VALLEY CENTRAL SCHOOL DISTRICT 944 STATE ROUTE 17K

MONTGOMERY, NY 12549 Telephone Number: (845) 457-2400 ext. 8121

Fax Number: (845) 457-4254

AP BIOLOGY

Approved by the Board of Education October 9, 2007

AP Biology

Course overview: My AP Biology course follows the guidelines established by the College Board. All the following topics are covered : biochemistry, cell structure and function, metabolism , genetics ,molecular basis of inheritance , DNA technology , evolution , microbiology ,classification , plants , animals , animal physiology , and ecology. The class meets for 40 minutes every school day and 40 minutes every other day for lab. The topics are integrated throughout the course using the eight major themes from the AP Biology Curriculum Requirements. Themes: Science as process , Evolution, Energy Transfer , Continuity and Change ,Relationship of Structure to Function , Regulation , Interdependence in Nature , Science Technology and Society. Evolution is used as a unifying idea throughout the course to connect most of the other themes together whenever possible. Labs: This is a lab course in which students are required to collect scientific data to solve biological problems .The scientific method and experimental design are emphasized in all of the labs done in class. Labs are from the College Board Advanced Placement Program Labs. Other labs are done from various sources to emphasize additional topics. All labs are real and actually performed in class. Virtual lab activities are only used for introduction , reinforcement or when a student is unable to attend school due to illness or suspension. About 25% of class time will be spent on lab activities , techniques and procedures. The labs performed this year. The labs performed this are the following: AP lab 1 Diffusion and Osmosis AP lab 2 Enzyme Catalysis AP lab 3 Mitosis and Meiosis AP lab 4 Plant Pigment and Photosynthesis AP lab 5 Cell Respiration AP lab 6 Molecular Biology AP lab 7 Genetics of Organisms AP lab 8 Population Genetics and Evolution AP lab 9 Transpiration AP lab 10 Physiology of the Circulatory System AP lab 11 Behavior : Habitat Selection AP lab 12 Dissolved Oxygen and Aquatic Primary Productivity DNA Extraction -Teacher generated Sea Urchin Embryology - Teacher generated Yeast Fermentation- Teacher generated

Mystery of Anastasia www.dnai.org Text: The text for the course is Campbell 6th edition. The assignments for the class are as follows. Students are required to read the pages indicated for each chapter assigned. Written assignments are done in a marble composition book that is periodically checked and/or collected. The Web/CD assignments are from Campbell Biology CD or www.campbellbiology.com. They are two basic types. First are the activities assignments. These are used to reinforce the lecture and reading material. Students are asked to answer question about various topics from the chapter. Also there are “Case study in the Process of Science” activities that are used to help students gain an understanding science as a process rather than just a collection of facts. They also used to apply biological knowledge to environmental and societal issues. Free response questions are assigned at the conclusion of each topic.

Course Outline and Assignments

3 weeks Inorganic Chemistry Chapter 2 Web/CD 2E-H

• Structure of atoms • Types of chemical bonding

2E- Draw and label a covalent bond between 2 hydrogen , 2 oxygen atoms, a carbon and hydrogen atom , and within a water molecule. Summarize the characteristics of a covalent bond. 2F- Draw a non-polar covalent bond between 2 H atoms. Explain the difference between polar and non-polar covalent bonds. 2G- Draw an ionic bond between sodium and chlorine. 2H- Draw hydrogen bonds between 2 water molecules. List 2 organic molecules that hydrogen bonds are found in. Case study in the process of science “ How are space rocks analyzed for signs of life?” Detail in your notebook the various criteria to determine if a space rock contains traces of life.

Free Response 1992 Q1

Properties of Water Chapter 3 (p41-50) Web/CD 3A-D

• physical properties of water • polarity • cohesion/adhesion

3A- Draw hydrogen bonds between 5 water molecules. Explain the attraction between hydrogen and oxygen of adjacent water molecules. List three unusual properties of water that are the result of hydrogen bonding . Give an example of each and explain how they are important to living things. 3B- Draw a plant and explain how cohesion aids in the upwards movement of water. 3C- Write the equation for the dissociation of water. 3D- Explain how the dissociation of water is related to pH. Draw the pH scale. List 7 substances and their pHs. Case Study in the Process of Science “How does acid precipitation affect trees?”

Free response 1996 Q1

Biochemistry Chapter 4 Web/CD 4C (p52-59)

• Functional groups 4C-Define functional group.

