trabajo de fin de grado(code31099) degree in english studies
TRANSCRIPT
Trabajo de Fin de Grado(code31099)
Degree in English Studies
Session2014-15
Student’s first name Juan
Student’s surname Híjar Soler
DNI 48627058K
Títle of your TFG
A look to English and Spanish Jokes. A contrastive
theory.
First name and surname of
your Tutor
Félix Rodríguez González
Abstract (max.150words)
This final paper is about how English jokes work (topics, vocabulary and use of colloquial language) and how are they able to be compared with Spanish jokes. This work comes from a general background about jokes, a brief mention about the jokes related to the field of pragmatics for a later classification of the different topics in which jokes are divided. It also contains some interviews of English native speakers and Spanish native speakers, who are telling jokes to later do an analysis of the way in which vocabulary is employed, when telling these jokes about different topics for a final comparison.
Thematic key words Joke, laugh, sense of humour, comparison
Total number of words 4.364
Student’s signature Tutor’s signature
1
Index
1. Introduction……………………………………………………………. 2-3
1.1. Motives.
1.2. Objectives and Methodology.
1.3. Structure.
2. Bibliographic review…………………………………………………... 3-4
3. Definition of jokes. Functions and types of jokes…………………... 4-6
4. English and Spanish jokes. A look to cultural factors…………….... 6-9
5. Contrastive analysis on English and Spanish jokes vocabulary…... 9-14
6. Conclusions…………………………………………………………….. 14
7. Appendix/es…………………………………………………...……….. 16-17
8. Works Cited List…………………………………………………….…. 18
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1. Introduction.
1.1. Motives.
It is a matter of fact that when you study any philology you are going to deal with
literature and linguistics, from theatre to critics, from general linguistics to
pragmatics or lexicology, but I would like to focus my TFG on something different,
something related to a device that lives with us every day: jokes. My personal
motivation when developing this final paper was to deal with something related to
humour and concretely with how the language is employed in English and Spanish
culture when telling jokes.
1.2.Objectives and Methodology.
The main objective of this paper is to give a brief explanation about how English
jokes work (topics, vocabulary and use of colloquial language) and comparing them
with Spanish jokes. In order to achieve that, first we will be provided with a brief
general background about jokes, a classification of the different topics in which jokes
are divided and I will provide as well, some interviews of English native speakers
and Spanish native speakers telling jokes to later do an analysis of the way in which
vocabulary is employed when telling these jokes about different topics for a final
comparison.
1.3.Structure.
The structure of this paper is the following:
1) An index and an introduction explaining the objectives, the methodology and
the structure of the paper.
2) Body. In this section we will locate the main part of the paper. First of all, it is
going to be provided with a definition of jokes, how they work, a brief
general background and a list classifying jokes in topics as an introduction for
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the final part of this section in order to know some basis about them.
Secondly, before comparing English and Spanish jokes from a point of view
related to vocabulary, we will have a previous comparison inside the field of
pragmatics in the sense of how jokes work when they are translated for being
told in a different cultural background. Then, the final section of the body
will consist of the comparison between how vocabulary is employed in
English jokes and Spanish jokes. In addition, the body will be complemented
with jokes compiled on interviews made to people from both nationalities
comprising a different age range, encompassing different topics of jokes, such
as those about jobs, races or sex, in English and Spanish, in order to elaborate
a final analysis of the vocabulary used in jokes on each topic.
3) Finally, there will be a final conclusion where I will give some final comments
about the topic of the paper and a list of the bibliography and the sources
used for the elaboration of it.
2. Bibliographic Review.
During the research for useful bibliography that helped me to complete my work, I
found two articles that helped me in abundance: “De la traducibilidad del chiste: Más
allá de los factores perceptibles” (Miguel Tolosa Igualada. 2005, 1079-1089) and “YO ME
PARTO': ORALIDAD, HUMOR, GRAMÁTICA Y PRAGMÁTICA, UN COCTEL
LÚDICO PARA EL AULA DE E/LE” (Diego Ojeda Álvarez y Olga Cruz Moya. 2004).
In the first text, the author explains and exemplifies how could jokes be translated
into other languages and the possibility of using them provoking the same reactions
as in ones own culture.
The second text analyzes almost all the contents that refer to jokes and a possible
application of jokes in the classroom.
