trad scris manual

8/9/2019 Trad Scris Manual

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The aim of the manual is to help students learn ways of overcoming

the grammatical difficulties that arise while English original texts

translating .

This manual provides training exercises and coherent text, and is

intended for students of foreign languages institutes and departments.

Author - compiler M. GorashchencoM. Gorashchenco

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1.The Ways of Translating the Formal Subject in the Sentence

Ex.! Translate the following sentences paying attention to the "ormal#ub$ects.

1. 't a**eare$ that -rs. ra$ley /as a /i$o/ /ith three chil$ren. 2. 0ou

coul$ not mo"e for the cro/$s. 3. 't /ill freee har$ in most *arts of the

country they say. 4. 0ou cant trust him an inch. !. ' /as ha"ing a /ash

before starting out to go to the luncheon lliott ha$ in"ite$ me to /hen they

rang u* from the $es5 to say that he /as belo/. %. 0ou cannot blo/ bri$ges

close to /here you li"e. &. ' 5ne/ a small hotel /here one ate tolerably an$

/e /ent straight there. (. There /as an uns*ea5able beauty about mornings

the great sun from the sea. #. Then finally she burst into laughter that ma$e

the other t/o /ant to go on an$ for e"er. +n$ there /ere the three of them

sha5ing /atery6eye$ hel*less. 17. There is the fear that our ci"iliation may

be com*letely $estroye$ by the ne/ /ea*ons of $estruction that scientists

ha"e *lace$ in the han$s of their rulers. 11. The lines of roses /ere out of

sight no/ belo/ the hill an$ bet/een the to/ering beeches there /as only

"isible the blue an$ /hite s/iftly mo"ing s5y. 12. elo/ an$ beyon$ there

stretche$ to/ar$ the in"isible sea the flat *ale green e,*anse of 8omney

-arsh. 13. 'ts nicer /here it isnt so cro/$e$. 14. There seeme$ to be no en$

to our troubles. 1!. There /as Tory fury in the 9ouse of :ommons o"er the

$ecision.

Ex. 2. Translate the text. Pay attention to the subjects in the sentences

The development of rubber. The development of rubber.

9ere is the story of rubber. From the earliest time it /as common

5no/le$ge to the Peru"ians that /hen a cut /as ma$e in the outsi$e s5in of a

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rubber tree a /hite li;ui$ li5e mil5 came out an$ that from this a stic5y mass

rubber might be ma$e. This rubber is soft an$ /a,li5e /hen /arm so that it

is *ossible to gi"e it any form. The Peru"ians ma$e the $isco"ery that it /as

"ery goo$ for 5ee*ing out the /et. Then in the early *art of the eighteenthcentury the +mericans ma$e use of it for the first time. First they ma$e

o"ershoes to 5ee* their feet $ry. Then came a certain -r. -ac5intosh /ho

ma$e coats of cloth co"ere$ /ith natural rubber. From that $ay to this our

raincoats are still name$ after him.

ut these first rubber o"ershoes an$ raincoats /ere all soft an$ stic5y in

summer an$ har$ an$ inelastic in the /inter /hen it /as col$. The rubber /e

ha"e to$ay is not stic5y but soft an$ elastic though "ery strong e"en in the

/armest summer an$ the col$est /inter. There /oul$ be no automobiles such

as /e ha"e to$ay /ithout it. + lot of attem*ts to ma5e rubber har$ an$ strong

came to nothing. First came the $isco"ery that nitric aci$ 3? ma$e the

rubber much better. Then came the i$ea that rubber coul$ be ma$e har$ an$

strong if mi,e$ /ith sul*hur an$ *ut in the sun. =o/ it is common 5no/le$ge

that the /ay to ma5e rubber har$ an$ strong to "ulcanie it as /e say is by

heating it /ith sul*hur.

2.Personification

Ex. 3 State what Target Language sentences retain Source Language

personification and translate the following sentences

1. +nother night $ee* in the summer the heat of my room sent me out

into the streets. 2. The o*en sho*s $is*laye$ /ares that arreste$ my foreign

eyes. 3. The last $renching night in the tree6house ha$ left me /ith a ba$ col$.

4. 9is mista5e ha$ /aste$ *recious secon$s. !. 'f there /as no com*etition

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the rail/ays coul$ charge /hat they li5e$. %. 9e /as about to ta5e his lea"e

/hen the $oor to the li"ing6room /hich ha$ remaine$ ajar o*ene$ fully. 't

frame$ the @u5e of :roy$on. &. -o$ern research ten$s to em*hasie the role

of the li"er in maintaining bloo$ sugar le"els. (. The same re*ort foun$ thatA2 billion /orth of *ro*erty /as stolen that year from community resi$ents

an$ small businessmen. #. -y throat /as so $ry that ' coul$ har$ly s*ea5. 17.

9is eyes moc5e$ the fear in her face. 11. 0oure ;uite sure you /ant a t/o6

storey house an$ not a bungalo/B 12. ' /ant some one to amuse FleurC shes

resti"e. 13. 8ecent years ha"e seen the accumulation of ne/ facts in this fiel$.

14. The *ro"incial ne/s*a*ers gi"e "ery full attention to local as /ell as

national affairs.

Ex. 4. ind the or!al Subjects and the "ases of Personification

and Translate the

Text

# The ire #

There /as a bag of can$y on the table in the *arlor. 9e $i$nt /ant any of

it. The toys /ere in the *arlor. 9e $i$nt /ant to blo/ any of the /histles or

shoot the marbles or /in$ u* the toy machines an$ /atch them /or5. 9e

$i$nt /ant anything. There /asnt anything. There /asnt one little bit of

anything. +ll he /ante$ /as to be near the fire as close to it as he coul$ be

just be there just see the colours an$ be "ery near. What $i$ he /ant /ith

toysB What goo$ /ere toysB The /histles soun$e$ sa$$er than crying an$ the

/ay the machines /or5e$ almost ma$e him $ie of grief.

3. The Peculiarities of Translating the Verb to bethe Verb to be

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an$ as al/ays lo"ing. #. 't /as a job the cler5s all hate$ because *eo*le

/hom they calle$ /ere in"ariably ba$6tem*ere$ an$ fre;uently abusi"e. 17.

:ustoms men /ere a/are that most returning tra"elers $i$ a little smuggling

an$ /ere often tolerant about it. 11. ' ha$ a notion that she /as ner"ous. 12.ut -r. Walters /as ;uite une,*ecte$. 13. Women /ere still hesitant about

ta5ing on greater res*onsibility. 14. Verena ha$ been "ery bitter o"er this. 1!.

9e /as easy /ith his mone he ne"er min$e$ *aying a roun$ of $rin5s for his

frien$s.

Ex. , Translate the following sentences% paying attention to the #to be

followed by a noun

1. Were neither of us great letter6/riters. 2. Hohn is a strong belie"er in

fresh air.3. @r. Saun$ers /as an early riser. 4. -r. 9arrington /as an

after6$inner s*ea5er an$ ha$ rea$ all the best boo5s on s*ea5ing in

*ublic. !. -y son coul$ not affor$ to marry a *enniless girl but hes not

a fortune6hunter an$ he lo"es your $aughter. %. 9e ha$ all the acce*te$

characteristics of the *olitician G bac56sla**er baby65isser an$

shoul$er6hugger. &. >"er the years he has become not merely a

han$sha5er. 9e is also an accom*lishe$ bac56sla**er elbo/6s;ueeer

an$ shoul$er6thum*er. (. 'n a "ery short /hile she 5ne/ all her fello/6

*assengers. She /as a goo$ mi,er. #. =o sooner ha$ ' arri"e$ than ' sent

her a letter to say that ' /as the bearer of a gift from her cousin. 17.

+fter /aiting a fe/ minutes in case -iss Inight shoul$ return for a

sho**ing bag or a han$5erchief


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Ex. -. Translate the text. Pay attention to the phrasal &erbs.