Draw and label the 6 functional groups shown Free Response TBA

Organic Molecules Chapter 5 (p62-84) Web/CD 5A-H • Classification of macromolecules • Biological importance of macromolecules

5A- Define monomer , polymer and macromolecule. Explain dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. Draw and label an example of each. 5B- Draw the structural diagram for glucose and write its formula. 5C- Define monosaccharide, disaccharide , polysaccharide. Give an example of each, as well as an explanation of its biological importance. Draw a simple diagram of each. 5D- List 2 major functions of lipids in cells. Draw a triglyceride and label its parts. Explain the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats Draw the molecule shown on page 4 and label its parts. List 2 lipids and their functions from page 5. Name the process by which 3 fatty acids are joined to a glycerol to form a fat. 5E- List the 8 different proteins shown and explain their functions. 5G- Explain the basic roles of DNA and RNA from page 1. 5H- Draw and label a nucleotide of DNA. List 3 differences between DNA and RNA.

LAB: DNA Extraction

Metabolism Chapter 6 (91-103) Web/CD 6A-D

• Free energy changes • Molecules and reaction involved in metabolism • Enzyme structure and function

6A- Define potential and kinetic energy and give an example of each.

6B- Draw a molecule of adenosine triphosphate. Indicate which bond will release the most energy when broken. 6C- Explain exergonic and endergonic reactions. Explain how ATP is involved with these type of reactions within a cell. 6D- Define (EA)

Case Study in the Process of Science “ How is the rate of enzyme catalysis measured ?” Free Response 1994 Q3 2001 Q4 AP Lab #2 Enzyme catalysis UNIT TEST 1

Unit 2 CELLS

2 weeks Organelles Chapter 7 (109-134)

• Prokaryotic cell structures • Eukaryotic cell organelle structure and function

Web/CD 7B-F, 7 I-K 7B Draw and label the parts of a prokaryotic cell. 7C List 6 differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

7D List the major differences between plant and animal cells. List the similarities as well. 7E List the major steps in protein synthesis. 7F List the in the order they are used the organelles that make up the endomembrane system. 7I Make a labeled drawing showing the various types of cell junctions and an explanation as to the function of each. 7 J/K Study for a quiz on cell structure and function.

(p109-134) Free response 1993 Q1A

Structure and Function Chapter 8 Web/CD 8A-G Plasma Membrane (p138-152)

• Fluid mosaic model • Active/passive transport

8A Describe the basic structure of the plasma membrane and make a cross sectional diagram labeling the various parts. 8B Describe how charged molecules cross the lipid bilayer. 8C explain the process of passive transport and give three examples of molecules that routinely cross biological membranes by this process. 8D Explain the process of osmosis. 8E Explain the process of facilitated diffusion and give an example. 8F Summarize how the Na/K pump operates.

Case study in the Process of Science “ How do salt concentrations affect cells?”

Free Response 1992 Q1 2002 Q4 AP Lab #1 Diff. & Osmosis

2 weeks Respiration Chapter 9 (155-173) Web/CD 9A-F

• Mitochondria structure • Glycolysis • Krebs cycle • Oxidative phosphorylation • Fermentation

9A Draw the picture shown here into your notebook. Label the various components of the chemical cycling system. 9B Draw the mitochondrion and surrounding cytosol into your notebook. Indicate where each process takes place in the cell/mitochondrion . Include arrows to show how the various products are moved throughout the process. 9C Explain the role of the initial 2 ATPs in the energy investment phase of glycolysis. Also explain the role of NAD+ in the energy payoff phase of glycolysis. 9D Summarize the events of the krebs cycle. List the important reactants and products . Explain the importance of coenzymes CoA and NAD+ to the process. 9E Draw the cross section of the mitochondrial membrane found on page 2 and 4 of this activity. Explain the importance of NAD+ to the establishment of a proton(hydrogen) gradient. 9F Summarize the events of alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation. Where and when would you find these 2 processes operating in yeast/muscle cells? Case Study in the Process in Science "How is the rate of cellular respiration measured? " Explain the picture on p3 of this activity and answer in a paragraph the question posed above. Draw the graph shown on page 8 and explain in a sentence or two each of the lines that appear on the graph.

Free Response 2005 Q1 Web/CD Case Study

"How is the rate of cellular repiration measured? " AP Lab # 5 Cell Respiration

Photosynthesis Chapter 10 (176-194) Web/CDActivity10A-F

Structure of chloroplast

• Light reactions • Light Independent reactions C3/C4 • Factors affecting photosynthesis

10 A (page 1) Draw a cross section of a C3 leaf shown and label it. (page 3) Draw a chloroplast and label it with the terms shown. 10B (page 1) Write the balanced equation for photosynthesis. Indicate which molecules are oxidized and which are reduced.

