C ITA TION C A STIN GS L.L.C .
N A TION A L M ETA LS IN C .
U .S. STEEL M IN IN G C O. L.L.C . OA KGR OV E SY S.D R U M M ON D C O. IN C . A B C C OKE D IV .
A N D ER SON ELEC TR IC A L PR OD S. IN C .
A LA B A M A POW ER C O. M ILLER STEA MPLA N TB ER M C O A LU M IN U M
Nucor Steel Birmingham, Inc.
McWane Cast Iron Pipe Co.
Radii Surrounding Nucor Steel Birmingham, Inc.Radii Surrounding Nucor Steel Birmingham, Inc.
Demographics Surrounding Nucor Steel Demographics Surrounding Nucor Steel Birmingham, Inc. in Jefferson County, ALBirmingham, Inc. in Jefferson County, AL
Radius (miles) from Nucor Steel
B’ham, Inc.
Estimated Population Percent Minority
Percent Individuals
Below Poverty
Percent Households
Below $15,000
1.0 9,226
52,206
161,080
96.9 39.2 44.3
3.0 85.8 34.7
5.0
42.8
68.0 24.6 30.8
Source: U.S. EPA Environmental Justice Geographic Assessment Tool based on U.S. Census Bureau (Race Data 2000, Economic Data 1999). Note: Values in RED exceed U.S. EPA Region 4 criteria for identifying “environmental justice” communities.
Radii Surrounding McWane Cast Iron Pipe Co.Radii Surrounding McWane Cast Iron Pipe Co.
Demographics SurroundingDemographics SurroundingMcWane Cast Iron Pipe in Jefferson County, ALMcWane Cast Iron Pipe in Jefferson County, AL
Radius (miles) from McWane Cast Iron Pipe
Estimated Population Percent Minority
Percent Individuals
Below Poverty
Percent Households
Below $15,000
1.0 4,428
64,404
164,710
95.7 37.1 41.4
3.0 69.5 29.7
5.0
35.3
61.9 23.2 29.1
Source: U.S. EPA Environmental Justice Geographic Assessment Tool based on U.S. Census Bureau (Race Data 2000, Economic Data 1999). Note: Values in RED exceed U.S. EPA Region 4 criteria for identifying “environmental justice” communities.
Lead Emission Facilities and Minority Census BlocksLead Emission Facilities and Minority Census Blocks
Lead Emission Facilities andLead Emission Facilities andPoverty or Low Income Census Block GroupsPoverty or Low Income Census Block Groups
Lead Emission Facilities and Minority Census Blocks and Lead Emission Facilities and Minority Census Blocks and Poverty or Low Income Census Block GroupsPoverty or Low Income Census Block Groups
Estimated Relative Contribution to Population Health Risk (Dose Estimated Relative Contribution to Population Health Risk (Dose x Tox x x Tox x Pop) by Toxic Air Pollutants Emitted by Facilities in Jefferson Pop) by Toxic Air Pollutants Emitted by Facilities in Jefferson County, ALCounty, AL
Source: U.S. EPA Risk-Screening EnvironmentalIndicators Model, Risk Score for 2002 TRI Emissions
8%
Manganese & Compounds
Lead & Compounds
Cadmium & Compounds
Chromium & Compounds
Carbonyl sulfide
Polycyclic aromaticcompoundsNickel & Compounds
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Naphthalene
Hydrogen fluoride
Zinc compounds
Formaldehyde
Other
Relative Contribution of CadmiumRelative Contribution of CadmiumEmission Sources in Jefferson County, ALEmission Sources in Jefferson County, AL
Source: U.S. EPA, County Emissions Report of Hazardous Air Pollutants, 1999
56%44%Major FacilitiesArea & Other Sources
Mobile Non-Road
Mobile On-Road
Cadmium Emission Facilities (2) and AmbientCadmium Emission Facilities (2) and AmbientAir Monitoring Stations (5) in Jefferson County, ALAir Monitoring Stations (5) in Jefferson County, AL
Source: U.S. EPA Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators Model, 2002 TRI Emissions
CadmiumCadmiumSafe Chronic Exposure Concentrations:Safe Chronic Exposure Concentrations:
10-6 Cancer Risk (1 in 1,000,000) = 0.0006 μg/m3
10-5 Cancer Risk (1 in 100,000) = 0.006 μg/m3
10-4 Cancer Risk (1 in 10,000) = 0.06 μg/m3
Source: U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)
