Toxicology of Hydraulic Toxicology of Hydraulic FracturingFracturing

NYOEMA Annual ConferenceNYOEMA Annual ConferenceOctober 19, 2012October 19, 2012

Michael G. Holland, MD, FAACT, FACMT, FACOEM, FACEPMichael G. Holland, MD, FAACT, FACMT, FACOEM, FACEPClinical Associate Professor, SUNY Upstate Medical UniversityClinical Associate Professor, SUNY Upstate Medical University

Consulting Medical ToxicologistConsulting Medical Toxicologist

Upstate New York Poison Center, Syracuse, NYUpstate New York Poison Center, Syracuse, NY

Director of Occupational MedicineDirector of Occupational Medicine

Center for Occupational Health of Glens Falls HospitalCenter for Occupational Health of Glens Falls Hospital

Glens Falls, NYGlens Falls, NY

Background of Background of FrackingFracking

Hydraulic fracturing first performed in 1947Hydraulic fracturing first performed in 1947 Has been used on over 1 million producing Has been used on over 1 million producing

wells. wells. Currently, operators now fracture as many Currently, operators now fracture as many

as 35,000 wells of all types (vertical and as 35,000 wells of all types (vertical and horizontal, oil and natural gas) each year. horizontal, oil and natural gas) each year.

Vertical well sections can be 100-1,000’s of Vertical well sections can be 100-1,000’s of feet below the land surface feet below the land surface

Lateral sections may extend 1000 to 6000 Lateral sections may extend 1000 to 6000 feet away from the well, often multiple feet away from the well, often multiple sections and directionssections and directions

BackgroundBackground Water is pumped into well at high Water is pumped into well at high

pressure pressure Exempt from EPA Clean Water ActExempt from EPA Clean Water Act The high pressure fractures or opens The high pressure fractures or opens

up existing fractures in shale.up existing fractures in shale. Water has additives to enhance the Water has additives to enhance the

process (more detail later)process (more detail later) Proppants (propping agents, usually Proppants (propping agents, usually

sand or ceramic) are injected to prop sand or ceramic) are injected to prop open the new fracturesopen the new fractures

BackgroundBackground Water & its additives are withdrawn Water & its additives are withdrawn

(flowback), and contained or recycled or (flowback), and contained or recycled or disposed of, depending on permitdisposed of, depending on permit– Regulated by the Regulated by the

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) (NPDES)

– Requires flowback to be treated prior to Requires flowback to be treated prior to discharge into surface water or underground discharge into surface water or underground injection (regulated by either the U.S. injection (regulated by either the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Underground Injection Control (UIC) program )Underground Injection Control (UIC) program )

Oil or gas is then extractedOil or gas is then extracted

Do not drink this water http://www.youtube.com/v/4ApZkNsXfJE&t=1m

http://www.youtube.com/v/YemKzEPugpk

Hydraulic Fracturing ExplainedHydraulic Fracturing Explained

Areas of ConcernAreas of Concern Identification and Toxicology of fracking fluids and Identification and Toxicology of fracking fluids and

additivesadditives Possible groundwater contaminationPossible groundwater contamination

– By the well and the process itselfBy the well and the process itself– By storage of contaminated waterBy storage of contaminated water– NB: Exempt from Safe Drinking Water ActNB: Exempt from Safe Drinking Water Act

Radioactive isotopesRadioactive isotopes Air contamination from VOC produced by well- Air contamination from VOC produced by well-

methane, BTEXmethane, BTEX Air/water contamination by industrial equipment & Air/water contamination by industrial equipment &

engines used for pumping, extracting, etc.engines used for pumping, extracting, etc. Traffic, noise, etc in pad areaTraffic, noise, etc in pad area

HorizontaHorizontal Wellsl Wells

Continuous Reservoir

Weakly Laminated Shale

Strongly Laminated Shale

(Slatt and others, 2011)

Thin section photomicrographs

Woodford Shale

Disposal of Fluids from Disposal of Fluids from FrackingFracking

Water (brine) injection depths are usually deep, in rocks naturally stressed with faults capable of generating earthquakes

Fracking wellWastewater well

deep injection may trigger earthquakes due to stress relief on faults

adapted from geology.com

Induced Seismicity and Enhanced Induced Seismicity and Enhanced Recovery Recovery

Below a few kilometers depth, the Earth’s crust is everywhere Below a few kilometers depth, the Earth’s crust is everywhere stressed. Those natural stresses put faults close to failure.stressed. Those natural stresses put faults close to failure.