%hat a &anguage'

What a language nglish isD a Frenchman e,claime$ in $es*air. '

once calle$ on an nglish frien$ an$ the mai$ /ho came to the $oor sai$

J9es not u* yet. :ome bac5 in half an hour.

When ' came again she /as setting the table for brea5fast an$ sai$

J9es not $o/n yet.

' as5e$ J'f hes not u* an$ hes not $o/n /here is heB

She sai$ J9es still in be$. When ' say J9es not u* ' mean he has not

yet got u*C /hen ' say J9es not $o/n ' mean he has not yet come

$o/nstairsD

Ex. Translate the newspaper article paying attention to different

functions of the &erb #to be'

/y 0lice 1awsthorn

(aris opera chief)s entry barred. (aris opera chief)s entry barred.

-r. -yung Wung :hung the Iorean con$uctor /ho is fighting his

$ismissal as artistic $irector of >*era $e Paris yester$ay /as *hysically

barre$ from entering the astille o*era house by -r. Hean6Paul :luel the

$irector. >*era $e Paris fire$ -r. :hung t/o /ee5s ago after fruitlessnegotiations o"er his contract. 9o/e"er -r. :hung /on an im*ortant battle

in his legal cam*aign against his $ismissal on -on$ay /hen a Paris ju$ge

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rule$ that he shoul$ be reinstate$ until his case ha$ been hear$. The Hu$ge

also rule$ that >*era $e Paris /oul$ not be $irecte$ by -r. :hung. The

>*era $e Paris management refuse$ to reinstate -r. :hung an$ to a$mit

him /hen he arri"e$ at the astille yester$ay for a rehearsal of Ver$isSimon occanegra /hich is $ue to o*en the astilles autumn season on

Se*tember 1#. -embers of the orchestra sai$ they /oul$ stri5e in *rotest if

Simon occanegra /ent ahea$ /ithout -r. :hung.


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Ex. Translate the sentences paying attention to different !eanings of the

&erb #to ha&e #.

1. 0ou ha"e no other /ay out. 2. Perha*s she ha$ as5e$ him only because she

ha$ ha$ a su$$en yearning she the e,ile of so many years to $ie /ith

someone of her o/n *eo*le. 3. 9e 5ne/ that 8. 9a$ a great belief in

/aitersC they ha$ the chance of seeing so much an$ coul$ so easily get

into *laces /here information /as lying about to be *ic5e$ u*. 4. +fter

t/enty years of a French /ife Soames ha$ still little sym*athy /ith her

language.

Ex. ! Translate the sentences with the /erbs to be and to haveEx. ! Translate the sentences with the /erbs to be and to have

as Modal and Auxiliary /erbsas Modal and Auxiliary /erbs

1. Voting /hich began at ( a.m. an$ /as to last eight hours /as e,ten$e$ by

one or t/o hours in a number of cities inclu$ing Tehran. 2. The tal5s aime$ at

en$ing the ci"il /ar in :olombia are to establish an agen$a an$ location for

full6scale negotiations later this year. 3. 'f either or anything is to sur"i"e

they must fin$ a /ay to create an in$issoluble *artnershi*. 4. 'taly nee$s to

get a firmer hol$ on this corner of the mar5et if its $ominance of the fashion

in$ustry is not to be threatene$. !. 9e realie$ early that France ha$ to

collaborate /ith other uro*ean countries if it /as to com*lete /ith the

+merican a"iation giants. %. ut it is sa"ings an$ in"estment as /ell as goo$s

an$ chattelsthat gy*t nee$s if it is to reach the magic gro/th figure. &. 't

/as to ha"e been the biggest merger in cor*orate history creating a colossus

/ith a mar5et ca*italiation of A 27! billion secon$ only to that of )eneral

lectric. (. Their initial goal is to en$ three years of bu$get $eficits an$

inflation by the en$ of this year. #. The *robability that many more innocent

*eo*le /oul$ also be e,ecute$ /oul$ ha"e to be /eighe$ against the benefits

of $eterrence. 17. -otorists /ill ha"e to *ro"e they ha"e scra**e$ their car in

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an en"ironmentally frien$ly /ay to get an authorie$ :ertificate of

$estruction. 11. -ost K countries ha"e yet to *ass the $omestic la/s nee$e$

to im*lement the $irecti"e so it is $ifficult to say ho/ it /ill /or5 in *ractice.

12.Knless the ill *asses through all its stages in the :ommons an$ the Eor$sbefore the session en$s it /ill ha"e to be starte$ all o"er again in the ne/

session in =o"ember. 13. The :hancellor of the ,che;uer tol$ Eabour -Ps

on Tues$ay night that *ublic s*en$ing /ill ha"e to be cut to a"oi$ a tough

u$get ne,t year. 14. @i*lomats sai$ :ana$a an$ other nations eager to ha"e

the $ea$loc5 bro5en ha$ been outmaneu"ere$ by the Knite$ States. 1!. +

uni"ersity stu$ent /ho /rote his gra$uation *a*er in Sar$inian ha$ it turne$

$o/n.

Ex. 3 Translate the text. 0nalye the possible &ariants of translating

the &erbs #to be' and #to ha&e'% for!al subject and cases of

personification.

The "inancial (lan.

+ny retailer must concentrate on the $esire$ financial *lan once he or she has

$eci$e$ to establish a store. This *roblem is e"ery bit as com*le, an$

im*ortant as is location. +s a matter of fact the most im*ortant single factor

to be consi$ere$ after selecting the e,act site is the terms of occu*ancy. That

is to say a $ecision must be ma$e as to /hether or not the store is to be

o/ne$ outright or /hether the site or buil$ing is to be lease$. ach a**roach

has a$"antages an$ limitations.

wnership of the Store Site and /uilding.

+ major a$"antage of o/nershi* of the site an$ the buil$ings thereon is the

in$e*en$ence that accrues to the o/ner of a business *ro*erty. 'n *articularthe store o/ner nee$ not /orry about the rene/al of the lease at its e,*iration.

The $ecision to continue the business on the site rests solely /ith the o/ner

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an$ not /ith an absentee lan$lor$. 0ou ha"e *erha*s seen signs on retailers

/in$o/s stating Eost our lease. )oing out of business. >f course sim*ly

losing a lease $oes not necessarily mean that the merchant goes out of

business because he or she may fin$ another location that is e;ual or su*eriorin e"ery res*ect.

When a merchant o/ns the *ro*erty an$ buil$ing it may be altere$ or

re*aire$ at the o/ners $iscretion *ro"i$e$ re*airs are consonant /ith local

buil$ing co$es. When a buil$ing is lease$ the terms of re*air an$ alteration

are s*elle$ outC the merchant may not be able to carry out his or her o/n

/ishes.

+nother a$"antage of site o/nershi* is that any increase in its $ollar "alue

goes to the o/ner in this case the retailer. 't is also *ossible for the o/ner to

lease a *ortion of the *ro*erty to someone else an$ the net *rofits of the

merchant may be s/elle$ by the rents earne$ in this /ay. -any a merchant

/ho o/ns a buil$ing /ith s*ace for other stores actually has become a

lan$lor$ as /ell as fulfilling the role of merchant in this or her o/n store.

@e*artment stores commonly rent s*ace to in$e*en$ent merchants on a fi,e$

monthly rental or *ercentage of sales basis. The leasee may o*erate on o*tical

goo$s $e*artment a je/elry $e*artment or a *hoto $e*artment /ithout the

customers a/areness of the relationshi*. The leasee may use the stores

a$"ertising cre$it $e*artment *ersonnel $e*artment an$ $eli"ery ser"icean$ as far as customer can tell it is sim*ly another *art of the $e*artment

stores o*eration. The a$"antages of o/nershi* can be summe$ u* by stating

that the o/ner has the in$e*en$ence to $eci$e his or her o/n $estiny an$

nee$ not be subjecte$ to a "eto by a lan$lor$.