Some Health Effects from Excessive Exposure to CadmiumSome Health Effects from Excessive Exposure to CadmiumProbable Human Carcinogen (B1)
Kidney DiseaseKidney Stones
ProteinuriaBronchiolitisEmphysema
Liver DamageLung DamageFragile Bones
Immune System ImpairmentNervous System Damage
Sources: U.S. EPA Technology Transfer Network Air Toxics Website; Agency for ToxicSubstances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) Public Health Statement for Cadmium
Mean Ambient Air Measurements of Cadmium ComparedMean Ambient Air Measurements of Cadmium Comparedto Concentration Protective at 10to Concentration Protective at 10--66 (1.00E(1.00E--06) Cancer Risk06) Cancer Risk
1242 Jersey Street1242 Jersey Street
Measurements Source: Monitor Values Report - Hazardous Air Pollutants, U.S. EPA Air Data Website
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
2001 (13 PM 2.5)
2002 (59 PM 2.5)
2003 (59 PM 2.5)
2004 (61 PM 2.5)
2005 (57 PM 2.5)
Year (Number-Type of Measurements)
ug/m
3
MeasuredValue
10-6 RiskValue
Mean Ambient Air Measurements of Cadmium ComparedMean Ambient Air Measurements of Cadmium Comparedto Concentration Protective at 10to Concentration Protective at 10--66 (1.00E(1.00E--06) Cancer Risk06) Cancer Risk
3009 283009 28thth Street NorthStreet North
Measurements Source: Monitor Values Report - Hazardous Air Pollutants, U.S. EPA Air Data Website
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
2001 (112 PM 2.5)
2002 (119 PM 2.5)
2003 (120 PM 2.5)
2004 (121 PM 2.5)
2005 (114 PM 2.5)
2005 (8 TSP)
Year (Number-Type of Measurements)
ug/m
3
MeasuredValue
10-6 RiskValue
Mean Ambient Air Measurements of Cadmium ComparedMean Ambient Air Measurements of Cadmium Comparedto Concentration Protective at 10to Concentration Protective at 10--66 (1.00E(1.00E--06) Cancer Risk06) Cancer Risk
4113 Shuttlesworth Drive4113 Shuttlesworth Drive
Measurements Source: Monitor Values Report - Hazardous Air Pollutants, U.S. EPA Air Data Website
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
2005 (8 TSP)
Year (Number-Type of Measurements)
ug/m
3
MeasuredValue
10-6 RiskValue
Mean Ambient Air Measurements of Cadmium ComparedMean Ambient Air Measurements of Cadmium Comparedto Concentration Protective at 10to Concentration Protective at 10--66 (1.00E(1.00E--06) Cancer Risk06) Cancer Risk
841 Finley Avenue841 Finley Avenue
Measurements Source: Monitor Values Report - Hazardous Air Pollutants, U.S. EPA Air Data Website
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
2005 (8 TSP)
Year (Number-Type of Measurements)
ug/m
3
MeasuredValue
10-6 RiskValue
Estimated Pounds of Cadmium and CadmiumEstimated Pounds of Cadmium and CadmiumCompounds Emitted by Facilities in Jefferson County, ALCompounds Emitted by Facilities in Jefferson County, AL
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Poun
ds P
er Y
ear
NUCOR STEELBIRMINGHAM INC.
SLOSS INDS. CORP.COKE PLANT
Nucor SteelBirmingham, Inc.
Source: U.S. EPA Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators Model, Risk Score for 2002 TRI Emissions
Sloss Inds. Corp.Coke Plant
Estimated Relative Population Health Risk from Facilities EmittiEstimated Relative Population Health Risk from Facilities EmittingngCadmium and Cadmium Compounds in Jefferson County, ALCadmium and Cadmium Compounds in Jefferson County, AL
Source: U.S. EPA Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators Model, Risk Score for 2002 TRI Emissions
0.00E+00
2.00E+03
4.00E+03
6.00E+03
8.00E+03
1.00E+04
1.20E+04
1.40E+04
1.60E+04
1.80E+04
2.00E+04
NUCOR STEELBIRMINGHAM INC.SLOSS INDS. CORP.COKE PLANT
Nucor SteelBirmingham, Inc.
Sloss Inds. Corp.Coke Plant
Radii Surrounding Nucor Steel Birmingham, Inc.Radii Surrounding Nucor Steel Birmingham, Inc.