(page 2) Draw the cross section of the chloroplast and label the 2 processes shown. (page3) Write the 3 reactants and 3 products of light reactions. 10C (page 1) Write down the color of shown in the visible spectrum their approximate wavelengths.

(page 2) What colors do chlorophyll a absorb in? ___________________ What colors do chlorophyll b absorb in ?____________________

10 D Draw a cross section of thylakoid membrane with PSII , PS I , ETS , ATPase thylakoid compartment labeled. 10E Write the reactants that enter the Calvin cycle and the products that are produced by it. 10F (page 1) Click on the plants pictured and describe the type of environment you would most likely find each in. C3 , C4 , CAM List 2 specific plants for each type of plant. (C3 , C4 ,CAM) (page 2) Explain the primary physiological difference between C3 and C4 carbon fixation pathways. Which reduces photorespiration ? (page 4) How do C3 and C4 leaf anatomy differ ? (page 5 ) When are the stomates in CAM plants open? For what reason does this happen?

Free Response 1997 Q1 AP Lab #4 Plant Pigments and Photosynthesis

1 week Cell communication Chap. 11 (197-200) Web/CD 11A 11A Summarize overview of cell signaling Case Study in the Process of Science “ How do cells communicate with each other ? ”

Free Response 1999 Q2

Cell reproduction (215-224) Chap. 12

• Cell Cycle • Mitotic stages

Web/CD 12A-E 12A page 1 Explain asexual reproduction and give an example. page 2 Which process does an asexually reproducing organism use to reproduce?____________ page 3 Which process produces greater variation? 12B Draw a pie chart of the cell cycle and label each section. 12C Summarize the events of each stage of mitosis and cytokinesis. 12E List 5 causes of cancer.

Web/CD case study "How much time do cells spend in each stage of mitosis ?." Free response 1996 Q4A AP Lab #3 Mitosis and Meiosis UNIT 2 TEST

Unit 3 Genetics

5 weeks Meiosis (p234-245) Chap. 13Web/CD

• Meiosis stages • Spermatogenesis and oogenesis

13A-C 13A Define the following: Fertilization,zygote, haploid,diploid,homologous chromosomes,sister chromatid, 13B What is the main difference between metaphase I and II ? Explain using some of the terms from 13A. 13C Explain in a paragraph how the events of meiosis contribute to increased genetic variation .Identify 2 processes within meiosis that contribute to increased variation.

Web/CD case study

"How can the frequency of crossing over be measured?" Page 2 Draw the chromosomes crossing over in page 3. Label the crossovers. Page 3 Summarize the life cycle of Sordaria described here. Page 4 Draw the ascospores shown and indicate which ones show crossing over.

Free response 1996 Q4B,C 2000 Q 3A 2004 Q1A Lab : Sea Urchin Embryogenesis

Mendelian Genetics Chap.14(247-263) Web/CD 14A-D

• Inheritance patterns: monohybrid, lethal,sex-linked,codominance,incomplete dominance,multiple alleles

14A page 1 Make a color drawing of the 2 aliens shown.Explain the term wild type. page 2 Draw and color F1 generation into your notebook Write down the ratios below the heads. What is the approximate phenotype ratio for the F1? Using O for black and o for orange give the genotypes of the parents and

offspring. Explain your answer. page 3 Explain in a few sentences what a test cross is. page 4 Draw and color the 2 aliens shown .Write the phenotypes & genotypes below their heads. page 5 Draw the F1 x true breeding wild type Write the genotype and phenotype ratio you would expect for

the F2 generation. 14B

page 1 Draw the alien heads shown with their phenotypes in color. page 2 Write in the genotypes below them. Draw the 16 box diagram shown with the gamete combinations drawn on the side. Write the phenotype ratio produced. page 4/5 Draw the P generation shown. Write down the inheritance mechanism of inheritance and an explanation of how you arrive at this conclusion. 14C Gregor's Garden Practice crosses using Gregor's Garden. Click the button and practice the crosses for both 1 and 2 traits. 14D Draw the aliens shown in P generation. Draw the F1 individual after clicking on "Make the Cross" Case Study in the Process in Science. “ How do you diagnose a genetic disorder? “ Free response 2003 Q1A 1993 Q4A, B 1996 Q4A, B Genetics problems assigned AP Bio Lab #7 Genetics of Organisms