Ex. 4. Translate the newspaper article paying attention to using the

&erbs #to be' and #to ha&e' in different functions

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012TA23 4" T45A6 2# %EA&T72E1 08T M41E

M2#E1A0&E

y -ichael @ynes

The ritish are a nation of "i$eo a$$icts obsesse$ /ith $ri"ing their cars on

congeste$ motor/ays /ho ha"e forsa5en the tra$itional $iet of beef an$ beer

in fa"our of chic5en an$ lager.

The official han$boo5 ritain 1##! *ublishe$ to$ay says that o"er the !7

years since the en$ of the Secon$ Worl$ War ritons ha"e become more

miserable. ritish com*lacency moreo"er has gi"en /ay to increasing self6

criticism an$ $oubt as the threat of unem*loyment continues to *ermeate the

entire social s*ectrum.

:om*ile$ by the :entral >ffice of 'nformation the e,ecuti"e agency

res*onsible for go"ernment information an$ *ublicity the han$boo5

highlights the myria$ economic an$ social changes that ha"e transforme$

ritain an$ its inhabitants since the gui$e /as first *ublishe$ in 1#4!. @uring

that time *atterne$ *inafores rationing an$ *easou*ers ha"e gi"en /ay to

mini6s5irts consumer $urables an$ tro*os*heric oone.

When the han$boo5 /as first *ublishe$ almost half the *o*ulation /or5e$

in manufacturing in$ustries. =o/ there are 1& $ee* mines com*are$ /ith(!7 /hen coal /as 5ing. 'n 1#!7 ser"ice in$ustries *ro"i$e$ half ritains

gross $omestic *ro$uct. y 1##3 they accounte$ for more than t/o thir$s.

)o"ernment economists tell us that since 1#&1 $is*osable income has

increase$ by nearly (7 *er cent e"en allo/ing for inflation. We are therefore

almost t/ice as /ell off as /e in the early 1#&7s.

+n intro$uction by Hohn 9um*hrys the : broa$caster also highlights

the changes in *o*ulation attitu$es that ha"e fore"er altere$ the social fabric.

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For much of the *ost6/ar *erio$ the male labour force belie"e$ it ha$ a right

to a job for life. Such attitu$es no longer e,ist.

'n the ol$ $ays recessions /ere $ifferent -r. 9um*hrys /rites. efore the

a$"ent of the com*uter recessions /ere follo/e$ by booms an$ the jobs

/oul$ al/ays return. =o/ they $o not. :oncern about job security no/

effects e"eryone from man$arin to roa$ s/ee*er.

ritain has change$ in more subtle /ays as /ell. 9oli$ays in ournemouth

an$ ognor ha"e been re*lace$ by *ac5age toursC the *o*ular a$age fog

across the :hannel G :ontinent cut off has been ren$ere$ meaningless by the

:hannel TunnelC an$ /hen someone tal5s about $rugs they are not referring

to as*irin.

:ities are no longer clogge$ by the smo5e from millions of coal fires. ut

the ten6fol$ increase in cars since 1#!2 has create$ ne/ en"ironmental health

haar$s. 'n 1#!7 ritain ha$ no motor6 /aysC no/ it has a 1(776mile

net/or5.

Pros*erity an$ the gro/th in higher e$ucation ha"e $one much to

$ismantle the rigi$ class structure of the *re6/ar years. Fe/er *eo*le tal5

about the /ireless these $ays an$ tele"ision has been a great le"eler /atche$

by $u5e an$ $ustman ali5e.

The a"erage sie of househol$s has fallen from more than four *eo*le in

1#11 to three in 1#%1 an$ 2.4 in 1##2 an$ /ith it has come a transformation

in the economic an$ $omestic li"es of /omen the han$boo5 says. + big

factor has been the rise in the number of /omen *articularly marrie$ /omen

at /or5. Women no/ ma5e u* almost half of the /or5force /ith more than

&47777 of them running their o/n businesses.

>ur eating habits ha"e also change$ mar5e$ly. :onsum*tion of beef lamb*or5 sugar an$ fat has $ecline$ $ramatically /hile consum*tion of *oultry

an$ lettuce is at its highest. Eager accounts for half of all beer sales. Eife

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e,*ectancy for men is &3 an$ &( for /omen u* from 4# an$ !2 res*ecti"ely

since 1#71.

Some things ho/e"er ne"er change. +s -r. 9um*hrys says the

inhabitants of these islan$s still belie"e that ritain is the /orst country in

the /orl$ to li"e in G e,ce*t. >f course for all the others.

". Transiti!e an# intransiti!e !erbs

Ex. $ Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the

predicates.

1.The *oints is though she /ent on hastily '"e su$$enly $eci$e$ to G to

run this trou*e G ' mean concert *arty. That horri$ /oman $eci$e$ me. 2.

Wasnt that enough to $eci$e him that life /asnt /orth li"ingB 3. ' offere$ to

/al5 her home. 4. 8obert Hor$an coul$ /al5 /ell enough himself an$ he

5ne/ from follo/ing him since before $aylight that the ol$ man coul$ /al5

him to $eath. !. -ammy hurrie$ Scarlett u* the stairs. %. +n$ Soames hurrie$

e"er constitutionally uneasy beneath his cousins glance. &. ' ha"e no money

to /aste on such trifles. (. What a lot of time that /astesD #. The e"ening

*a*ers sell /ell because they *rint throughout the $ay the latest s*orts

results. 17. -y father sells "egetables from a /agon. 11. The magaines /as

attac5e$ on all si$es. 't sol$ "ery *oorly. 12. They farme$ their o/n lan$ an$

/or5e$ it themsel"es. 13. The control sector /hich Ieith regularly /or5e$

com*rise$ a segment of the Pittsburgh6altimore area. 14. 0ou cant *ossibly

/or5 here. 1!. 9e ha$ /or5e$ the ele"ator in the house all afternoon. 1%. She

sat $o/n besi$e him $ee* in thought. 1&. 9e too5 me by the arm an$ sat me

$o/n at a table. 1(. Theres no time to lose. 1#. ' su**ose she lost me the job.

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27. +rri"ing at the )allery off :or5 Street ho/e"er he *ai$ his shilling

*ic5e$ u* a catalogue an$ entere$.

Ex. (. Translate the following sentences paying attention to different

!eanings of transiti&e and intransiti&e &erbs

1. @i,on /a"e$ him to silence. 2. :al"in shrugge$ that a/ay. 3. 9e tol$

himself that he /as unreasonable he trie$ to laugh himself out of such *athos.

4. + man coul$ gamble himself to *o"erty an$ still be a gentleman but a

*rofessional gambler coul$ ne"er be anything but an outcast. !. ut sheshrugge$ off her momentary annoyance. %. She /oul$ ser"e tea an$ $elicious

san$/iches an$ leisurely gossi* the hours a/ay. &. She smile$ a /elcome. (.

@r. :inner *ut his han$ un$er :orals elbo/ an$ insinuate$ her out of the

com*artment. #. She ste**e$ to the groun$ an$ smile$ her than5s to Hohn

Wil5es. 17. 'm going to $rin5 myself to $eath. 11 She let him hol$ her so for

a minute an$ then shrugge$ him off. 12. The S/anns ha$ $e*arte$ onholi$ay. She ha$ /a"e$ them off. 13. +t home somebo$y /oul$ be laughe$

out of such chil$ish con$uct. 14. +n$ she too /ante$ to rise in greater anger

an$ cry him $o/n. 1!. She re"enge$ herself by screaming the *lace $o/n an$

by telling the neighbours /hat a brute he /as.