Demographics Surrounding Nucor Steel Demographics Surrounding Nucor Steel Birmingham, Inc. in Jefferson County, ALBirmingham, Inc. in Jefferson County, AL
Radius (miles) from Nucor Steel
B’ham, Inc.
Estimated Population Percent Minority
Percent Individuals
Below Poverty
Percent Households
Below $15,000
1.0 9,226
52,206
161,080
96.9 39.2 44.3
3.0 85.8 34.7
5.0
42.8
68.0 24.6 30.8
Source: U.S. EPA Environmental Justice Geographic Assessment Tool based on U.S. Census Bureau (Race Data 2000, Economic Data 1999). Note: Values in RED exceed U.S. EPA Region 4 criteria for identifying “environmental justice” communities.
Radii Surrounding Sloss Industries Corp. Coke PlantRadii Surrounding Sloss Industries Corp. Coke Plant
Radius (miles) from Sloss
Indus. Corp.
Estimated Population Percent Minority
Percent Individuals
Below Poverty
Percent Households
Below $15,000
1.0 4,675
41,956
132,777
94.4 45.1 50.3
3.0 80.5 33.7
5.0
39.9
67.3 25.5 31.8
Demographics SurroundingDemographics SurroundingSloss Industries Corp. in Jefferson County, ALSloss Industries Corp. in Jefferson County, AL
Source: U.S. EPA Environmental Justice Geographic Assessment Tool based on U.S. Census Bureau (Race Data 2000, Economic Data 1999). Note: Values in RED exceed U.S. EPA Region 4 criteria for identifying “environmental justice” communities.
Cadmium Emission Facilities and Minority Census BlocksCadmium Emission Facilities and Minority Census Blocks
Cadmium Emission Facilities and Cadmium Emission Facilities and Poverty or Low Income Census Block GroupsPoverty or Low Income Census Block Groups
Cadmium Emission Facilities and Minority Census Blocks Cadmium Emission Facilities and Minority Census Blocks and Poverty or Low Income Census Block Groupsand Poverty or Low Income Census Block Groups
Estimated Relative Contribution to Population Health Risk (Dose Estimated Relative Contribution to Population Health Risk (Dose x Tox x x Tox x Pop) by Toxic Air Pollutants Emitted by Facilities in Jefferson Pop) by Toxic Air Pollutants Emitted by Facilities in Jefferson County, ALCounty, AL
0.24% Manganese & Compounds
Lead & Compounds
Cadmium & Compounds
Chromium & Compounds
Carbonyl sulfide
Polycyclic aromatic compounds
Nickel & Compounds
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Naphthalene
Hydrogen fluoride
Zinc compounds
Formaldehyde
Chlorine
Hydrochloric acid
Copper compounds
Cyanide compounds
Benzene
Triethylamine
ArsenicOther
Source: U.S. EPA Risk-Screening EnvironmentalIndicators Model, Risk Score for 2002 TRI Emissions
99%
Major FacilitiesArea & Other Sources
Mobile Non-Road
Mobile On-Road
Relative Contribution of Arsenic CompoundsRelative Contribution of Arsenic CompoundsEmission Sources in Jefferson County, ALEmission Sources in Jefferson County, AL
Source: U.S. EPA, County Emissions Report of Hazardous Air Pollutants, 1999
Arsenic Emission Facilities (2) and Ambient AirArsenic Emission Facilities (2) and Ambient AirMonitoring Stations (5) in Jefferson County, AlabamaMonitoring Stations (5) in Jefferson County, Alabama
ArsenicArsenicSafe Chronic Exposure Concentrations:Safe Chronic Exposure Concentrations:
10-6 Cancer Risk (1 in 1,000,000) = 0.0002 μg/m3
10-5 Cancer Risk (1 in 100,000) = 0.002 μg/m3
10-4 Cancer Risk (1 in 10,000) = 0.02 μg/m3
Source: U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)
Some Health Effects from Excessive Exposure to ArsenicSome Health Effects from Excessive Exposure to ArsenicHuman Carcinogen (A)
Irritation of Skin and Mucous Membranes(Dermatitus, Conjunctivitis, Pharyngitis, Rhinitis)
Sore ThroatIrritated Lungs
Darkening of SkinGrowths on Palms, Soles, and Torso
Circulatory and Peripheral Nervous System Disorders
Sources: U.S. EPA Technology Transfer Network Air Toxics Website; Agency for ToxicSubstances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) Public Health Statement for Arsenic