The Mystery of Anastasia (web lab) Chromosomal basis Chap. 15 Web/CD 15A,B Basis of inheritance (269-284)

Case Study in the Process of Science "What can fruit flies reveal about inheritance?" Genetics problems Free response 1996 Q4C Molecular Basis of Inheritance Chap. 16 (287-301)

• DNA Structure • DNA replication

Web/CD 16A-D Web/CD “What is the correct model for DNA replication?” 16A p 1-9 Draw a t-2 phage and label it Define phage Explain in a paragraph the importance of radioisotopes in this experiment. Make a drawing or drawings that summarize and explain the experiment. 16B Define nucleotide. Draw and label the 3 parts of a nucleotide. List 3 differences between RNA and DNA structure Draw a structural diagram of 1 purine and one pyrimidine Label the carbons in your nucleotide 1-5 prime Draw the DNA strand shown on page 10 and indicate how they are joined 16D Explain the role of the enzyme DNA polymerase in DNA replication Define replication origin Draw the DNA molecule shown on p 5 label the ends of the strands Which parts of the nucleotide dimers provide the energy of attachment ( DNA structure and function) Case Study in the Process of Science "What is the correct model for DNA replication?"

Free response 1995 Q4, 2002 Q1B . Protein synthesis Chap 17 Web/CD 17A-D (303-325) Free response 1993 Q4B, C 2001 Q4 Genetics of Virus & Bacteria Chap 18 Read 329-333 , 335 , 340-345 ,347-351

• Lytic cycle • Lysogenic cycle • Retroviruses

Web/CD 18B-D 18B Draw the lytic cycle depicted on page 4. Label it and write a short description of the events that are happening at each step. 18C Draw the lysogenic cycle that is depicted on pages 1-4. Label and describe the

steps. 18D Draw and label the parts of the HIV shown. Explain the role of the enzyme

reverse transcriptase. Web/CD case study:

"What are the patterns of antibiotic resistance?." Eukaryotic chromatin structure Chap. 19 (354-358) (363-366)

• Levels of structure • Gene regulation

Web/CD 19A , 19C , 19F 19A Define nucleosome

Draw and label the "tight helical fiber" and label it. Draw the metaphase chromosome.

19C Draw the picture shown and label it with the correct term from the menu. 19F Explain how 2 of the structures shown in the middle of the page can control eukaryotic gene expression.

Free response 2005 Q2

DNA Technology/Genomics Chap 20(375-379),(383-385),(393-398)

• Recombinant DNA • RFLP • PCR

Web/CD 20A-E ,G 20A Click on the five images shown. Write a short description of how each product has been improved by the recombinant DNA technology. 20B Draw one of the DNA sequences shown. Draw a second picture to show

how it appears after it has been digested by a restriction enzyme. 20C page 1 Explain how the source DNA and the plasmid are both acted on by

the restriction enzyme. page 2 Explain the why it is necessary for both DNA samples to be cut with the same restriction enzyme. page 2 Explain the role of DNA ligase. page 3 Explain how bacterial transformation is accomplished. page 4 Explain how the transformed bacteria are identified. 20D Explain the process of gel electrophoresis in a couple of paragraphs.

Explain the set up and the results. 20E Explain how the size of a fragment of DNA can be estimated based in its

distance from the well. 20G Which suspect committed the crime? How do you know?

Case Studies in the Process of Science "How can antibiotic resistant plasmids be used to transform E. coli" "How can gel electrophoresis be used to analyze DNA? " Free response 2002 Q1A AP Lab#6 Molecular Biology

Genetic Basis of Development Chap. 21 Web/CD 21C 21C Summarize the events and structures involved in the signal transduction

pathway shown. List the steps involved. (403-410), (417-418) Unit Test 3 UNIT 4 Mechanisms of Evolution 2 weeks Descent with Modification Chap.22 (428-442)

• Natural Selection Web/CD 22B-D 22B Explain three factors that contribute to the varying habitats of the Galapagos islands. Answer the 3 questions that appear on page 10 22C Explain why the iguanas on Fernandina are unique. 22E Explain the selective advantages gained by the seahorses coloration. Process in Science: How do environmental changes affect a population? 1. Draw the lab notebook charts into your notes. Follow the directions and answer the questions #1-10 as you perform the activity. Case Study in the Process of Science "How do environmental..." Free response: 1992 Q4A 1993 Q4A 2001 Q2A