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3. Functions of jokes. Definition and types of jokes.
These days, each one of us knows what a joke is and how they work inside our
society. The main purpose of a joke is to make laughter of anything that surrounds
us, covering from typical situations like a child asking something to his or her
parents or a man walking down the street, to matters related to death, politics, race
or gender. Jokes are one of the most extended humoristic manifestations in society,
maybe because it can be used in many different situations, for that reason you
would be able to hear jokes during a conversation in a group of friends, during a
meeting, inside a classroom or in an argument.
According to a more specific definition of the term joke by Cambridge
dictionary(Cambridge Essential Dictionary, Cambridge University Press), a joke is
something, such as a funny story or trick, which is said or done in order to make people
laugh. According to RAE (electronic version, 2012), a joke is 1. A saying or occurrence
that is funny and clever; 2. A saying or a very brief story which contains a verbal game able
to cause laugh. Many times it is presented by a picture and it may consist only of it.
After these definitions and the different functions that I have mentioned previously,
according to these characteristics, I have classified jokes in different types or topics.
Making a reference to these types, I have tried to collect a great amount of jokes to
then be able to classify them for the final comparison in the last part of the essay.
The different types of jokes are classified into the following genres:
Ethnic jokes: These kinds of jokes make reference to ethnic stereotypes as well
as jokes referring to black people, Chinese people or people inside the same
country or territory but from different areas, for example people from
England about Scottish or people from Madrid about those from Andalusia.
An interesting fact is the beginning of some classic jokes inside this topic; it
varies the nationality if you tell them in English (‘an Englishman, an Irishman
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and a Scotsman…’) or in Spanish (‘un inglés, un francés y un español…’).In
sum, jokes that refer to racial, cultural or locative facts.
Sexist jokes: Jokes that highlight differences in gender. The most common
ones are those told by men or women that make fun of the other gender.
These jokes are distinguished in Spain as ‘male chauvinist jokes’ and ‘feminist
jokes’.
Dirty Jokes: These jokes refer to taboo situations as well as sex or
physiological needs. These jokes play freely with issues related to the most
strict intimacy and are often told using slang in order to make them funnier.
Religious jokes: Jokes that make reference to the church. In these jokes the
most important fact, is to make fun about everything related to church.
Professional jokes: These kinds of jokes are commonly used inside each
profession; insiders tend to tell them as a way to identify with their jobs, or
told by people to have fun mocking some professions.
Dark humour jokes: These jokes are often used in order to deal with
circumstances like death, war or catastrophes. These jokes could be
considered as cruel, due to the fact that in most occasions they make fun of
other people’s tragedies.
Jokes using rhyme: These jokes play with rhyme, as well as slang, to provoke
two reactions, laughter and surprise. They normally play with the sounds of
words in order to confuse the listener.
This division of genres is not so long, but of course there will always be someone
who can go deeper and state that jokes could be divided into more topics as the ones
that I mentioned before. Leaving for an instance this classification, that it will be
later addressed, some questions came up to my mind. Are jokes able to fit into other
cultures? Do they cause the same effect if they are translated to other languages?
4. English and Spanish jokes. A look to cultural factors.
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During the elaboration of this paper, I realized that in English as well as in Spanish,
there are some jokes that cannot be well translated into other languages or, in other
words, they cannot cause the same reaction for the listener (or reader), due to their
cultural meaning, that pushed me to look for some data related to the field of
pragmatics, that could answer the questions that I previously mentioned. The
professor Miguel Tolosa Igualada, former professor at University of Alicante in the
translation department, gave me some clues in order to clarify my ideas. In his
article “De la traducibilidad del chiste: Más allá de los factores perceptibles”, he estates:
“3.1. EL HUMOR VERBAL Y EL CHISTE
El chiste parece ser una de las manifestaciones humorísticas más extendidas y
«practicadas» por la sociedad (al menos occidental), tal vez por su carácter camaleónico a la
hora de asumir determinadas funciones. No en vano, pueden estar presentes en contextos de
lo más variopinto, contextos en los que la función que desempeña será igualmente diversa.
Así, el chiste puede hacer acto de presencia en una tertulia entre amigos (para echarse unas
risas), durante una clase (para ejemplificar un concepto), en una reunión de negocios (para
distender a las partes), en una discusión (para quitarle hierro a un asunto), etc.