Mean Ambient Air Measurements of Arsenic ComparedMean Ambient Air Measurements of Arsenic Comparedto Concentration Protective at 10to Concentration Protective at 10--66 (1.00E(1.00E--06) Cancer Risk06) Cancer Risk
1242 Jersey Street1242 Jersey Street
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
2001 (13 PM 2.5)
2002 (59 PM 2.5)
2003 (59 PM 2.5)
2004 (61 PM 2.5)
2005 (57 PM 2.5)
Year (Number-Type Measurements)
ug/m
3
Measurements Source: Monitor Values Report - Hazardous Air Pollutants, U.S. EPA Air Data Website
MeasuredValue
10-6 RiskValue
Mean Ambient Air Measurements of Arsenic Compared to Mean Ambient Air Measurements of Arsenic Compared to Concentration Protective at 10Concentration Protective at 10--6 6 (1.00E(1.00E--06) Cancer Risk06) Cancer Risk
3009 283009 28thth Street NorthStreet North
Measurements Source: Monitor Values Report - Hazardous Air Pollutants, U.S. EPA Air Data Website
MeasuredValue
10-6 RiskValue
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
2001 (112 PM 2.5)
2002 (119 PM 2.5)
2003 (120 PM 2.5)
2004 (121 PM 2.5)
2005 (114 PM 2.5)
2005 (8 TSP)
Year (Number-Type of Measurements)
ug/m
3
Mean Ambient Air Measurements of Arsenic ComparedMean Ambient Air Measurements of Arsenic Comparedto Concentration Protective at 10to Concentration Protective at 10--66 (1.00E(1.00E--06) Cancer Risk06) Cancer Risk
4113 Shuttlesworth Drive4113 Shuttlesworth Drive
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
2005 (8 TSP)
Year (Number-Type of Measurements)
ug/m
3
Measurements Source: Monitor Values Report - Hazardous Air Pollutants, U.S. EPA Air Data Website
MeasuredValue
10-6 RiskValue
Mean Ambient Air Measurements of Arsenic ComparedMean Ambient Air Measurements of Arsenic Comparedto Concentration Protective at 10to Concentration Protective at 10--66 (1.00E(1.00E--06) Cancer Risk06) Cancer Risk
841 Finley Avenue841 Finley Avenue
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
2005 (8 TSP)Year (Number-Type of Measurements)
ug/m
3
Measurements Source: Monitor Values Report - Hazardous Air Pollutants, U.S. EPA Air Data Website
MeasuredValue
10-6 RiskValue
Estimated Pounds of Arsenic and ArsenicEstimated Pounds of Arsenic and ArsenicCompounds Emitted by Facilities in Jefferson County, ALCompounds Emitted by Facilities in Jefferson County, AL
Source: U.S. EPA Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators Model, Risk Score for 2002 TRI Emissions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
ALABAMA POWER CO.MILLER STEAM PLANTSLOSS INDS. CORP.COKE PLANT
Alabama Power Co.Miller Steam Plant
Sloss Inds. Corp.Coke Plant
Estimated Relative Population Health Risk from Facilities EmittiEstimated Relative Population Health Risk from Facilities Emitting ng Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds in Jefferson County, ALArsenic and Arsenic Compounds in Jefferson County, AL
Source: U.S. EPA Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators Model, Risk Score for 2002 TRI Emissions
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
SLOSS INDS.CORP. COKEPLANTALABAMA POWERCO. MILLERSTEAM PLANT
Sloss Inds. Corp.Coke Plant
Alabama Power Co.Miller Steam Plant
Radii Surrounding Sloss Industries Corp. Coke Plant Radii Surrounding Sloss Industries Corp. Coke Plant
Demographics SurroundingDemographics SurroundingSloss Industries Corp. in Jefferson County, ALSloss Industries Corp. in Jefferson County, AL
Source: U.S. EPA Environmental Justice Geographic Assessment Tool based on U.S. Census Bureau (Race Data 2000, Economic Data 1999). Note: Values in RED exceed U.S. EPA Region 4 criteria for identifying “environmental justice” communities.
Radius (miles) from Sloss
Indus. Corp.