The injection, which forces fluid along faults and fractures The injection, which forces fluid along faults and fractures relieves the effective stress, making triggered earthquakes relieves the effective stress, making triggered earthquakes more likelymore likely

The formation of new fractures –i.e. the The formation of new fractures –i.e. the hydrofrac hydrofrac itself, actually itself, actually doesn’t release much energy compared to the triggered quakes.doesn’t release much energy compared to the triggered quakes.

But large volumes of fluid are injected during disposal, which But large volumes of fluid are injected during disposal, which flow along fault, and may trigger earthquakesflow along fault, and may trigger earthquakes

Drinking Water Aquifers vs Drinking Water Aquifers vs Fracture Heights of Marcellus Fracture Heights of Marcellus

ShaleShale

Chemical Classes UsedChemical Classes Used

Acids-Acids- BiocidesBiocides BreakersBreakers Clay StabilizersClay Stabilizers Corrosion Corrosion

InhibitorsInhibitors Crosslinker Crosslinker Friction ReducersFriction Reducers

Gelling AgentsGelling Agents Iron Control Iron Control

AgentsAgents Non-EmulsifiersNon-Emulsifiers pH Adjusting pH Adjusting

AgentsAgents Scale InhibitorsScale Inhibitors SurfactantsSurfactants

Fracking ChemicalsFracking Chemicals

Most companies will not divulge exact Most companies will not divulge exact chemicals since it is protected as chemicals since it is protected as “proprietary mixtures”“proprietary mixtures”

They are supposed to give info to They are supposed to give info to treating physicians when requested, to treating physicians when requested, to treat an exposed patienttreat an exposed patient

While there may be 100’s of chemicals While there may be 100’s of chemicals possibly used, each individual site will possibly used, each individual site will typically use 10 or lesstypically use 10 or less

AcidsAcids

Hydrochloric acid (muriatic acid) and Hydrochloric acid (muriatic acid) and Acetic AcidAcetic Acid– Dilute acid solutions used during the initial Dilute acid solutions used during the initial

fracturing sequence. fracturing sequence. – Cleans out cement and debris around the Cleans out cement and debris around the

perforations perforations – Facilitates the subsequent slickwater Facilitates the subsequent slickwater

solutions employed in fracturing the solutions employed in fracturing the formationformation

– Also used to adjust pH when neededAlso used to adjust pH when needed

BiocidesBiocides

Used to prevent the growth of bacteria in Used to prevent the growth of bacteria in the water that may interfere with the the water that may interfere with the fracturing operation- by causing corrosionfracturing operation- by causing corrosion

Inhibits sulfate-reducing bacteria from Inhibits sulfate-reducing bacteria from forming Hforming H22SS

Typical Biocides- can have irritant/burns on Typical Biocides- can have irritant/burns on tissue exposuretissue exposure– GlutaraldehydeGlutaraldehyde– Quaternary Ammonium ChlorideQuaternary Ammonium Chloride– Tetrakis Hydroxymethyl-Phosphonium SulfateTetrakis Hydroxymethyl-Phosphonium Sulfate– Bromine-based solutionsBromine-based solutions

Biocides- ToxicityBiocides- Toxicity

Glutaraldehyde- sterilant for Glutaraldehyde- sterilant for endoscopy equipmentendoscopy equipment

Quaternary Ammonium Chloride- Quaternary Ammonium Chloride- common disinfectantcommon disinfectant

Tetrakis Hydroxymethyl-Phosphonium Tetrakis Hydroxymethyl-Phosphonium Sulfate- also used in flame retardants, Sulfate- also used in flame retardants, fabric treatmentsfabric treatments