En nuestra manera, sin duda mejorable, de concebir y entender la traducción, el chiste
no es, tal y como se ha venido afirmado tradicionalmente (ver supra), «un dicho o historieta
muy breve que contiene un juego verbal o conceptual capaz de mover a risa». No. El chiste,
desde una perspectiva traductológica, es mucho más que eso. En efecto, se trata de un
material textual que se origina en un tiempo, en un espacio y en una sociedad bien concretos.
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Constituye además un material de enorme poder evocador que, con el fin de buscar la
sorpresa o la incongruencia (base de la gracia de los chistes según la teoría de la
incongruencia), es capaz emplear y explotar, hasta límites insospechados, aspectos
culturales, recursos lingüísticos como pueden ser juegos de palabras, ambigüedades,
polisemias, juegos fonéticos, etc.; recursos pragmáticos, ya sean latentes o patentes,
como pueden ser las implicaturas, las presuposiciones, las inferencias, los sobreentendidos,
la explotación de los actos ilocucionarios (según la terminología de Austin), la violación de
las condiciones de adecuación de Searle, el no respeto de alguna de las máximas de Grice
(cooperación, cantidad, cualidad, relación, manera) y/o la infracción de la teoría de la
pertinencia propuesta por Sperber y Wilson; y los recursos semióticos basados en la
concepción del chiste como signo y la trasgresión de las convenciones, del sistema de
valores en el que dicho signo hunde sus raíces en función de la cultura de partida. Todo ello,
sin perder de vista la función, o, skopos, según la teoría funcionalista, del chiste que, en
última instancia, será la que influirá sobre el resto de factores, la que determinará la manera
de llevar a cabo la traducción por parte del traductor. Ahora bien, en este proceso cognitivo
que es la traducción, no debemos olvidar que hay una segunda parte: el polo de llegada. Y es
que si necesario es conocer los factores que acabamos de mencionar, imprescindible resulta
conocer o, al menos tener algún indicio, del destino espacial, social y temporal del chiste,
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puesto que, muy probablemente, los recursos lingüísticos, pragmáticos y semióticos serán
distintos a los de la lengua y cultura de procedencia. Además, la función del chiste de origen
no necesariamente coincidirá con la función del chiste de llegada. Por ejemplo, se podría dar
el caso de que un chiste en la lengua y cultura de origen tuviera una función eminentemente
lúdica, mientras que en las de llegada su función fuera de distensión en una situación tirante.
Por tanto, la traducción del chiste no se puede abordar en términos absolutos de
dificultad o sencillez lingüística o cultural. Tampoco conviene creer a pies juntillas que la
solución para traducir los chistes pasa por recrear una serie de efectos pragmáticos, llevar a
cabo adaptaciones, compensaciones y otras tantas estrategias en la sempiterna búsqueda de
la ya mencionada equivalencia pragmática. Nos inclinamos más bien a pensar que la
traducción del chiste se puede materializar si la entendemos como un proceso cognitivo a
partir del cual se desarrolla una operación comunicativo-textual basada en la búsqueda de
equivalencias que, al mismo tiempo, vendrá determinada por una serie de coordenadas
espaciales, temporales y sociales que constituirán los cimientos básicos sobre los que se
asentará un acto comunicativo que estará siempre marcado, ya sea de manera implícita o
explícita, por una función específica.”(Tolosa Igualada, Miguel, et al. "De la
traducibilidad del chiste: más allá de los factores perceptibles." Interlingüística 2005:
1079-1089.).
Therefore, as he mentions, jokes are not easy to incorporate to different cultures,
considering that it has to be taken into account features related to the cultural
background from each country, such as language, religion or tradition before trying
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to translate a joke and expect to cause the same effect as in one’s own culture. In
order to exemplify all the information before cited, I also include in the appendix
three tables from the same article that may help to show what Miguel Tolosa
Igualada says in his article.
After this clarification, we are better informed about how jokes work before the final
comparison between English and Spanish jokes.
5. Contrastive analysis on English and Spanish jokes vocabulary.
In order to make the reading as comfortable as possible, I will facilitate a set of steps
that will show clearly the structure and how this section will work. In this section
the way to proceed will be the following: jokes are divided into seven genres (as
mentioned before in section three: Definition of jokes. Functions and types of jokes).