Estimated Population Percent Minority
Percent Individuals
Below Poverty
Percent Households
Below $15,000
1.0 4,675
41,956
132,777
94.4 45.1 50.3
3.0 80.5 33.7
5.0
39.9
67.3 25.5 31.8
Radii Surrounding Alabama Power Co.Radii Surrounding Alabama Power Co.Miller Steam PlantMiller Steam Plant
Demographics Surrounding Alabama Power Co. Demographics Surrounding Alabama Power Co. Miller Steam Plant in Jefferson County, ALMiller Steam Plant in Jefferson County, AL
Radius (miles) from Ala. Power
Miller Steam Plant
Estimated Population Percent Minority
Percent Individuals
Below Poverty
Percent Households
Below $15,000
1.0 214
2,121
7,337
5.1 5.1
3.0 8.2 6.0
5.0
14.5
11.9 7.0
Source: U.S. EPA Environmental Justice Geographic Assessment Tool based on U.S. Census Bureau (Race Data 2000, Economic Data 1999). Note: Values in RED exceed U.S. EPA Region 4 criteria for identifying “environmental justice” communities.
Arsenic Emission Facilities and Minority Census BlocksArsenic Emission Facilities and Minority Census Blocks
Arsenic Emission Facilities and Arsenic Emission Facilities and Poverty or Low Income Census Block GroupsPoverty or Low Income Census Block Groups
Arsenic Emission Facilities and Minority Census Blocks and Arsenic Emission Facilities and Minority Census Blocks and Poverty or Low Income Census Block GroupsPoverty or Low Income Census Block Groups
Cumulative Exposures to Toxic Air PollutantsCumulative Exposures to Toxic Air Pollutants
23 facilities emit Manganese and Manganese Compounds into the air of Jefferson County (TRI, 2002)
23 facilities emit Lead and Lead Compounds into the air of Jefferson County (TRI, 2002)
2 facilities emit Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds into the air of Jefferson County (TRI, 2002)
2 facilities emit Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds into the air of Jefferson County (TRI, 2002)
62 facilities emit 66 toxic chemicals and compounds into the air of Jefferson County, AL (TRI, 2004).
Other Chemicals Exceeding Other Chemicals Exceeding ““SafeSafe”” Concentrations*Concentrations*
* Review of air monitoring data at 3009 28* Review of air monitoring data at 3009 28thth Street NorthStreet North
1,3-Butadiene ChloroformFormaldehyde Carbon TetrachlorideAcetaldehyde 1,1,2,2-TetrachloroethaneAcrolein 1,1,2-TrichloroethaneAcrylonitrile 1,2-DichloropropaneMethyl Chloride HexachlorobutadieneBenzene 1,4-DichlorobenzeneBenzyl Chloride
Current Regulatory RegimeCurrent Regulatory Regime
Clean Air Act, 42 U.S.C. § 7412 - Hazardous Air Pollutants
187 Hazardous Air Pollutants Designated
More than 80 Categories and Subcategories of Major Sources of Hazardous Pollutant Emissions Regulated
Emission Standards applicable to Category or Subcategory Based On:
Current Regulatory Regime (conCurrent Regulatory Regime (con’’t)t)
“Maximum Achievable Control Technology”
NOT HUMAN HEALTH
Conclusions and SolutionsConclusions and SolutionsCurrent rules are not suffient to protect human health.
The Environmental Management Commission should adopt new rules limiting individual toxic air pollutants from individual facilities to protect human health.
The Environmental Management Commission should adopt new rules limiting multiple toxic air pollutants from multiple facilities to protect human health.
Conclusions and Solutions (conConclusions and Solutions (con’’t)t)Air pollution disproportionately impacts minority and poor communities.
The Alabama Department of Environmental Management should prepare disparate impact assessments for permitted activities to demonstrate compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act andEPA regulations.
The Alabama Department of Environmental Management should support state legislation prohibiting disparate pollution impacts on communities of any particular race, color, national origin, or income.
Who To ContactWho To ContactEnvironmental Management Commission
W. Scott Phillips, ChairMalcolm Pirnie, Inc.
2170 Highland Avenue, Suite 250Birmingham, AL 35205Office: (205) 930-5910Fax: (205) 930-5707
Alabama Department of Environmental ManagementOnis “Trey” Glenn, III, Director
P. O. Box 301463Montgomery, AL 36130-1463
Office: (334) 271-7710Fax (334) 271-7950
Who To Contact (conWho To Contact (con’’t)t)
Jefferson County Legislative Delegation