Bromine-based solutions- also used in Bromine-based solutions- also used in hot tubs and poolshot tubs and pools

BreakersBreakers

Used to stabilize and prevent breakdown Used to stabilize and prevent breakdown of gel- to keep proppants in suspensionof gel- to keep proppants in suspension– Ammonium PersulfateAmmonium Persulfate– Sodium ChlorideSodium Chloride– Magnesium PeroxideMagnesium Peroxide– Magnesium OxideMagnesium Oxide– Calcium ChlorideCalcium Chloride

Breakers- ToxicityBreakers- Toxicity

Ammonium Persulfate- strong Ammonium Persulfate- strong oxidizer- caustic (used as catalyst oxidizer- caustic (used as catalyst for polyacrylamide)for polyacrylamide)

Sodium ChlorideSodium Chloride Magnesium Peroxide- oxygen Magnesium Peroxide- oxygen

generator; also used to reduce generator; also used to reduce contaminant levels in groundwatercontaminant levels in groundwater

Magnesium OxideMagnesium Oxide Calcium ChlorideCalcium Chloride

Clay StabilizersClay Stabilizers

Used to stabilize clay and prevent it from Used to stabilize clay and prevent it from swelling and shifting during drilling swelling and shifting during drilling operationsoperations– Choline ChlorideCholine Chloride– Tetramethyl ammonium chloride Tetramethyl ammonium chloride – Sodium ChlorideSodium Chloride

Clay Stabilizers- ToxicityClay Stabilizers- Toxicity

Choline Chloride- therapeutic medCholine Chloride- therapeutic med Tetramethyl ammonium chloride- Tetramethyl ammonium chloride- Sodium Chloride- table saltSodium Chloride- table salt

Corrosion InhibitorsCorrosion Inhibitors

Used to prevent corrosion of steel well Used to prevent corrosion of steel well bore bore – IsopropanolIsopropanol– MethanolMethanol– FormicFormic– AcetaldehydeAcetaldehyde

Corrosion Inhibitors- Corrosion Inhibitors- ToxicityToxicity

Isopropanol- rubbing alcohol; bitter Isopropanol- rubbing alcohol; bitter taste, metabolized to acetonetaste, metabolized to acetone

Methanol- wood alcohol, poisonous Methanol- wood alcohol, poisonous when ingested- metabolic acidosis, when ingested- metabolic acidosis, retinal, CNS toxicityretinal, CNS toxicity

Formic Acid- toxic metabolite of Formic Acid- toxic metabolite of methanol, responsible for acidosis methanol, responsible for acidosis and toxicity of methanol and toxicity of methanol

Acetaldehyde- metabolite of Acetaldehyde- metabolite of ethanolethanol

Cross-linking AgentsCross-linking Agents

Maintains fracking fluid viscosity Maintains fracking fluid viscosity at high temperaturesat high temperatures– Potassium MetaboratePotassium Metaborate– Triethanolamine ZirconateTriethanolamine Zirconate– Sodium TetraborateSodium Tetraborate– Boric AcidBoric Acid– Zirconium ComplexZirconium Complex– Borate SaltsBorate Salts

Borate Salts- toxicityBorate Salts- toxicity

Irritants at high concentrationsIrritants at high concentrations Oral ingestions cause N/V/DOral ingestions cause N/V/D

– Stools can be blue-greenStools can be blue-green Significant ingestions cause Significant ingestions cause

erythrodermic rasherythrodermic rash Boiled Lobster skinBoiled Lobster skin DesquamationDesquamation

Cross-linking AgentsCross-linking Agents

Carrier fluids to deliver cross-Carrier fluids to deliver cross-linkerslinkers– Petroleum DistillatePetroleum Distillate– Hydrotreated Light Petroleum Hydrotreated Light Petroleum

