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Tracing CO2 geological sequestration processes with noble gas isotopes
Zheng Zhou, University of Manchester
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Outline
• Introduction
• Identifying and quantifying natural CO2 sequestration processes over geological timescales:
The Jackson Dome CO2 Deposit, USA
• Predicting CO2 EOR and geological sequestration processes with artificial noble gas tracers:
Salt Creek, USA
• Summary
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Introduction
Noble gases in natural gas reservoirs
– Three sources
– Conservative in the
Subsurface
– Isotopically distinct
– Ideal tool to quantify
the interaction and
origin of fluids
– Dating fluids
(After Ballentine and O‘Nions, 1994)
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Geological setting
Schematic cross section
The Jackson Dome CO2 Deposit, USA
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The Jackson Dome CO2 Deposit, USA
• Groundwater is responsible for more than 75% of CO2 loss
0.004 0.008 0.012 0.016 0.020
1x109
2x109
3x109
4x109
5x109
CO
2/3
He
20Ne (ppm)
South Pisgah
Denkmann 1
Holly Bush Creek
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The Jackson Dome CO2 Deposit, USA
• Gas stripping and re-dissolution model can explain observed data
• Data are consistent with between 100% and 24% CO2 saturation of the groundwater into which re-dissolution occurs
0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
1x109
2x109
3x109
4x109
5x109
6x109
South PisgahC
O2/3
He
20Ne/
36Ar
20% CO2 saturation
60% CO2 saturation
80% CO2 saturation
40% CO2 saturation
Holly Bush Creek
Rayleigh
dissolution
0% saturation
Rayleigh dissolution 100% saturation
GGS-R model
Denkmann #1
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The Jackson Dome CO2 Deposit, USA
• Combined noble gas and stable isotopes distinguish between and quantify different mechanisms of CO2 removal from natural CO2 gas deposits
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Salt Creek Oil Field, USA
Injection and monitoring wells
Distances: 18-37: 180m 16-37: 160m 28-37: 230m 30-37: 270m
Injection well 37 Production wells 16, 18, 28 and 30
18
30
16
28
37
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Salt Creek Oil Field, USA
Tracer injection system on site
N2 cylinder Water reservoir tank
Isotope spike tank
Pressure gauges
Strain gauges
HPLC pumps
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Salt Creek Oil Field, USA
Tracer injection
06/09/2010
16/09/2010
26/09/2010
06/10/2010
16/10/2010
26/10/2010
05/11/2010
0
10
20
30
40
50
3H
e/4
He
(R
/Ra
)
Date
Helium
0
10
20
30
40
50
12
9X
e/1
32
Xe
Xenon
Injector
Tracer Injection Period
13 Sep. --- 23 Sep.
Tracers 2 litre (STP) 3He 2 litre (STP) 129Xe
Calculated ratios 3He/4He ~ 107 Ra 129Xe/132Xe ~ 24
CO2 injection rate: 1285 mcf/day
Background ratios: 3He/4He = 0.04 Ra 129Xe/132Xe = 0.98
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Salt Creek Oil Field, USA
Tracers in monitoring wells
06/09/2010
16/09/2010
26/09/2010
06/10/2010
16/10/2010
26/10/2010
05/11/2010
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
3H
e/4
He
(R
/Ra
)
Date
Helium
Producer 18
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Te
mp
era
ture
(F
)
Temperature
Tracer Injection Period
13 Sep. --- 23 Sep.
o Tracers are shown in monitoring wells a short period after injection o 3He/4He ratios are lower than spiked ratio o Spike breakthrough correlates with well temperature
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Summary
• Noble gases can be used to obtain physical models to describe gas – mineral – fluid interaction
• These models provide quantitative understanding of geological CO2 sequestration processes
• Noble gases together with other gases can be used in hydrogeological modelling and studying CO2 EOR and sequestration processes