Evolution of Populations Chap. 23 (445-461)

• Population Genetics • Causes of microevolution • Genetic Variation

Web/CD 23A,B 23A Define microevolution p1 List 4 causes of microevolution, define and give an example of each. 23B List the 3 causes of genetic variation from sexual recombination. Web/CD case study: "How can frequency of alleles be calculated ? " AP Bio. Lab # 8 Populaion Genetics and Evolution Free Response 1992 Q4B 1997 Q4 Self quiz questions

Origin of Species Chap. 24 (464-482)

• Reproductive isolation and speciation • Isolating mechanisms • Rate of evolution (Punctuated equilibrium and gradualism)

Web/CD 24A 24A Click on the Archaeopteryx 1. How might wing like forelimbs been used before birds took to the air? 2. What might feathers have been used for prior to flight ? Click on the dinosaur 3. Explain why there is such a wide variety of mammals in the tertiary period.

click on the conifer. 4. What important evolutionary event is described here?

Click on the bird head. 5. Define adaptive radiation and give 2 examples.

(See q #3 if you are having trouble) Case study in the Process in Science : How do new species arise ...? Copy the lab notebook chart into your notebook Complete the activity by filling in the chart as you go along Answer the 7 questions at the end of the activity. Free Response 2001 Q2B Phylogeny & Systematics Chap.25 Web/CD case studies:

(492-499), (503-505) "How is phylogeny determined by comparing proteins?" Free response 1999 Q3

• Fossil record and geologic time • Systematics : Relating classification to evolutionary

history

Unit 4 Test

1 week Origin of Life Chap 26 (516-519)

• Overview of life history • Chemical evolution and the first cells

Web/CD 26A 26A Make a drawing of the images shown in order from earliest to most recent. 1. Describe Stanley Millers experiment. 2. Complete the activity and answer questions # 1-4 Process in Science : " How might conditions on early earth have created life? " Prokaryotes Chap. 27 (526-531) Web/CD 27A , B27A 1. Draw the cell shown and label it. 2. Define the labeled terms. 27B 1.Draw the branching diagram shown 2. Explain the term Domain archae and Domain bacteria. Origin of Eukaryotes Chap 28 (548-551)

• Evolution of eukaryotes ( endosymbiotic theory ) 1. Write a paragraph summary of endosymbiotic theory. List the evidence supporting the theory.

Animal Evolution Chapter 32-34 read 633-715

• Phylogenetic trees and systematics • Survey and evolution of selected animal phyla

Web/CD 32A, 33A

32A Complete the chart by drawing a picture of the correct phylum over the animal pictured.

33A

Complete the chart pictured for each animal. Write a 3 page essay explaining the adaptations required as animals evolved from

an aquatic to terrestrial existence. Indicate a time frame for the evolution of major advances. Unit 6

3weeks Plant Structure and Growth Chap 35 (721-738)

• Plant organs and tissues • Growth and the role of meristems

Web/CD 35B

35B Draw the cross section shown on page 3 and label it. Explain the importance of the two lateral meristems found here. Name them and explain their role in plant growth.

Transport in Plants Chap. 36 (750-764)

• Transport in xylem • Guard cells • Translocation in phloem

Web/CD 36A, B 36A 1. Define Mycorrhizae . Explain how each benefits. 2. Explain the difference between an apoplast and symplast pathway. 3. Which cells control the movement of material into the vascular system of the plant? 4. What specialized structure aids in this process? 5. Cohesion and adhesion are the product of which property of water? 6. Which factors increase evaporation? 7. List 2 structures that help plants to control water loss. 36B 8. Which vascular tissue moves sugars? 9. What is the name of the process for sugar transport? 10. In summer where are the sugar source and sink located in a plant? 11. How is active transport involved in bulk flow? Case Study in the Process in Science " How can the rate of transpiration be measured? " Answer the 6 questions found in the lab report.