Ex. , Translate the sentences paying attention to the con&ersion used

in translation

1. She /as *rou$ to thin5 that /ith her as a mo$el he ha$ ma$e his first real

success. 2. 9e /as relie"e$ to see that the first of the t/o e,tra truc5s ha$

arri"e$. 3. ' /as ta5en abac5 to fin$ $nas secretary at her $es5. 4. The artist

ha$ been ;uic5 to see that there /as something mo$ern an$ amusing in her*ro*ortions. !. ' /as startle$ to hear him s*ea5 ;uite lou$ly. %. She /as

im*atient no/ to ma5e the ne,t call. &. For long e"er since he ha$ regaine$

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his health )ray ha$ been im*atient to go bac5 to +merica an$ get to /or5

again. (. @orothy li5e a goo$ many ba$6tem*ere$ *eo*le /as ;uic5 to

forgi"e affronts so that she coul$ start gi"ing an$ recei"ing them again. #.

-aisie /as careful not to reo*en $ebatable matters an$ they returne$ toEon$on joyously. 17. She notice$ that he /as loo5ing $isturbe$ an$ /as

careful not to s*ea5 to him. 11. ut he /as shoc5e$ to fin$ no/ that it /as

su$$enly release$ ho/ much sheer animosity he ha$ in him against his young

mistress. 12. Perha*s @ouglas ha$ been right to say that goo$ness /as a state

of unconsciousness. 13. She /as frightene$ an$ a little shoc5e$ to fin$ herself

thin5 in this /ay. 14. +nn /as sur*rise$ to fin$ ho/ har$ it /as to bring

herself to $o so. 1!. 9e /as sorry to ha"e seen his father ineffectual

frightene$ resigne$.

Ex. - ind 0cti&e and Passi&e predicates and State their types.

Translate the Text.

#5ahoo6 7it by new resignation'

y *ail +brahams in San Francisco an$ Hames 9ar$ing in Eon$on

0ahooD the /orl$s lea$ing internet *ortal has suffere$ another $efection

from its to* management raising further $oubts about the cre$ibility of itsinternational strategy.

The hea$ of 0ahooDs :ana$ian o*erations -ar5 8ubinstein has offere$

his resignation an$ /ill lea"e shortly.

The $e*arture of -r. 8ubinstein /ho /as managing $irector of 0ahooD

:ana$a for little more than a year follo/s the loss $uring the *ast month of

the hea$s of 0ahooDs uro*ean an$ +sian o*erations as /ell as its to*

manager in South Iorea.

1&


18/51

0ahooD base$ in Santa :lara :alifornia has in"este$ hea"ily in foreign

mar5ets but struggle$ to achie"e short6term returns. 'n"estors ha"e e,*resse$

concern that 0ahooD generates 47 *er cent of its *age "ie/s outsi$e the KS

but only 1% *er cent of re"enues.

Some of 0ahooDs retention *roblems may ha"e been cause$ by the

colla*se of its share *rice. The shares ha"e tumble$ (( *er cent from their

*ea5 of A27! last year. 0ester$ay at mi$$ay they /ere tra$ing $o/n 1.! *er

cent at A23.!% "aluing the com*any at A12.# bn.

East month Fabiola +rre$on$o ;uit as 0ahooDs uro*ean hea$. That /as

follo/e$ by the $e*arture of Sa"io :ho/ "ice *resi$ent of 0ahooD in +sia

e,clu$ing South Iorea an$ Ha*an.

Hin 0oum chief e,ecuti"e of 0ahooD in South Iorea also left although that

is un$erstoo$ to be relate$ to family illness.

Tim Ioogle chairman an$ chief e,ecuti"e insiste$ the grou*s strategy

remaine$ soun$.

We alrea$y ha"e a global foot*rint an$ are in a really strong *osition to

gro/ sai$ -r. Ioogle. 0ou shoul$ not rea$ too much into these

resignations. These are lifestyle choices by the *articular in$i"i$uals

in"ol"e$.

'n the KS mar5et 0ahooD has been hit by a shar* $ecline in $otcom6relate$a$"ertising. 'ts efforts to increase a$"ertising sales from more tra$itional

com*anies ha"e stumble$ because of the KS economic slo/$o/n.

The grou* has /arne$ its *rofits this year /ill fall.

$. The Passi!e Voice

Ex.. Translate the following sentences gi&ing different ways of

Passi&e 8oice translation.

1(


19/51

1.The statistical theory has been $e"elo*e$ ;uite recently. 2. The result of the

e,*eriment is sho/n in Fig. 11. 3. >bjects /ith negati"e stability are calle$

unstable. 4. Thermal an$ other forms of $iffusion /ere $iscar$e$. !. + su**ly

of hy$rogen must be 5e*t in $ar5ness. %. + similar e,*lanation can be offere$for the melting of a soli$. &. +t these fre;uencies oscillation can be *re"ente$.

(. 't /as foun$ that the substance /as ra$ioacti"e. #. 't has been sho/n that a

number of s*ecies *ro$uce amino aci$s. 17. 't is assume$ that the $eri"ati"e

has a constant "alue. 11. 't /as thought that the cells *asse$ t/o main *hases

$uring their gro/th. 12. =umerous classifications ha"e been use$. 13. + more

careful a**roach is nee$e$. 14. The large $isagreement bet/een the "arious

*ublishe$ $ata is $iscusse$. 1!. 'nformation on the "olume of reser"oir is

re;uire$.

Ex. 29. Translate the following sentences gi&ing different ways of

Passi&e 8oice translation

1.=obo$y has been refuse$ a hearing at the conference. 2. We /ere informe$

that a ne/ i$ea ha$ been a$"ance$ at the closing session. 3. The attraction

bet/een the molecules is being neglecte$. 4. The *ositi"e *article in the

nucleus of the atom /as gi"en the name of *roton. !. Some *ressing

*roblems /ill be $iscusse$ at the sym*osium. %. 8ecent $isco"eries ha"e

been greatly assiste$ by the $e"elo*ment of the research techni;ue. &. This

$ate /ill be insiste$ on. (. -any materials no/ in common use /ere not e"en

thought of thirty years ago. #. The ;uality of the instruments use$ can be

safely relie$ u*on. 17. >l$ tra$itions cannot be easily $one a/ay /ith. 11.

The ne/ $isco"ery is being much s*o5en about. 12. The terms /ere agree$

u*on. 13. The changes ta5ing *lace are not easily accounte$ for. 14. For more

$etaile$ re*ort the rea$er is referre$ to the *reliminary notes on this subject.

1#


20/51

1!. The *resence of slight traces of hy$rogen *ero,i$e in the atmos*here is

accounte$ for by the action of ultra"iolet light u*on the moist o,ygen.

Ex.2. Translate these sentences paying attention on peculiar usage of

the Passi&e 8oice.

1. )ol$ is not affecte$ by moisture. 2. :haracter is influence$ by here$ity an$

en"ironment.3. The rate of a reaction is influence$ by many factors. 4. -any

interesting ;uestions can be ans/ere$ /ithout a $etaile$ 5no/le$ge of the

*rocess. !. The *roblem of *ollution /as not e"en touche$ on some fiftyyears ago. %. For the list of com*oun$s a stu$ent in chemistry is referre$ to

the last section of the boo5. &. S*ecial attention has been calle$ to the

research /or5. (. Kse ma$e of a sim*le mo$el of a molecule. #. +ccount

shoul$ be ta5en of the lo/ melting *oint of this substance. 17. :are is ta5en

not to heat this substance. 11. +n attem*t /as ma$e to measure sam*les by

imme$iately raising the tem*erature. 12. The im*ortance of /ater to li"ingthings is so e"i$ent that it nee$ not be insiste$ on here. 13. The metho$

$escribe$ abo"e is the most accurate an$ shoul$ be follo/e$. 14. :are must

be ta5en in han$ling ra$ioacti"e materials as *ainful an$ e"en $angerous

burning may result from *rolonge$ e,*osure to the rays. 1!. Ste*s are ta5en

to increase the *ro$uction of our *lants.

Ex. 22. Translate the sentences paying attention to the prepositions

used after the Passi&e Predicates.