Inside each category, the reader will be given the jokes first (in English and then in
Spanish), gender, nationality, mother tongue and age will be provided as well, and
secondly, below each types of jokes we can observe the analysis on how vocabulary
functions in English jokes and in Spanish jokes.
Ethnic jokes:
A. Why doesn’t Mexico have an Olympic team? Because anyone that can swim,
run or climb are already in the USA. (Male, UK, English native speaker, 20-30
years old)
B. “Did you hear the news about the Irish water polo team?” – “They drowned”.
(Male, UK, English native speaker, 40-50 years old)
C. Why did Beyoncé sing “to the left, to the left”? Because black people have no
rights. (Male, UK, English native speaker, 20-30 years old)
D. Van dentro de un coche un negro, un moro y un gitano, ¿Quién va
conduciendo? La policía. (Male, Spain, Spanish native speaker, 20-30 years
old)
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E. Esto es un grupo musical muy famoso de Lepe que se llama “los leperos” que
decide irse de gira a los Estados Unidos, ya que tienen mucha demanda en
ese país. El avión aterriza y allí les están esperando miles de fans y cuando
abren las puertas nadie sale del avión. El mánager del grupo entra al avión
para ver qué pasa y pregunta: -¿Por qué coño no salís?- a lo que los leperos
contestan: -¡Hasta que “Wel” no se vaya no!- Entonces el mánager mira fuera
del avión y ve un cartel donde se encuentran los fans que dice:”WELcome
leperos”. (Male, Spanish native speaker, 50-60 years old)
F. ¿Qué es un negro con unos calzoncillos blancos? Una Oreo. (Male, Spanish
native speaker, 10-20 years old)
As we can observe in these kinds of jokes, the vocabulary employed is not
aggressive, but we can see some colloquial language, as in the case of joke E, where
is used the word “coño” (like “fuck”) or the bad usage of “welcome” meaning “WEL
eats”. Referring to the sense of the joke, it is clear that every single joke is offensive
causing the effect that those who use these jokes consider them superior to other
races.
Sexist jokes:
A. There is a wife and she is speaking to her husband and she says to him that
she feels really fat, she thinks she is chubby and that she looks terrible and
then she asks her husband: Could you please just give me a compliment to
make me feel better? And he says: yes, you have perfect eyesight. (Male, UK,
English native speaker, 40-50 years old)
B. En un vuelo, el avión se va a estrellar y una mujer dice que antes de morir
quiere que le hagan sentir mujer por última vez y se desnuda en mitad del
pasillo del avión. La mujer pregunta: - “¿Hay alguien lo suficiente hombre
que quiera?”- a esto que se levanta un hombre, se quita la camiseta y le dice: -
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¡Yo! Plánchame esto, anda. (Male, Spain, Spanish native speaker, 40-50 years
old)
In this case, we are in front of two “male chauvinist jokes”. Both of them are created
to devaluate the figure of the woman as a mere object. The vocabulary employed is
mixed with some words from the colloquial usage like “chubby”.
Dirty jokes:
A. A family is at the dinner table. The son asks the father, “Dad, how many
kinds of boobs are there?” The father, surprised, answers, “Well, son, a
woman goes through three phases. In her 20s, a woman’s breasts are like
peaches, rounded and firm. In her 30s and 40s, they are like pears, still nice,
hanging a bit. After 50, they are like onions.” “Onions?” the son asks. “Yes.
You see them and they make you cry.” (Male, UK, English native speaker, 40-
50 years old)
B. Entra un hombre a un aseo público y se dispone a mear. Mientras mea,
observa que el hombre de al lado está muy bien dotado y decide preguntarle:
-“Disculpa, ¿Cómo ha hecho para tener semejante cosa entre las piernas?”- a
lo que el otro hombre le contesta: -“Pues resulta, que soy un duende, y para
conseguirlo me tuvieron que transformar pasándome los poderes de duende
que ahora poseo”.- El primer hombre se asombra y le pregunta: -“¿Y me
podrías convertir en duende para tenerla igual de grande que tú?”- y el
duende le contesta: -“Claro que sí. Pero para pasarte los poderes te tengo que
dar por culo”- El hombre asiente con la cabeza y se baja los pantalones.