DistillateDistillate Crosslink stabilizerCrosslink stabilizer

– Ethylene GlycolEthylene Glycol– MethanolMethanol

Friction-Reducing AgentsFriction-Reducing Agents

Reduces friction of water as it flows – Reduces friction of water as it flows – “slicks”“slicks”– PolyacrylamidePolyacrylamide

Carrier fluids to deliver Carrier fluids to deliver polyacrylamidepolyacrylamide– Petroleum DistillatePetroleum Distillate– Hydrotreated Light Petroleum DistillateHydrotreated Light Petroleum Distillate

Crosslink stabilizer & winterizerCrosslink stabilizer & winterizer– MethanolMethanol– Ethylene GlycolEthylene Glycol

Toxicity of Friction-Toxicity of Friction-Reducing AgentsReducing Agents

Polyacrylamide- Polyacrylamide- – also used in water treatments, groutingalso used in water treatments, grouting– acrylamide monomer is a neurotoxinacrylamide monomer is a neurotoxin– Peripheral neuropathyPeripheral neuropathy

Carrier fluids Carrier fluids – Petroleum Distillate- liquid hydrocarbonPetroleum Distillate- liquid hydrocarbon– Hydrotreated Light Petroleum DistillateHydrotreated Light Petroleum Distillate

Crosslink stabilizer & winterizerCrosslink stabilizer & winterizer– MethanolMethanol– Ethylene GlycolEthylene Glycol

Gelling AgentsGelling Agents

Thickens water so sand will remain in Thickens water so sand will remain in suspensionsuspension– Guar Gum- also thickener in ice creamGuar Gum- also thickener in ice cream– Polysaccharide Blend- Carboxymethyl Polysaccharide Blend- Carboxymethyl

Hydroxypropyl GuarHydroxypropyl Guar Carrier fluids for guar gum in liquid gelsCarrier fluids for guar gum in liquid gels

– Petroleum Distillate- liquid hydrocarbonPetroleum Distillate- liquid hydrocarbon– Hydrotreated Light Petroleum DistillateHydrotreated Light Petroleum Distillate

Product stabilizer & winterizerProduct stabilizer & winterizer– Methanol- metabolic acidosis; retinal and CNS Methanol- metabolic acidosis; retinal and CNS

toxintoxin– Ethylene Glycol- metabolic acidosis, nephrotoxinEthylene Glycol- metabolic acidosis, nephrotoxin

Toxicity of Gelling AgentsToxicity of Gelling Agents

Guar Gum- common food ingredient Guar Gum- common food ingredient thickener in ice creamthickener in ice cream

Polysaccharide Blend- Polysaccharide Blend- Carboxymethyl Hydroxypropyl GuarCarboxymethyl Hydroxypropyl Guar

Iron Control Agents-Iron Control Agents-

Prevent precipitation of metallic Prevent precipitation of metallic oxidesoxides– Citric Acid- food additiveCitric Acid- food additive– Acetic Acid- food additiveAcetic Acid- food additive– Sodium Erythorbate- food additiveSodium Erythorbate- food additive– Thioglycolic Acid- irritant, permanent Thioglycolic Acid- irritant, permanent

wave solnwave soln

Iron Control Agents- Iron Control Agents- ToxicityToxicity

Organic acids- much like Organic acids- much like Calcium-Lime-Rust (CLR) Calcium-Lime-Rust (CLR) removing agentsremoving agents– Citric Acid- food additiveCitric Acid- food additive– Acetic Acid- food additiveAcetic Acid- food additive– Sodium Erythorbate- food additiveSodium Erythorbate- food additive– Thioglycolic Acid- irritant, permanent Thioglycolic Acid- irritant, permanent

wave solnwave soln

Emulsifier ReducersEmulsifier Reducers

Prevent formation of emulsions Prevent formation of emulsions of the different components of of the different components of fluids-fluids-– Lauryl Sulfate- surfactant found in Lauryl Sulfate- surfactant found in

shampoos, detergentsshampoos, detergents

Product stabilizer & winterizerProduct stabilizer & winterizer– Isopropanol- rubbing alcoholIsopropanol- rubbing alcohol– Ethylene Glycol- metabolic acidosis, Ethylene Glycol- metabolic acidosis,

nephrotoxinnephrotoxin

Emulsifier Reducers- Emulsifier Reducers- ToxicityToxicity

Lauryl Sulfate- surfactant found in Lauryl Sulfate- surfactant found in numerous consumer products: numerous consumer products: shampoos, detergents, etc. shampoos, detergents, etc.

