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Toxicology The Respiratory system

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Page 1: Toxicology The Respiratory system. Toxicological perspectives Direct target of toxicity from exposure to many airborne chemicals. Provides an early warning

ToxicologyThe Respiratory system

Page 2: Toxicology The Respiratory system. Toxicological perspectives Direct target of toxicity from exposure to many airborne chemicals. Provides an early warning

Toxicological perspectives

Direct target of toxicity from exposure to many airborne chemicals.

Provides an early warning detection system.Provides an exposure pathway for systemic exposure

to many toxicants.Is an important organ system for many xenobiotic

biotransformation.

Page 3: Toxicology The Respiratory system. Toxicological perspectives Direct target of toxicity from exposure to many airborne chemicals. Provides an early warning

Respiratory system

The average adult inhales approximately 12kg of air daily.

Incidents like the accidental release of 40 tons of methyl isocynates in Bhopal, India.

Handling and milling grain releases atmospheric dust that may provokes asthmatic attack.

Respiratory system play role in the recognition, metabolism, detoxification, elimination of xenobiotics

Page 4: Toxicology The Respiratory system. Toxicological perspectives Direct target of toxicity from exposure to many airborne chemicals. Provides an early warning
Page 5: Toxicology The Respiratory system. Toxicological perspectives Direct target of toxicity from exposure to many airborne chemicals. Provides an early warning
Page 6: Toxicology The Respiratory system. Toxicological perspectives Direct target of toxicity from exposure to many airborne chemicals. Provides an early warning
Page 7: Toxicology The Respiratory system. Toxicological perspectives Direct target of toxicity from exposure to many airborne chemicals. Provides an early warning
Page 8: Toxicology The Respiratory system. Toxicological perspectives Direct target of toxicity from exposure to many airborne chemicals. Provides an early warning

Lungs

The human lungs are the organs of respiration in humans.

Humans have two lungs, with the left being divided into two lobes and the right into three lobes.

Together, the lungs contain approximately 2,400 kilometers of airways and 300 to 500 million alveoli, having a total surface area of about 70 square meters in adults.

Each lung weighs 1.1 kilograms therefore making the entire organ about 2.3 kilograms.

Page 9: Toxicology The Respiratory system. Toxicological perspectives Direct target of toxicity from exposure to many airborne chemicals. Provides an early warning
Page 10: Toxicology The Respiratory system. Toxicological perspectives Direct target of toxicity from exposure to many airborne chemicals. Provides an early warning
Page 11: Toxicology The Respiratory system. Toxicological perspectives Direct target of toxicity from exposure to many airborne chemicals. Provides an early warning

Functional division of respiratory systemNasopharyngealTracheobronchialPulmonary

Page 12: Toxicology The Respiratory system. Toxicological perspectives Direct target of toxicity from exposure to many airborne chemicals. Provides an early warning

Mechanism action of aerosolized toxins

Inhalation of aerosolized toxin opening of sodium channels

release of neurotransmitters autonomic nerve ending

airway smooth muscles depolarization

contraction

Page 13: Toxicology The Respiratory system. Toxicological perspectives Direct target of toxicity from exposure to many airborne chemicals. Provides an early warning

Systemic toxicities through respiratory exposure

Carcinogens Poly aromatic hydrocarbon, vinyl chloride.

Hematoxicities Arsine, nitrobenzene, CO.

Nephrotoxicites Heavy metals, chloroform,CCl4.

Hepatotoxicites CCl4, ethanol.

CNS toxicants Acrylamide, mercury, acetone

Asphyxiants CO,N2,CH4.

Irritants NH3,NO2,SO2.

Page 14: Toxicology The Respiratory system. Toxicological perspectives Direct target of toxicity from exposure to many airborne chemicals. Provides an early warning

Nomenclature of airborne toxicants

GasesVaporAerosolsDustsFumesSmokeFogSmog

Page 15: Toxicology The Respiratory system. Toxicological perspectives Direct target of toxicity from exposure to many airborne chemicals. Provides an early warning

Respiratory system injury

Irritative or inflammatoryBronchoconstructiveFibroticOncogeneticNecrotic

Page 16: Toxicology The Respiratory system. Toxicological perspectives Direct target of toxicity from exposure to many airborne chemicals. Provides an early warning

Air pollutants

OZONE(O3) Sulfur dioxide(SO2) Nitrogen dioxide(NO2) Carbon monoxide (CO) Lead (Pb)

Page 17: Toxicology The Respiratory system. Toxicological perspectives Direct target of toxicity from exposure to many airborne chemicals. Provides an early warning
Page 18: Toxicology The Respiratory system. Toxicological perspectives Direct target of toxicity from exposure to many airborne chemicals. Provides an early warning
Page 19: Toxicology The Respiratory system. Toxicological perspectives Direct target of toxicity from exposure to many airborne chemicals. Provides an early warning

Asbestosis

Page 20: Toxicology The Respiratory system. Toxicological perspectives Direct target of toxicity from exposure to many airborne chemicals. Provides an early warning
Page 21: Toxicology The Respiratory system. Toxicological perspectives Direct target of toxicity from exposure to many airborne chemicals. Provides an early warning

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD)

Page 22: Toxicology The Respiratory system. Toxicological perspectives Direct target of toxicity from exposure to many airborne chemicals. Provides an early warning

Centrilobular emphysema

Page 23: Toxicology The Respiratory system. Toxicological perspectives Direct target of toxicity from exposure to many airborne chemicals. Provides an early warning

Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung

Page 24: Toxicology The Respiratory system. Toxicological perspectives Direct target of toxicity from exposure to many airborne chemicals. Provides an early warning
Page 25: Toxicology The Respiratory system. Toxicological perspectives Direct target of toxicity from exposure to many airborne chemicals. Provides an early warning

Normal Chest X-Ray and Lung

Page 26: Toxicology The Respiratory system. Toxicological perspectives Direct target of toxicity from exposure to many airborne chemicals. Provides an early warning

Chest X-Ray and Diseased Lung

Page 27: Toxicology The Respiratory system. Toxicological perspectives Direct target of toxicity from exposure to many airborne chemicals. Provides an early warning
Page 28: Toxicology The Respiratory system. Toxicological perspectives Direct target of toxicity from exposure to many airborne chemicals. Provides an early warning

Bronchoscope