Mientras el duende se encuentra en plena faena a provecha para preguntarle
al hombre: -“¿Cómo te llamas?”- a lo que el hombre responde:- “Manuel”. –
“¿Y cuántos años tienes Manuel?”- Y Manuel responde: “Cuarenta y cinco”-
Y en eso que le dice el duende: -“Y teniendo cuarenta y cinco años ¿todavía
crees en los duendes?”. (Male, Spain, Spanish native speaker 30- 40 years old)
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Inside this topic, we can observe that the usage of colloquialisms is higher than in
other categories. This is due to the taboo sense, that talking about issues related to
sex has. Without these colloquialisms maybe these jokes were less effective.
Religious Jokes:
A. What do a Christmas tree and a priest have in common? Their balls are just
for decoration. (Male, UK, English native speaker, 30- 40 years old)
B. ¿Qué tienen en común un árbol de Navidad y un cura? Que las bolas solo les
sirven de decoración. (Woman, Spain, Spanish native speaker, 40- 50 years
old)
In this particular case, I wanted to focus on all the things in common that these jokes
have. They are the same jokes, but adapted to each language. The vocabulary
employed at both jokes, are also the same.
Professional jokes:
A. Photographers are dangerous people. First, they frame you. Then, they shoot
you and then they hang you on the wall.
B. In an interview between an employer and an applicant for a job, the employer
tells the applicant that he needs a responsible person. To this, the applicant
says that she is the person for the job seen as, whenever anything went wrong
at the last job, she was always said to be responsible.
C. –“Doctor, ¿Por qué cuando bebo café me duele un ojo?- “¿Ha probado a sacar
la cucharilla del vaso?”. (Male, Spain, Spanish native speaker, 70- 80 years
old)
D. – ¿Nivel de inglés? - Alto. - ¿Cómo traduciría “never ever”? -Nunca unca.
In this category, all the vocabulary used is about the field of professions
(“applicant”, “doctor”, etc.) and these jokes tend to use metaphors as in joke A,
where the verbs employed at this job are used in other sense in order to make fun of
it.
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Dark humour jokes:
A. Two men go to Heaven at the same time. The first man says that he dead
frozen, and the second one tells him that he died of a heart attack.-"How did
that happen?" asks the first man.-"Well, I came home and thought I heard my
wife with another man. But anyone else was there. I felt very bad for wrongly
accusing my wife of infidelity so, I had a heart attack and I died."-"Fuck!" says
the first guy. "If you'd opened the fridge, we'd both be alive!" (Male, UK,
English native speaker, 20- 30 years old)
B. ¿Cómo meterías a mil judíos en un SEAT panda? En el cenicero. (Male, Spain,
Spanish native speaker, 20- 30 years old)
As we can observe in these kinds of jokes, they talk openly about circumstances
related to death and Nazism, mocking them. The use of colloquialisms or swear
words is less common in this category considering that the topics treated are more
serious and it is a kind of humour that looks for a direct impact in the reader.
Jokes using rhyme:
A. He drove his car into the tree and he found out how the Mercedes Benz.
(Male, UK, English native speaker, 20- 30 years old)
B. - ¿Cuántos son tres más dos? – Cinco. – Por el culo te la hinco. (Male, Spain,
Spanish native speaker, 10- 20 years old)
Jokes that use rhyming or play with sounds are really interesting. They normally use
colloquial language and as we can see in both examples, “Benz” instead of “bends”
in example A, or “por el culo te la hinco” in the case of example B, are a clear
example of the “free” use of colloquial terms in order to achieve musicality when
telling them and to produce laughter.
6. Conclusions.
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With all the information dealt with, I have finally realized that jokes are a universal
tool, to cause laughter. True it is, that a joke cannot be interpreted equally in every
culture, however nowadays many of the jokes that you hear or acquire, are perfectly
understood in each culture.
To conclude, one of the features that I have perceived these days is that we are
losing the habits or traditions of telling jokes, due to the fact that the impact of
Internet and the new technologies in society have influenced in this aspect. With the
elaboration of this work, I wanted to give a brief and clear information about a topic
such as jokes, which could be considered as very charismatic.
7. Appendix/es.
Tolosa Igualada, Miguel, et al. "De la traducibilidad del chiste: más allá de los
factores perceptibles." Interlingüística 2005: 1079-1089.
“Dos ancianas, una de las cuales bastante sorda, estaban merendandouna tarde. En un
momento dado, la que no estaba sorda dice: -¡Esta leche no está buena! Y la anciana sorda
responde: -¡Y mañana Navidad!