Product stabilizer & winterizerProduct stabilizer & winterizer– Isopropanol- rubbing alcoholIsopropanol- rubbing alcohol– Ethylene Glycol- metabolic acidosis, Ethylene Glycol- metabolic acidosis,

nephrotoxinnephrotoxin

pH AdjusterspH Adjusters

Added to adjust pH of water to Added to adjust pH of water to enhance properties of enhance properties of crosslinkerscrosslinkers– Sodium HydroxideSodium Hydroxide– Potassium HydroxidePotassium Hydroxide– Acetic AcidAcetic Acid– Sodium CarbonateSodium Carbonate– Potassium CarbonatePotassium Carbonate

pH Adjusters- ToxicitypH Adjusters- Toxicity

Sodium Hydroxide- Lye- caustic Sodium Hydroxide- Lye- caustic burns on skin, mucosa when ingestedburns on skin, mucosa when ingested

Potassium Hydroxide- strong alkali Potassium Hydroxide- strong alkali caustic burnscaustic burns

Acetic Acid- organic acid- causticAcetic Acid- organic acid- caustic Sodium Carbonate- aka soda ash- Sodium Carbonate- aka soda ash-

causticcaustic Potassium Carbonate- aka potash-Potassium Carbonate- aka potash-

caustic caustic

Scale InhibitorsScale Inhibitors

Prevents scale deposits in pipesPrevents scale deposits in pipes– Copolymer of Acrylamide and Sodium Copolymer of Acrylamide and Sodium

AcrylateAcrylate– Sodium PolycarboxylateSodium Polycarboxylate– Phosphonic Acid SaltPhosphonic Acid Salt

Scale Inhibitors- ToxicityScale Inhibitors- Toxicity

Copolymer of Acrylamide and Copolymer of Acrylamide and Sodium Acrylate- hygroscopic Sodium Acrylate- hygroscopic ingredient of consumer products ingredient of consumer products like cosmetic creamslike cosmetic creams

Sodium Polycarboxylate- common Sodium Polycarboxylate- common detergent ingredient; HERA safe detergent ingredient; HERA safe detergent additivedetergent additive

Phosphonic Acid Salt- HERA safe Phosphonic Acid Salt- HERA safe detergent additivedetergent additive

SurfactantsSurfactants

Used to increase viscosity of fracture Used to increase viscosity of fracture fluidsfluids Lauryl SulfateLauryl Sulfate

Carrier fluid for surfactant Carrier fluid for surfactant ingredientsingredients

– Petroleum naphthaPetroleum naphtha Product stabilzers/winterizing agentsProduct stabilzers/winterizing agents– EthanolEthanol– MethanolMethanol– Isopropyl Alcohol Isopropyl Alcohol – 2-Butoxyethanol2-Butoxyethanol

Surfactants- ToxicitySurfactants- Toxicity

– Lauryl Sulfate- common household Lauryl Sulfate- common household ingredient: shampoos, soapsingredient: shampoos, soaps

Petroleum naphtha- hydrocarbon liquidPetroleum naphtha- hydrocarbon liquid 2-Butoxyethanol- ethylene glycol 2-Butoxyethanol- ethylene glycol

mono-butyl ether- common cleaning mono-butyl ether- common cleaning agent agent

EthanolEthanol MethanolMethanol Isopropyl Alcohol Isopropyl Alcohol

BTEXBTEX

VOCs commonly produced by oil VOCs commonly produced by oil and natural gas wellsand natural gas wells

Methane most commonMethane most common BTEXBTEX

Benzene- AMLBenzene- AML Toluene- CNS, RTA, Toluene- CNS, RTA,

leukoenecephalopathy in sniffersleukoenecephalopathy in sniffers Ethylbenzene- CNSEthylbenzene- CNS Xylene- CNSXylene- CNS

BTEXBTEX

“… “… waters from gas production have waters from gas production have higher contents of… BTEX than higher contents of… BTEX than those from oil operations; … waters those from oil operations; … waters discharged from gas/condensate discharged from gas/condensate platforms are about 10 times more platforms are about 10 times more toxic than from oil platforms.toxic than from oil platforms.