1. -agnetism is referre$ to in the ol$est /ritings of man. 2. +nalysis is

naturally follo/e$ by synthesis. 3. + mechanical metho$ /as substitute$ for

by an electric one. 4. -any materials no/ commonly use$ /ere not e"enthought of thirty years ago. !. The *ositi"e *article in the nucleus of the atom

/as gi"en the name of *roton. %. The ;uestion no/ arises as to ho/ the

27


21/51

beha"iour of metals is affecte$ by the changes in tem*erature. &. The main

re*orts /ere *rece$e$ by some intro$uctory remar5s. (. The charge of an

atom is not affecte$ by the number of neutrons *resent but $e*en$s on the

balance bet/een electrons an$ *rotons. #. The region surroun$ing a magnetin /hich a**reciable magnetic forces e,ist is referre$ to as the magnetic

fiel$. 17. :hemical metho$s of *urifying /ater are gi"en much attention to by

our scientists. 11. 'n *ractice the soli$ification of *ure metals is influence$ to

a great e,tent by /hat may be generally $escribe$ as e,ternal con$itions.

When soli$ification is not influence$ by tem*erature gra$ients arising from

the metho$ of cooling all crystals in the soli$ metal e,hibit a mar5e$

similarity in sie an$ sha*e. 12. 'n many southern *orts *assengers are not

allo/e$ to lan$ before being e,amine$ by a ;uarantine $octor. 13. 't is

5no/n as a matter of fact that the 8ussian symbolists /ere strongly

influence$ by their French contem*oraries. 14. 'n The Sisters


22/51

cause$ by a s*ar5 of a cigarette. 4. The changes /ere $enounce$ by

o**osition *oliticians an$ labour lea$ers as li5ely to further $eflate the

alrea$y lim* ritish economy an$ *ush unem*loyment e"en higher. !. >nly

/hen agreement is reache$ on the role an$ *o/er of the secon$ chamber $oesit ma5e sense to consi$er its com*osition ne $ay the /orl$ /ill

learn of the intrigues an$ *ro"ocations that /ere resorte$ to in *ushing the

country into this suici$al *olicy. &. The *reeminence gi"en to military

in$ustry an$ technology o"er the last three $eca$es has ha$ a $elaye$ but

serious im*act u*on the ci"ilian in$ustrial economy. 'n star5 contrast to the

enormous sums allotte$ o"er the years to military technology ci"ilian

technology has been star"e$ for ca*ital an$ thus for talent. (. 'n"esting in oil

is $one mainly through futures contracts. These in"ol"e obligations to buy or

sell a fi,e$ amount of oil at a fi,e$ $ate. #. 9e is sur"i"e$ by t/o sons. 17.

-ama cars $ont beha"e. They are beha"e$ u*on6 the son in @ri"ing

-iss @aisy tells his mother /hen she tries to blame her Pac5ar$ for an

acci$ent.

%.The &nfiniti!e

Ex. 24. State the functions of the :nfiniti&e and translate thesentences

1. The con$enser is a $e"ice to store electric charges. 2. +mber glass an$

sealing6/a, are among the substances to be easily electrifie$ by rubbing. 3.

The first mathematician to consi$er the nature of the resistance of soli$s to

ru*ture /as )alilei. 4. The *roblem to be sol"e$ at this stage is an entirely

geometric one. !. The :hinese ha"e been the first to use loa$stones as

com*asses. %. The first of the ritish o"erseas territories to be gi"en a self

22


23/51

go"ernment :ana$a is no/ also the most highly $e"elo*e$. &. >bject are

sai$ to be /arm hot cool or col$ com*are$ /ith the tem*erature of the

human bo$y. (. Soli$ materials are sai$ to *ossess a $efinite melting *oint at

atmos*heric *ressures. #. The nuclei of all atoms are 5no/n to be ma$e u* of*rotons an$ neutrons. 17. Water /as consi$ere$ to be an element. 11. This

*roblem coul$ be sho/n to ha"e a uni;ue solution. 12. 'n$ia a**ears to ha"e

been ac;uainte$ /ith iron an$ steel from an early age. 13. Tele"ision is li5ely

to become common*lace /ithin the ne,t fe/ years. 14. The moment a flame

comes near the gas in the mines the gas is sure to e,*lo$e. 'f it $oes e,*lo$e

it /ill 5ill e"ery one in that *art of the mine. 1!. + formal treatment of the

results in terms of the $issociation of the com*oun$s assume$ to be *resent in

li;ui$ slag enable$ to calculate "alues for this slag. 1%. The *erio$ of the

highest ci"iliation of ancient gy*t seems to ha"e been that of the -i$$le

m*ire. 1&. )ermany seems li5ely to remain an im*ortant mar5et for )ree5

an$ Tur5ish as /ell as ulgarian tobacco. 1(. The genre of $etecti"e fiction

$oes not a**ear to ha"e ta5en strong root in 8ussian literature an$ ha$

*ro$uce$ no 8ussian classics of its 5in$.

Ex. 2$. State "o!plex bject with the :nfiniti&e% #or' "onstructions%

Perfect :nfiniti&e after ;odal 8erbs and translate the following sentences.

1. We 5no/ the first central electric *o/er6stations to ha"e been built for

the su**ly of electric light. 2. The ancients thought the arth to be flat. 3. +s

in li;ui$s the atmos*heric *ressure at any gi"en *oint is e;ual in all

$irections but /e 5no/ it to $ecrease as altitu$e increases. 4. Some 5in$s of

*aint allo/ the metal to stay un$er /ater for se"eral years /ithout being

re*ainte$. !. 'n uro*e the t/elfth century sa/ the first canals cut by the

@utch but it /as not till the fourteenth century that the in"ention of loc5s in

'taly ma$e inlan$ na"igation *ossible on any large scale. %. What /e /ant is

23


24/51

for you to un$erstan$ the matter clearly. &. For a system to be correct it must

only use /ell6establishe$ com*onents. (. The time necessary for the sun to

mo"e a com*lete circle aroun$ the galactic center is some 277 million years.

#. 'n :hina of the L''' century on the $eath of the father it is not at alluncommon for the mother to ta5e u* reins though it is more usual for the

el$est son to ta5e his *lace. 17. For a country to be ca*able of in$e*en$ence

it must *ossess economic autonomy an$ for this it is essential that the

economic system shoul$ be largely in nati"e han$s. 11. The foreign matter

such as sul*hur an$ iron /hich are foun$ in coals to a "arying $egree may

ha"e been $ue to the *resence of minerals containing these elements in their

neighbourhoo$. 12. The $iscussion of the *re"ious section must ha"e ma$e it

clear that in or$er to un$erstan$ the *roblem of life in general /e must loo5

for the solution in the structure an$ *ro*erties of the li"ing cells. 13. The

stu$y of the motion of stars in general an$ in *articular the relati"e motion of

$ouble an$ tri*le stellar systems as /ell as that of the more com*licate$

stellar grou*s 5no/n as galactic clusters lea$s astronomers to the conclusion

that such configurations coul$ not ha"e e,iste$ for a longer time than se"eral

billion years. 14. + $ress ;uite common in our $ays /oul$ ha"e seeme$ "ery

unnatural to a )ree5 or a 8oman of the *ast.

Ex. 2(.


