toxicology 101 joshua rocker, md schneider children’s hospital
TRANSCRIPT
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Toxicology 101
Joshua Rocker, MD
Schneider Children’s Hospital
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Toxidromes
• 1. Anticholinergic
• 2. Sympathomimetic
• 3. Cholinergic
• 4. Opiod
• 5. Benzodiazepine
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Anticholinergic
• Blind as a bat, hot as Hades, red as a beat, dry as a bone and mad as a hatter
• Skin- Dry and flushed skin, • BS- decreased BS• Eyes- dilated pupils • MS- agitated • Heart- tachy
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Anticholinergic
• Rx: (block muscarinic receptor sites)– Antihistamines– TCAs– Antipsychotics– Skeletal muscle relaxants– Antiparkinson– Amantadine– Jimson weed/ Amanita
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Sympathomimetic
• Similar to anticholinergic but diaphoretic, no urinary retention, hyperactive BS
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Sympathomimetic
• Rx– Cocaine– Theophylline– Amphetamine– Caffeine– Decongestants
• Ephedrine, psuedoephedrine, phenylprpanolamine
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Sympathomimetic
• Mechanism– Increase release of catechols (amphetamines)– Inhibit reuptake (cocaine)– Interfere with metabolism (MAOIs)– Direct stimulation of receptor (Epi)
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Cholinergic
• Skin- WET • BS- increased BS• Eyes- pinpoint pupils • MS- Agitated• Heart- brady
• SLUDGE– Sialorrhea, lacrimation, urination, diaphoresis, gastric
emptying
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Cholinergic
• BIG bad Bs– Bronchorrhea– Bradycardia– Bronchospasm
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Cholinergic
• Muscarinic– Miosis
– Bradycardia
– Bronchorrhea
– Vomitting/diarrhea
– Sialorrhea
– Urinary incontinence
• Nicotinic– Mydriasis
– Tachycardia
– Bronchodilation
– HTN
– Diaphoresis
– Weakness
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Cholinergic
• Rx
• Organophosphates (pesticides)
• Carbamates (physostigmine)
• Mushrooms
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Opiod
• Skin-
• BS- decreased BS
• Eyes- pinpoint pupils
• MS- depression
• Heart- brady, hypotension
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Opiod
• Morphine
• Codeine
• Hydromorphone
• Antidote- narcan
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Benzodiazepine
• Skin-
• BS- decreased BS
• Eyes- pinpoint pupils
• MS- depression
• Heart- brady, hypotension
• Antidote- Flumazenil
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Factoids
• Hyperthermia– Agitation/Seizures
• Sympatho, PCP, hallucinogens
– Inability to sweat• anticholinergics
– Increase muscle tone• Serotonin syndrome, Neuroleptic malignant syndr
– Uncouple oxidative phosphorylation• ASA
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Hypothermia
• CNS depression– Sedative-hypnotics, EtOH, opiods
• Reduce total body glucose– Insulin, Oral hypoglycemics
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Hypoglycemia
• HOBBIES
• Hypoglycemia• Oral hypoglycemics
– (not metformin-> Lactic acidosis)
• BB- Beta Blockers• Insulin• Ethanol• Salicylates
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Hyperglycemia
• Stimulants (beta agonists, theophylline, caffeine, epi)
• CCB
• Thiazides
• Vacor
• Steroids
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Miosis
• COPS
• Clonidine, Cholinergics
• Opiates, organophosphates
• Phenothiazine, phencyclidine
• Sedative hypnotics,
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Mydriasis
• AAAS
• Antihistamines
• Antidepressants
• Anticholinergics
• Sympathomimetics
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Anion gap with acidosis
• MUDPILES
• Methanol, Metformin• Uremia• DKA• Paraldehyde, phenformin• INH, iron, ibuprofen, inborn errors• Lactic acid• Ethanol, ethylene glycol• Salicylates
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Osmolar Gap
• Calculated Osmolarity - Measured Osmolarity
• Calculated Osmolarity 2 [Na] + glucose/18 + BUN/2.8
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Radiodense substances
• CHIPS
• Chloral hydrate
• Heavy metals
• Iron
• Phenothiazides
• Sustained-release (enteric coated) pills