Argonne National Laboratory (pdf)

BTEXBTEX

– Benzene- AML, aplastic anemiaBenzene- AML, aplastic anemia– Toluene- CNS depression, RTA, Toluene- CNS depression, RTA,

leukoenecephalopathy in leukoenecephalopathy in snifferssniffers

– Ethylbenzene- CNS depressionEthylbenzene- CNS depression– Xylene- CNS depressionXylene- CNS depression– Methane Simple asphyxiantMethane Simple asphyxiant

Governmental AgenciesGovernmental AgenciesUSEPA Hydraulic Fracturing WebsiteUSEPA Hydraulic Fracturing Website Al things related to hydraulic fracturing, Including Al things related to hydraulic fracturing, Including

EPA’s studies and proposed regulations.EPA’s studies and proposed regulations.http://www.epa.gov/hydraulicfracture/http://www.epa.gov/hydraulicfracture/

Pennsylvania MarcellusPennsylvania MarcellusShale PageShale Page

State regulations, wellState regulations, wellPermits and locationsPermits and locations

http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/cohttp://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/marcellus_shale/20296mmunity/marcellus_shale/20296

COGCC WebsiteCOGCC Website Comprehensive source ofComprehensive source ofInformation regarding hydraulic fracturing inInformation regarding hydraulic fracturing inColorado. Includes regulations, results ofColorado. Includes regulations, results ofEnvironmental studies, andEnvironmental studies, andInformational materials.Informational materials.

http://cogcc.state.co.ushttp://cogcc.state.co.us

COGCC HF Information PageCOGCC HF Information Page Provides many links to informational websites onProvides many links to informational websites onHFHF

http://cogcc.state.co.us/Announcements/Hot_Topihttp://cogcc.state.co.us/Announcements/Hot_Topics/Hydraulic_Fracturing/Hydra_Frac_topics.htmlcs/Hydraulic_Fracturing/Hydra_Frac_topics.html

TCEQ Resources forTCEQ Resources forPublic AddressPublic Address

Provides air quality informationProvides air quality information http://www.tceq.texas.gov/agency/public_main.hthttp://www.tceq.texas.gov/agency/public_main.htmlml

Fayetteville ShaleFayetteville ShaleHomepageHomepage

Provides information regarding regulatory standards In Provides information regarding regulatory standards In the State of Arkansas.the State of Arkansas.

http://www.aogc.state.ar.us/Fay_Shale_Data.htmhttp://www.aogc.state.ar.us/Fay_Shale_Data.htm

Arkansas Well Fracture InformationArkansas Well Fracture Information Permits and chemical listings for proposed wellsPermits and chemical listings for proposed wellsTo be fracture stimulated.To be fracture stimulated.

http://www.aogc.state.ar.us/Well_Fracture_Compahttp://www.aogc.state.ar.us/Well_Fracture_Companies.htmnies.htm

USGS State of the Science BriefingUSGS State of the Science Briefing Contains links to PowerPoint presentationsContains links to PowerPoint presentationsTo Congress– general information regarding hydraulic To Congress– general information regarding hydraulic fracturing.fracturing.

http://www.usgs.gov/solutions/2012_june8.htmlhttp://www.usgs.gov/solutions/2012_june8.html

US Energy InformationUS Energy InformationAdministrationAdministration

General hydraulic fracturing information,General hydraulic fracturing information,economics, productioneconomics, production

http://www.eia.gov/energy_in_brief/about_shale_http://www.eia.gov/energy_in_brief/about_shale_gas.cfmgas.cfm