25/51

outcome is not one of them. !. The sai$ ta, increases to re$uce go"ernment

borro/ing /oul$ $o little to hel* recession hit in$ustry or re$uce

unem*loyment. %. The Knite$ States use$ the K= ins*ection team to sen$ a

KS s*y into agh$a$ to install a highly so*histicate$ electronicea"es$ro**ing system. &. The $iscussion is e,*ecte$ to focus on four broa$

subjects ra/ materials an$ /orl$ tra$e foo$ su**lies an$ agriculture

*ros*ection *ro$uction an$ consum*tion of energy an$ international

financial an$ monetary *roblems. (. The KS tra$e re*resentati"es is sai$ to

ha"e re*orte$ in $etail on the latest $e"elo*ments to the K tra$e

commissioner /ho *lans to "isit eijing for tal5s on its WT> a**lication ne,t

month. #. True the euro6grou* is li5ely to gro/ relati"ely strongly ne,t year.

ut uro*ean financial mar5ets ha"e alrea$y been ba$ly buffete$. 17. The

*rime minister says that he /ants ritain to emerge from the fringes an$ *lay

a lea$ing role in the uro*ean Knion. 11. +n +tomic nergy +uthority

s*o5esman sai$ it /as not unusual for one or t/o reactors to be shut $o/n at

/ee5en$s un$er normal con$itions. ut in "ie/ of *ossible staff shortages it

ha$ been $eci$e$ to close $o/n three. 12. For uro*e to $ri"e for/ar$ it

nee$s lea$ershi*. 13. Some Western officials e,*ecte$ the toughest

negotiations on $istribution of *o/ers to be left until the "ery en$ of the tal5s.

14. The /arnings are no/ sho/n to ha"e been fully justifie$ thousan$s of

/or5ers /ill get the sac5. 1!. :lassification of *olitical systems allo/s for

;ualitati"e ju$gements to be ma$e in relation to *olitical structures an$

go"ernmental forms.

Ex. 2,. Translate the text paying attention to the predicates% for!al

subjects% cases of personification and the :nfiniti&e usage.

8( "14M 5E#(E1AT243.

2!


26/51

0 wine=producing for!er So&iet republic is getting high !ar>s for its

political and econo!ic refor!s.

y Sally . @onnely :hisinau

The tree6line$ streets of :hisinau ca*ital of the former So"iet re*ublic of

-ol$o"a ha"e an unnatural Western air about them. 'ts not glity sho*s or

bright billboar$s in nglish there are none. 'ts the co*s. -ol$o"as finest

ha"e s/a**e$ their So"iet6era uniforms for blac5 jeans an$ shirts /ith

sheriff6style ba$ges an$ they ri$e aroun$ in gas6guling +merican6ma$ese$ans *ainte$ blac5 an$ /hite. ut the effect is s*oile$ by hats more

reminiscent of :harlie :ha*lin than :lint ast/oo$.

Thats a *ity because these $ays -ol$o"a more than any other country in

the 8ussian6$ominate$ :ommon/ealth of 'n$e*en$ent States is $is*laying

true grit in its $etermination to *lay by Western rules. Fe/ *eo*le /oul$ ha"e

gi"en much for -ol$o"as chances /hen it $eclare$ in$e*en$ence four years

ago an$ alienate$ its large nati"e68ussian *o*ulation by coying u* to

neighboring 8omania. ut a nation/i$e ci"il /ar /as narro/ly a"erte$ an$

although tensions remain -ol$o"a a**ears to be establishing itself as a

mo$el of economic an$ *olitical reform among the former So"iet re*ublics.

The numbers are im*ressi"e. 'nflation has fallen from 2777N in 1##2 to

less than 17N this year. The economy G some %7N of /hich has been

transferre$ to *ri"ate o/nershi* G /ill e,*an$ as much as 1!N this year

accor$ing to the 'nternational -onetary Fun$ ma5ing -ol$o"a the first

:.'.S. country to register *ositi"e gro/th. :ou*le$ /ith this has been stea$y

*rogress to/ar$ multi*arty $emocracy /hich has /on -ol$o"a a$mission to

the :ouncil of uro*e at a time /hen other former So"iet re*ublics a**ear to

be bac5sli$ing into authoritarianism.

2%


27/51

-ol$o"as economic an$ *olitical $eli"erance is the ha**y by6*ro$uct of

near $isaster. +t in$e*en$ence the countrys economy relie$ hea"ily on

e,*orts that accounte$ for fully one6thir$ of the K.S.S.8.s *ro$uction of

/ine fruit an$ tobacco. ut the economic colla*se that accom*anie$ theSo"iet brea5u* cause$ that mar5et to $ry u* almost o"ernight an$ bac5 home

a series of natural $isasters inclu$ing $rought an$ floo$s *laye$ further

ha"oc /ith the countrys *re$ominantly agricultural economy. Those setbac5s

/ere com*oun$e$ by a *olitical crisis triggere$ by fears among -ol$o"as

ethnic 8ussian minority li"ing in the Trans$niester region that the country

/oul$ see5 union /ith 8omania6a crisis $uring /hich hun$re$s $ie$ before

8ussian troo*s restore$ or$er.

The $es*erate situation hel*e$ forge a consensus in fa"or of ra$ical

economic an$ *olitical reform an$ this ha$ the si$e effect of attracting much

nee$e$ e,ternal fun$s to hel* un$er*in the economic6stabiliation *rogram.

The '-F in 1##3 *ro"i$e$ a A!2 million stan$by loan /hich has been

su**lemente$ by other ai$ inclu$ing A37 million from the Worl$ an5

/hich is hel*ing -ol$o"a rebuil$ its e,*orts. They jum*e$ from A1&4 million

in 1##3 to A%37 million last year.

The Western assistance organiations are loo5ing to ma5e -ol$o"a a

mo$el of /hat can be $one. 'ts a test case of sorts says >nno 8uhl country

officer for -ol$o"a at the Worl$ an5.

'f that is the goal much remains to be $one before -ol$o"a can breathe

easily an$ its *o*ulation of 44 million loo5 for/ar$ to a more *ros*erous

future. The a"erage /age remains only A37 a month an$ store shel"es on the

ca*itals main street are stoc5e$ /ith secon$6rate consumer goo$s an$ rotting

"egetables. 'n :hisinaus central mar5et /here choices are largely limite$ to

a motley selection of *e**ers herbs an$ onions *ros*erity a**ears to be

$istant.

2&


28/51

' $ont see things getting any better says >lga stan$ing at her

stall. Were all getting by but its har$ to see /ho is $oing /ell. East

/ee5 thousan$s of *rotesters too5 to the streets to com*lain about mar5et6

oriente$ go"ernment *olicies calling for higher /ages an$ salaries.

To *ros*er -ol$o"a must attract *ri"ate in"estment an$ /hile a

con"ertible currency an$ the most *rogressi"e foreign6in"estment la/s of any

:.'.S. country ha"e set the scene for outsi$e in"estors fe/ ha"e so far

ste**e$ for/ar$. -ol$o"as small sie $e"astate$ infrastructure an$

continue$ $e*en$ence on agriculture ha"e *re"ente$ all but the most

a$"enturous *ros*ectors from setting u* business in the nation. 'n$ee$ any

country that *romotes soil as its major asset an$ $e*en$s mainly on farm

e,*orts for its li"elihoo$ /ill ha"e a har$ time com*eting in an international

mar5et*lace characterie$ by high le"els of *rotection for agricultural

commo$ities.

ut as the 8ussian economy begins to im*ro"e -ol$o"as tra$itional lin5s

/ith that mar5et are causing in"estors to loo5 again at the countrys

*otential. + S*anish shoe manufacturer is s*en$ing A37 million on a

*ro$uction facility an$ the French /ater bottler Perrier is hel*ing buil$ a

/ine6bottling Factory. -ol$o"a $oes not ha"e the resources to ma5e it rich

o"ernight says the Worl$ an5s 8uhl. ut that has only ma$e *eo*le here

realie they cant /aste time in o*ening the economy.

-ol$o"ans seem to un$erstan$. They may not ha"e got the *olice hats

right but they are /or5ing har$ to ma5e their frontier hos*itable.

'. The (erun#

Ex. 2-. State the )erund in the functions of the subject and object.

2(


29/51

1. Falling is a case ofO motion at constant acceleration. 2. -easuring

resistance is necessary in many e,*eriments. 3. 9eating co**er /ire from 7

to 177 increases its resistance about 47N. 4. 't is /orth /hile $iscussing this

*henomenon. !. There is one more *oint /orth mentioning. %. 't is no usesearching for another a**roach. &. 't is no goo$ arguing about this issue. (.