AP Lab #9 Transpiration

Free response 1991 Q2 Plant Nutrition Chap. 37(767-770),(774-778)

• Nutritional requirements of plants • Evolutionary relationships and nutrition (mycorrhizzae, legume root nodules)

Web/CD 37A , 37A Page 3 Explain in a paragraph how acid precipitation causes a reduction of soil mineral content. Free response 1995 Q1 Answer using angiosperms Plant Reproduction Chap 38 (585-587) (591-592) (605-610)

• Sexual reproduction • Coevolution of flowering plants /pollinators • Evolutionary trends (Alternations of Generations) through plant phyla • Asexual reproduction • Genetic modification of crop species

Web/CD 38A , C 38A Draw and label the parts of a flower shown 38C Go to page 2 .click on the 5 scientific concerns listed. Summarize each concern in a short paragraph Free Response

2005 Q3 ,1994Q4

Plant Responses Chap. 39 (806-823)

• Respones to hormones • Responses to light (flowering)

Case Study in the Process in Science

"What plant hormones affect organ formation?." Copy the chart show for experiment #1 and answer the 2 questions shown. Free response: 1992 Q3 1999 Q2 (first bullet) Unit 6 Test UNIT 7 Animal Structure and Function Animal Nutrition Chap 41 (850-868) Web/CD 41A , B Web/CD case study: " What role does amylase..."

• Nutritional requirements • Food processing • Evolutionary adaptations ( symbiosis,structural adaptations and diet)

Free response 1995 Q1 (Answer using vertebrate) Circulation & gas exchange Chap 42 (871-896)

• Vertebrate phylogeny and cardiovascular system adaptations • Structural relationship to function in blood vessels • Lymphatic system • Gas exchange structures and evolution of adaptations for terrestrial

environments

Web/CD 42A-E Free response: 2002 Q3 (1st & 3rd bullet)

A.P. Lab #10 Physiology of the Circulatory System Immune System Chap. 43 (901-921)

• Nonspecific immune responses • Lymphocyte development

- antibody production - monoclonal selection

• Specific immunity - Humoral response - Cell mediated responses - Passive immunity

Web/CD 43A Free Response: 2005 Q4 1992 Q2C Regulating the Internal environment Chap.44 (925-952)

• Thermoregulation • Water balance and waste disposal (Feedback mechanisms ) • Phylogeny and habitat determine type of nitrogenous waste • Vertebrate kidney function an adaptation for terrestrial habitat

Web/CD 44A-C Free Response: 1992 Q3 1993 Q3 1996 Q2 2000 Q2 Chemical Signals Chap. 45 (960-972)

• Vertebrate endocrine system • Integration of nervous and endocrine function

Web/CD 45A-C

Case Study in the Process of Science " How do thyroxine and TSH affect metabolism?" Free Response 1999 Q2

Animal Reproduction Chap 46 (975-976),(978-979),(982-989)

• Asexual and sexual reproduction in animals • Modes of reproduction • Hormonal regulation of human reproduction

Web/CD 46A, B Free Response: 1998 Q3 Animal Development Chap.47 (999-1010)

• Fertilization • Embryogenesis • Amniote embryos •

Web/CD 47 A Web/CD case study: "What determines cell differentiation in the sea urchin" ( Note: Students must attend post session 2x during 3rd quarter to perform AP Lab #11 Animal Behavior.) Nervous systems Chap 48. (1023-1041)

• Function of the nervous system • Neuron structure • Evolution and structure of nervous system through animal phyla • Vertebrate nervous system structure

Web/CD 48 A-C Web/CD case study: "What triggers nerve Impulses?" Free Response: 2002 Q3 (second bullet) 1999 Q2 (3rd bullet) Unit 7 Test

Unit 8 Ecology Biomes Chap. 50 (1095-1101)

• Factors influencing organism distribution • Characteristics of biomes

Case Study in the Process of Science "How do abiotic factors affect distribution of organisms" Population Ecology Chap. 52 (1151-1155)(1158-1164)(1167-1171)

• Characteristics of populations • Survivorship curves • Population growth models (exponential/logistic growth) • Population limiting factors • Human population growth and earths carrying capacity

Web/CD 52 A-D Free response 2003 Q3 Community Ecology Chap. 53 (1174-1185)(1189-1191)

• Community interactions and structure • Disturbance

- Human impact - Primary/secondary succession

• Factors affecting biodiversity

Web/CD 53A-C Free Response 1998 Q4

Ecosystems Chap 54 (1199-1220) Web/CD 54 A-F

• Trophic level / energy flow • Primary productivity • Secondary productivity • Biogeochemical cycles • Human impact on the biosphere

-disruption of chemical cycles -acid rain/ global warming - ozone depletion -biomagnification of toxins

"How do temp & light affect Primary Production?" “Back from the Brink” Peregrine article Free response: 2001 Q3 AP Lab #12 Dissolved Oxygen and Aquatic Primary Productivity Unit test 8 2 weeks AP EXAM REVIEW