State of New YorkState of New YorkEnvironmental ImpactEnvironmental ImpactStatementStatement

The State of New York’sThe State of New York’sEnvironmental impactEnvironmental impactStatement regarding proposed hydraulic fracturing Statement regarding proposed hydraulic fracturing operationsoperations

http://www.dec.ny.gov/energy/75370.htmlhttp://www.dec.ny.gov/energy/75370.html

WEB--‐BASED RESOURCES FOR INFORMATION REGARDING THE REGULATION AND HEALTH/ENVIRONMENTAL WEB--‐BASED RESOURCES FOR INFORMATION REGARDING THE REGULATION AND HEALTH/ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURING - Governmental WebsitesIMPACTS OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURING - Governmental Websites

WEB--‐BASED RESOURCES FOR INFORMATION REGARDING THE REGULATION AND HEALTH/ENVIRONMENTAL WEB--‐BASED RESOURCES FOR INFORMATION REGARDING THE REGULATION AND HEALTH/ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURING IMPACTS OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURING

DescriptionDescription Web AddressWeb Address

FracFocusFracFocus All things fracking: GeneralAll things fracking: Generalinformation, chemical information, chemical registry,registry,well maps, regulations,etc.…well maps, regulations,etc.…

http://fracfocus.orghttp://fracfocus.org

SouthwesternSouthwesternEnergyEnergy

General informationGeneral informationregarding each operations regarding each operations area, asarea, aswell as environmentalwell as environmentalinitiativesinitiatives

http://www.swn.com/http://www.swn.com/operations/Pages/areas.aspoperations/Pages/areas.aspxx

HydraulicFracturing.comHydraulicFracturing.com Wide--‐rangingWide--‐rangingInformation regarding Information regarding hydraulic fracturinghydraulic fracturingAnd regulationsAnd regulations

http://http://www.hydraulicfracturing.comwww.hydraulicfracturing.com/Pages/infor/Pages/information.aspxmation.aspx

HalliburtonHalliburton General processGeneral processinformationinformation

http://www.halliburton.com/http://www.halliburton.com/public/projects/pubpublic/projects/pubsdata/hydraulic_fracturing/sdata/hydraulic_fracturing/fracturing_101.htmlfracturing_101.html

API Policy IssuesAPI Policy Issues Policy informationPolicy information http://www.api.org/policy--‐http://www.api.org/policy--‐and--‐issues/hf.aspxand--‐issues/hf.aspx

Industry WebsitesIndustry Websites

OrganizationOrganization DescritpionDescritpion Web addressWeb address

EarthworksEarthworks General information,General information,Groundwater, activismGroundwater, activism

http://http://www.earthworksaction.org/www.earthworksaction.org/issues/detail/hissues/detail/hydraulic_fracturing_101ydraulic_fracturing_101

National Resources National Resources DefenseDefenseCouncil (NRDC)Council (NRDC)

Anti-- fracking blog posts and‐Anti-- fracking blog posts and‐News storiesNews stories

http://www.nrdc.orghttp://www.nrdc.org

Sierra ClubSierra Club General information, activismGeneral information, activism http://content.sierraclub.org/http://content.sierraclub.org/naturalgas/naturalgas/

GreenpeaceGreenpeace General information, activismGeneral information, activism http://www.greenpeace.org/http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/campaigns/glusa/en/campaigns/global-- warming-- and--‐ ‐ ‐obal-- warming-- and--‐ ‐ ‐energy/The-- Problem/‐energy/The-- Problem/‐fracking/fracking/

Environmental WorkingEnvironmental WorkingGroupGroup

General information, activismGeneral information, activism http://www.ewg.org/gas--‐http://www.ewg.org/gas--‐drilling-- and-- fracking‐ ‐drilling-- and-- fracking‐ ‐

WEB--‐BASED RESOURCES FOR INFORMATION REGARDING THE REGULATION AND WEB--‐BASED RESOURCES FOR INFORMATION REGARDING THE REGULATION AND HEALTH/ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURING HEALTH/ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURING

NGO WebsitesNGO Websites