The motor /ent on running. #. We cannot hel* ac5no/le$ging the im*ortance

of this statement. 17. Woul$ you min$ ans/ering one more ;uestionB 11. 'n

s*ite of his /or$s ' coul$ not hel* feeling e,cite$. 12. 't seems to me the case

is not /orth mentioning. 13. )o on $emonstrating your sli$es. 14. +"oi$

mi,ing these t/o substances. 1!. This *a*er is /orth rea$ing. 1%. ' cant

hel* regretting it. 1&. 9e ha$ to gi"e u* e,*erimenting. 1(. + *hos*horescent

material is able to continue glo/ing in the $ar5. 1#. 9ar$ness is the ability to

/ithstan$ being $ente$ or stretche$. 27. The ability of a soli$ to resist being

altere$ in sha*e is terme$ rigi$ity.

Ex. 2. State different functions of the )erund and translate the

sentences

1. :atalysts ai$ in accelerating reactions. 2. ' thin5 of trying another

a**roach. 3. The $ro*lets are ca*able of being *hotogra*he$. 4. 9e succee$e$

in obtaining reliable results. !. The boo5 aims at ac;uainting the rea$ers /ith

mo$ern achie"ements in astro*hysics. %. :alcium an$ so$ium are ali5e in

being "ery soft. &. + metal in reacting is often o,i$ie$. (. The e,*ansi"e

force of /ater in freeing is enormous. #. >n stan$ing for some /ee5s the

uranium solution gra$ually regains its initial acti"ity. 17. K*on being heate$

to a high tem*erature many metallic com*oun$s are $ecom*ose$. 11. The

$e"ice has the merit of being suitable for many *ur*oses. 12. There is no

necessity of ma5ing any corrections. 13. >ur *ur*ose is to calculate the

chance of the electron *assing o"er the $istance ,. 14. The in$e*en$ent

2#


30/51

*article mo$el has the a$"antage of *ossessing a high $egree of *hysical

"isuality. 1!. The obser"e$ intensity of the ra$iation thus emitte$ $e*en$s on

the *robability of there being an electron in the u**er le"el of the transition.

Ex. 39. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the

Predicati&e "onstructions with the )erund and to the ways of their

translation

1. The molecules of a *olar substance because of their being reacti"e

combine /ith one another. 2. :ombustion may be incom*lete o/ing to

insufficient o,ygen being *resent. 3. Thomson in"estigate$ the *ossibility of

these catho$e rays being charge$ *articles. 4. -me :uries ha"ing $isco"ere$

ra$ium enable$ her to isolate other ra$ioacti"e elements. !. The inability of

*hos*horus atoms because of their large ra$ius to establish tri*le bon$s

among themsel"es results in the *hos*horus molecule ha"ing a "ery $ifferent

structure from the nitrogen molecule. %. esi$es being im*ortant for in$ustry

o,ygen is also im*ortant for me$icine. &. 'n a$$ition to $e*en$ing u*on the

acceleration force also $e*en$s u*on the mass of the object. (. +ll al5ali

metals resemble each other in ha"ing lo/ melting *oints. #. The regular array

of atoms in the lattice results in there being certain sets of *arallel an$ e;ually

s*ace$ *lanes in the crystal /hich /ill contain large numbers of atoms. 17. 'n

s*ite of not ha"ing any uni"ersity e$ucation Fara$ay ma$e his great

$isco"eries.

Ex. 3. State functions of the )erund and define the ways of its

translation. Translate the following sentences.

37


31/51

1. efore embar5ing on *rojects li5e @-K


32/51

/elcome it. 'n$ee$ far from /anting to turn bac5 the cloc5 -r. lair says

that he /ants to s*ee$ it u*. -o$erniation is his motto. 14. 0et the /ay

men $efine their role has remaine$ remar5ably consistent. Sur"eys sho/ that

being a goo$ *ro"i$er is at the to* of the list. 1!. 'n the large6scale *olitical$emocracy of nation state or city citiens *artici*ate in the *olitical *rocess

in many /ays other than through "oting but "oting is the central act in

influencing *olicy formation.

Ex. 32. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Predicati&e

"onstructions with the )erund

1. @es*ite much angry an$ sometimes ignorant tal5 about Ha*anese

burying their guilty secrets there is a great $eal of Ha*anese literature that

$eals honestly /ith the /ar. 2. With consumer *rices in the euro area only 1N

higher than they /ere a year ago there is little ris5 of currency $e*reciation

causing a $angerous surge in inflation. 3. The ne,t ba$ ste* /ill be to say thatthe WT>s test is /rong instea$ of the im*orter ha"ing to *ro"e that a

*ro$uct is $angerous let the e,*orter sho/ that it is safe. 4. France is the

largest contributor to the offensi"e after the KS an$ is fully committe$ to

success. 0et at the same time *oliticians on both the left an$ right are

*rofoun$ly /ary of France being so closely in"ol"e$ in a military "enture that

is KS $ominate$ an$ orchestrate$ through =+T>. !. Hobs an$ li"ing stan$ar$s

$e*en$ on the in$ustrial ca*acity of the nation being use$ to the full. %. 't is

not the critics of the -inister of conomy /ho are cynical. That is a /or$

/hich coul$ be more accurately a**lie$ to a -inister /ho says he is for

*rices being 5e*t $o/n an$ then su**orts a u$get /hich *uts them u*. &.

>ne hun$re$ an$ thirty recruits ha"e also joine$ the *arty since >ctober

/ithout any sort of recruiting cam*aign being nee$e$. (. What *olice

$escribe$ as a**alling /eather con$itions *re"ente$ the t/o helico*ters

32


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borro/e$ from the +rmy ta5ing *art in the search. #. The /hole system /as

nothing but an alarm system $esigne$ to go off in case of ra/ materials being

illegally remo"e$ or utilie$. 17. >ne contributor to a $ebate on the 'nternet

calls for 9ong Iong to sto* being treate$ as a $i*lomatic football or a fin6$e6siecle floor6sho/.

Ex. 33. ind the )erund and translate the text using different ways of

translation.

#torms ahead as 0ush hints at restraint to fund tax cuts.

:ongress may not li5e change in *riorities says @eborah -c)regor

The sie an$ sco*e of Presi$ent )eorge W. ushs *ro*ose$ ta, cuts ha"e

so far $ominate$ the $ebate about the ne/ a$ministrations fiscal *olicy.

ut /hen -r. ush ma5es his first a$$ress to a joint session of :ongresstonight the focus /ill e,*an$ to a larger battlegroun$. 'n an era of

un*rece$ente$ bu$get sur*luses -r. ush is e,*ecte$ to launch an a**eal for

restraining fe$eral s*en$ing G an e,ercise that soun$s $ece*ti"ely tame but is

*otentially e,*losi"e.

For -r. ush the coming battles offer an un*rece$ente$ o**ortunity to

sho/ off his s5ills as an economic *olicy manager. They also *resent $angers

for a fle$gling *resi$ent about to embar5 on his first major test in :ongress.

So far -r. ush has offere$ fe/ s*ecifics about the s*en$ing *art of his

fiscal e;uation. 'n recent $ays officials ha"e hinte$ strongly that they /ant to

hol$ the increase in o"erall $iscretionary s*en$ing to roughly 4 *er cent

$o/n from the % *er cent of the last three years. That /oul$ *ut go"ernment

*rogramme gro/th slightly abo"e inflation. ut such restraint im*lies a

33


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realignment of fe$eral *riorities an$ that is /hat /ill sto5e $is*utes /ith

:ongress.

-r. ush has in$icate$ he /ants a hefty 11.! *er cent rise for -e$icare the

fe$eral health insurance *lan for the el$erly. oth reflect cam*aign6trail

*riorities.

That has left his bu$get officials scouring the 13 annual s*en$ing bills

:ongress *asse$ last year for signs of /here future *rogramme cuts may be

foun$. +i$es are sai$ to ha"e foun$ more than %.777 ear6mar5s or *rojects

la/ma5ers /on for their home to/n $istricts /orth A1!bn.

