trad 101: languages and cultures of east asia words in ...kepeng/eastasianculture/pdfs/20.pdf ·...
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Trad 101: Languages and Cultures of East Asia
Words in East Asian Languages
Morphology
Review
words
A meaningful unit of a language that can stand on its own
Stored in mental lexicon w/ information about its ‘part of speech’ (noun, verb, adj., etc.)
morphemes
The smallest meaning-bearing unit in a language
Morphology
Types of Morphemes
affixes
affixes to the beginning of a stem = prefix
affixes to the end of a stem = suffix
affixes inside a stem = infix
affixes around a stem = circumfix
roots & stems
Morphology
Types of Morphemes
Bound vs. Free morphemes
A free morpheme is a morpheme that can be used by itself
E: cat, is, the, on
� C: chī [ʧi1] 'eat', shuí [ʃueɪ2] 'who'
� J: inu [inɯ] 'dog', isi [iʃi] 'stone'
K: namu 'tree', na 'I'
Morphology
Types of Morphemes
Bound vs. Free morphemes
A bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot be used by itself; it must be affixed to a root or stem
E: pre-, re-, un-, -s, -ing, -ed
� C: dì- [ti4] '[makes ordinal numbers]', -zi [tsi0] 'child, offspring', -tou [thou̯] '[forms place words]'
J: dai- '[makes ordinal numbers]', -i '[infinitive]', -no '[genitive particle]'
K: ʨɛ- '[makes ordinal numbers]', -a/-ə '[infinitive]', -ta'[verb final]'
Morphology
Types of Morphology
derivational vs. inflectional morphology
Derivational morphology
A process through which a new word is created; aka word formation (we'll come back to types of word formation later)
The part of speech can be changed:
use (v.) + able > usable (adj.)
happy (adj.) + -ness > happiness (n.)
The meaning of a word can be changed:
un- + happy (adj.) > unhappy (adj.)
MorphologyTypes of Morphology
derivational vs. inflectional morphology
Inflectional morphology
The grammatical role is changed, but the meaning is not
3rd per. sg.: -s He walks.
past tense: -ed He walked.
progressive: -ing He is walking.
past participle: -en He has eaten.
plural: -s I have cats.
possessive: -’s cat’s eye
comparative: -er She is older.
superlative: -est She is the oldest.
Note that these morphemes are attached to the same stem:
Walks walked walking
Word FormationTypes of word formation
1. Reduplication
All or part of a word is reduplicated (repeated) in order to create a new word
In English this tends to be “baby talk”: mama, papa, baba
In Chinese reduplication has a number of functions
Soften the degree of action: děng 'wait' > děngdeng 'wait a bit'; cháng'taste'> chángchang 'take a little taste'; xiūxi > xiūxixiuxi 'take a little rest‘
Makes a description more vivid: pàngde 'fat' > pàngpàngde 'pudgy fat'; hóngde 'red' > hónghóngde 'bright red‘
It's a totalizer that adds the meaning of 'every': tiān 'day' > tiāntian'every day'; chù 'place' > chùchu 'every where‘
Forms familiar kinship terms: gēge 'older brother'; dìdi 'younger brother' nǎinai 'grandmother'
Word Formation
Reduplication in Japanese
In Japanese reduplicated words are often onomatopoeic expressions: wanwan 'bark bark'; gatagata 'clattering noise'; mo:mo: 'cow moos'; pikapika 'sparkles brightly‘
In Japanese reduplication can also give the meaning of'various': sima 'island' > simazima 'various islands'; kuni 'country' > kuniguni 'various countries'; hana 'flower' > hanabana 'various flowers'
Note that the consonant of the second member of the compound is voiced
Word FormationReduplication in Korean
Korean has three types of reduplication: complete, transformed, and interposed.
Complete reduplication:
every: ʧip 'house' > ʧipʧip 'every/each house'; nal 'day' > *nalnal > nanal 'every dayemphatic: ole 'long time' > oleole 'a long long time‘Onomatopoeic: khuŋkhuŋ 'bang bang'; ʧuŋəlʧuŋəl 'mumble mumble'
Transformed reduplication: pɨlk- 'be red' > wɨlkɨspɨlkɨs'not only red, but has a mixture of other various colors’
Interposed reduplication involves insertion of either -ti- or -na-: s:ɨta 'be bitter' > s:ɨtis:ɨta 'be as bitter as gall'
Word Formation2. Compounding
A new word is formed from two or more words:
E: earth + quake > earthquake
C: dì + zhèn > dìzhèn
J: zi + sin > zisin
K: ʧi + ʧin > ʧiʧin
3. Clipping
A word is reduced by deleting one or more syllables
facsimile > fax
hamburger > burger
gasoline > gas
advertisement > ad
Word Formation
Clipping in Japanese
A word is reduced by deleting one or more syllables
Japanese
su:pa:ma:keto (supermarket) > su:pa:
gakusei + waribiki (student + discount) > gakuwari
kara + okesutora (empty + orchestra) > karaoke
poketto + monsuta: (pocket + monster) > pokemon
tenpura + donburi (tenpura+ bowl) > tendon
Word Formation
4. Blending
Similar to compounding, but part of the word is deleted, the first part of the first word and the ending of the second word are preserved
English:
motor + hotel > motorhotel > motel
breakfast + lunch > breakfastlunch > brunch
spiced + ham > spicedham > spam
Word Formation5. Acronyms
National Aeronautics and Space Agency > NASA
Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus > SCUBA
6. Abbreviations
Like acronyms, but not pronounced as a word: UA, UCLA, ATM, AKA,lol (?), rotflmao
7. Borrowing
A new word is borrowed from another langauge
C: dì + zhèn > dìzhèn
J: zi + sin > zisin
K: ʧi + ʧin > ʧiʧin
Word Formation
Borrowing
Use the closest pronunciation possible. The phonotactics of the borrowing language determine the shape of the borrowed word.