Tabla 1:
MATERIAL TEXTUAL DE ORIGEN FACTORES DE PARTIDA U ORIGEN – Chiste
nº7.
TIEMPO - Atemporal (en cualquier caso,momento bastante actual).
ESPACIO - Cualquier país de habla hispanay de tradición cristiana.
SOCIEDAD - Cualquier sociedad de hablahispana y de tradición cristiana.
ASPECTOSCULTURALES-Villancico La Marimorena, La Navidad, La merienda
RECURSOSLINGÜÍSTICOS - Juego fonético debido a lasordera
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RECURSOSPRAGMÁTICOS - Respuesta «impertinente» o«irrelevante» provocada por
lasordera de una de las ancianas
RECURSOSSEMIÓTICOS - Indeterminados
FUNCIÓN - En una reunión entre amigos(para echarse unas risas)
Tabla 2:
MATERIAL TEXTUAL DE LLEGADA FACTORES DE LLEGADA - Chiste-Traducción
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TIEMPO - Año 2003
ESPACIO - Japón
SOCIEDAD - Japonesa
ASPECTOS CULTURALES - No existencia de Navidad, no existencia de villancicos, no
existencia de merienda.
RECURSOS LINGÜÍSTICOS - Por determinar
RECURSOS PRAGMÁTICOS - Por determinar
RECURSOS SEMIÓTICOS - Por determinar
FUNCIÓN - En la Universidad, para explicar un aspecto concreto
Tabla 3:
MATERIAL TEXTUAL DE LLEGADA FACTORES DE LLEGADA - Chiste-Traducción
7
TIEMPO - Año 2000
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ESPACIO - Francia
SOCIEDAD - Francesa
ASPECTOS CULTURALES – Navidad, existencia de villancicos, existencia de merienda
(aunque como concepto diferente al de la cultura española)
RECURSOS LINGÜÍSTICOS - Por determinar
RECURSOS PRAGMÁTICOS - Por determinar
RECURSOS SEMIÓTICOS - Por determinar
FUNCIÓN - En el inciso de una reunión
Presentamos, a guisa de ejemplo, estas tablas que constituyen tres «situaciones
translaticias» concretas. En la tabla 1, podemos ver el material textual de partida con los
factores que lo determinan. Si dichos factores se modifican (tablas 3 y 4) el resultado de la
traducción no podrá ser el mismo, puesto que ésta no es una operación mecánica de perennes
soluciones. Así pues, a la hora de materializar la traducción, no será lo mismo que el
material textual de llegada vaya dirigido a la sociedad, cultura y espacio japoneses que a la
sociedad, cultura y espacio franceses, además de que, independientemente de las distancias
culturales y espaciales obvias, no podemos perder de vista la función asignada a la
traducción en cuestión que, tal y como hemos dicho anteriormente, influirá decisivamente
sobre el resto de factores.
Por tanto, la traducción del chiste no se puede abordar en términos absolutos de
17
dificultad o sencillez lingüística o cultural. Tampoco conviene creer a pies juntillas que la
solución para traducir los chistes pasa por recrear una serie de efectos pragmáticos, llevar
acabo adaptaciones, compensaciones y otras tantas estrategias en la sempiterna búsqueda de
la ya mencionada equivalencia pragmática. Nos inclinamos más bien a pensar que la
traducción del chiste se puede materializar si la entendemos como un proceso cognitivo a
partir del cual se desarrolla una operación comunicativo-textual basada en la búsqueda de
equivalencias que, al mismo tiempo, vendrá determinada por una serie de coordenadas
espaciales, temporales y sociales que constituirán los cimientos básicos sobre los que se
asentará un acto comunicativo que estará siempre marcado, ya sea de manera implícita o
explícita, por una función específica.
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8. Works Cited List.
Works cited:
Tolosa Igualada, Miguel, et al. "De la traducibilidad del chiste: más allá de los
factores perceptibles." Interlingüística 2005: 1079-1089. Web.
Website resources
http://cvc.cervantes.es/ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/asele/pdf/15/15_0232.pdf
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/diccionario/britanico/joke
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/joke
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joke
http://es.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Joke
http://lema.rae.es/drae/srv/search?id=2xlJVMOuPDXX2mwbEai1