Japanese cannot have CVC structure (unless the final C is a nasal), so Japanese adds vowels when borrowing words
McDonald’s > /makudonarudo/
loanwords
LoanwordsWhen the English word 'bus' is borrowed into CJK languages, some sound changes occur.
None of the CJK languages can have [s] in final position, so they all add a vowel at the end of the word.
CJK languages cannot have [s] in final position, so they all add a vowel at the end of the word.
Korean words cannot begin with a voiced stop, so [b] > [p]
Chinese will add tones to loanwords. There really is no rule as to what tone will be used for a loanword. The tone is determined by the characters used to write the word.
C: 巴士 băshì [ba3ʃi4]J: バス basuK: 버스 pəsɨ
Loanwords
The following words were borrowed into Chinese from English:
bǎolíngqiú (qiú = sphere)
báilándì
qiǎo kè lì
kěkě
dísīkě
shālā
shāfā
Loanwords
The following words were borrowed into Chinese from English:
bǎolíngqiú : bowling ball
báilándì : brandy
Qiǎo kèlì : chocolate
kěkě : cocoa
dísīkě : disco
shālā : salad
shāfā : sofa
Loanwords
The following words were borrowed into Japanese from English:
apa:to
ba:gen
bata:
biru
bi:ru
daburu
Loanwords
The following words were borrowed into Japanese from English:
apa:to apartment
ba:gen bargain
bata: butter
biru building
bi:ru beer
daburu double
Loanwords
The following words were borrowed into Korean from English:
təithɨ
kolphu
kasip
phiʧa
phathi
khəmphjuthə
Loanwords
The following words were borrowed into Korean from English:
təithɨ date
kolphu golf
kasip gossip
phiʧa pizza
phathi party
khəmphjuthə computer
Loanwords
It is estimated that at least 60% of words in Japanese and Korean are of Chinese origin.
These words were typically borrowed as nouns, and can be made into verbs by adding the verb to do (Japanese suru and Korean hata):
J: benkyo 'study (n.)' benkyo (wo) suru 'study (v.)'
K: koŋpu 'study (n.)' koŋpu (lɨl) hata 'study (v.)'
Loanwords
Both Japanese and Korean have borrowed numbers from Chinese, resulting in both native and non-native numbers in both languages.
Loanwords
Both Chinese and Korean have borrowed words from Japanese.
電話 “electric speech”J C K
denwa dianhua ʧənhoa 'telephone'
Loanwords
Japanese has also acquired many words from Portuguese, Dutch, German, etc.
tenpura 'tempura' (Port.)
pan 'bread' (Port.)
tabako 'tobacco' (Port.)
mesu 'scalpel' (Dutch 'knife')
arubaito 'work, part time job' (German 'work')
Loanwords
Japanese has also acquired many words from Portuguese, Dutch, German, etc.
Some of these words were borrowed into Korean from Japanese.
J K
pan p:aŋ 'bread' (Port.)
arubaito alpaithɨ 'work' (German 'work')
Other types of new words
New words are created all the time
2007 word of the year
American Dialect Society: subprime
Merriam-Webster: w00t
How do we create new words?
brand names (+ verbal suffix)
�I netflixed that yesterday.
�You should youtube that. (facebook, myspace)
�I just googled that.
Other types of new words
� In Japanese and Korean, borrowed nouns can become verbs by adding suru (J) or hata (K).
J: benkyo: suru “to study”
− K: koŋpu hada “to study”
� In Japanese the suffix -ru can be added to words to make verbs too:
takuru
deniru
makuru
Other types of new words
� In Japanese and Korean, borrowed nouns can become verbs by adding suru (J) or hata (K).
J: benkyo: suru “to study”
− K: koŋpu hada “to study”
� In Japanese the suffix -ru can be added to words to make verbs too:
takuru > takusi
deniru > denizu
makuru > makudonarudo
Other types of new words
� In Japanese and Korean, borrowed nouns can become verbs by adding suru (J) or hata (K).
J: benkyo: suru “to study”
− K: koŋpu hada “to study”
� In Japanese the suffix -ru can be added to words to make verbs too:
takuru > takusi > to call a taxi
deniru > denizu > to go to Denny's
makuru > makudonarudo > to go to McDonald's