-itch @aniels the *rou$ly *enny6*inching ne/ White 9ouse bu$get

$irector recently sai$ -r. ushs bu$get /ill assume that a healthy fraction

of those /ill not be re*eate$ ne,t year.

ut in :ongress many can be e,*ecte$ to ho/l at the *ros*ect of seeing

their o/n *olicy o,en gore$ by -r. ushs efforts to create room for his ta,

cut. 'f anything most bu$get analysts belie"e that :ongress G $es*ite being

le$ by -r. ushs o/n *arty G /ill aggressi"ely see5 to a loosen fe$eral *urse

strings after years of /hat many la/ma5ers "ie/ as unnecessarily tight ca*s

on fe$eral s*en$ing.

The allure of future sur*luses has $efinitely /hette$ a**etites sai$

8obert 8eischauer *resi$ent of the non6*artisan Krban 'nstitute an$ former

$irector of the :ongressional u$get >ffice. 'ts a case of the more you eat

the hungrier you get.

-r. ushs main challenge /ill be to mount a cre$ible case for his ta, cut

an$ s*en$ing *lans /hile maintaining his argument that there /ill still be

enough left o"er to *ay $o/n the fe$eral $ebt.

34


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9is other challenge /ill be to reassure the *eo*le /ho remain lu5e/arm

about his s/ee*ing ta, cut *ac5age that the $ebt /ill not balloon further in

sie.

y most in$e*en$ent estimates the a**ro*riate *rice tag on -r. ushs ta,

cut G originally estimate$ at A1377bn o"er 17 years G is about A2177bn. That

reflects a$justments for a$$itional interest costs associate$ /ith *aying $o/n

the $ebt more slo/ly as /ell as t/ea5ing an arcane *ro"ision in the ta, co$e

to ensure those /ho are *romise$ the benefits of the ush *lan actually

recei"e them.

eyon$ all that is a long list of a$$6ons that can be e,*ecte$ from the

business community an$ in$i"i$ual members of :ongress /hose *ent6u*

a**etite for major ta, re$uctions is unli5ely to be $am*e$ by calls for

restraint from the White 9ouse.

'n a$$ition the sur*lus *rojections u*on /hich -r. ushMs *lan is base$

continue to generate continue to generate consi$erable sce*ticism.

Stan :ollen$er a senior "ice6*resi$ent an$ bu$get analyst /ith Fleishman6

9illar$ sai$ the latest :ongressional u$get >ffice numbers /ere base$ on a

laughably lo/ assume$ gro/th rate for $omestic a**ro*riations.

The A!%77bn 176year *rojecte$ sur*lus *resumes that $iscretionary

s*en$ing /ill gro/ by an a"erage of only about 2.# *er cent a year roughly

the rate of inflation he obser"e$.

0et the actual e,*erience of the *ast three years sho/s s*en$ing gro/ing

by an a"erage of %2 *er cent G more than t/ice the rate on /hich the current

sur*lus e,tra*olations are base$.

Kn$er more realistic assum*tions s*en$ing bet/een 2772 an$ 2711 coul$

be e,*ecte$ to increase by almost A1477bn generating e"er higher interest

costs.

3!


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'n other /or$s much of the sur*lus *rojection increase that is burning a

hole in many Washington *oc5ets these $ays may ne"er be realise$ -r.

:ollen$er suggeste$.

). The Partici*le

Ex. 34.


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1. "ery bo$y locate$ on earth is *ulle$ $o/n/ar$s by the earth. 2. The

tem*erature if the li;ui$ obtaine$ remaine$ constant. 3. The nucleus forme$

by the emission of the gamma6ray may be unstable. 4. +ll the isoto*es no/

*ro$uce$ by reactors can also be ma$e in a cyclotron. !. >ur attention /ill befocuse$ on com*arati"e metho$s a**lie$ by $ifferent sciences. %. The terms

insiste$ u*on are $ifficult to fulfill. &. The laboratory joine$ by @r. ro/n

/as then engage$ in s*ace research. (. 8oentgen chance$ to obser"e some

rays uninfluence$ by any magnetic fiel$. #. The *roblem attac5e$ by the

laboratory of *hysical chemistry in 1#(1 is sol"e$. 17. The $ata referre$ to in

this *a*er are ;uite reliable. 11. Substances attac5e$ by moisture shoul$ be

5e*t $ry. 12. 9ere /e shall outline the basic a**roach follo/e$ in each of

these formulations. 13. Still other arguments ha"e alrea$y been *ro$uce$ in

stu$ies follo/ing ;uite a $ifferent line. 14. The *erio$ follo/ing Fennels

$eath /as characterie$ by the gra$ual trium*h of his i$eas. 1!. )alileo

follo/ing :o*ernicus belie"e$ the arth to mo"e roun$ the Sun an$ rotate

roun$ its a,is. 1%. 0oung follo/e$ by Fresnel sho/e$ that un$er these

con$itions light $oes in fact *resent *henomena of interference. 1&.

Follo/ing these early $isco"eries a great many alloys ha"e been $isco"ere$.

Ex. 3(. State the Participle in the ad&erbial function and translate

the! paying attention to the ways of their translation.

1. 9a"ing been /arme$ to 7


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gra"ity of a bo$y you can calculate its "olume. (. Seen in this conte,t the

ranges of a**licability an$ reliability of the metho$ may be assesse$. #. When

calculating the /eight of a bo$y /e ha"e to multi*ly its s*ecific gra"ity by its

"olume. 17. The acceleration of a bo$y /hen falling is constant. 11. Whenfalling the more massi"e bo$ies ha"e more inertia to o"ercome. 12. 'f

re*resente$ by arro/s the forces can be easily com*ute$. 13. -etals $o not

melt until heate$ to a $efinite tem*erature. 14. ,ce*t /here other/ise

in$icate$ /e ta5e an i$eal gas. 1!. Knless other/ise s*ecifie$ the con$ition

is as follo/s. 1%. Knless other/ise state$ the "alues use$ are ta5en in the

$ecimal system. 1&. For the "oltage consi$ere$ the e,*eriments su**ort the

conclusions an$ mo$el of @o/son an$ Winn as o**ose$ to the mo$el of

Wright. 1(. Water /hen "ery *ure con$ucts the electric current only "ery

feebly. 1#. +toms gi"e off light /hen in a sufficiently energie$ state. 27. )as

molecules are a form of matter an$ *ossess mass so if in motion must ha"e a

$efinite 5inetic energy.

Ex.3,. State the 0bsolute Participial "onstructions and translate the!.

1. Sil"er being "ery e,*ensi"e /e only rarely use it as a con$uctor. 2.

8a$ioacti"ity $isco"ere$ /e ma$e great *rogress in atomic *hysics. 3. +ci$s

react /ith o,i$es of all the metals a salt an$ /ater being forme$. 4. 9y$rogen

consists of $iscrete *articles calle$ molecules each one ma$e u* of 2

hy$rogen atoms. !. The s*ee$ of light being e,tremely great /e cannotmeasure it by or$inary metho$s. %. >ther li;ui$s being too light a barometer

uses mercury. &. >ther thing being e;ual the efficiency is less in irre"ersible

cyclic *rocesses. (. 9y$rogen atoms are lighter than those of any other

elementsC those of the rare gas helium are the ne,t each of them /eighing

about four times as much as a hy$rogen atom. #. +s the /a"elength of such

/a"es $ecreases they become more *enetrating gamma6rays being able totra"el through as much as one foot of iron. 17. The atoms brea5 u* in a

*erfectly or$ere$ fashion in$e*en$ent of im*ose$ con$itions so far as is

3(


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5no/n each atom yiel$ing a ne/ atom /ith the emission of the energy

$ifference bet/een the ne/ state an$ the ol$.

Ex. 3-. Translate the following sentences paying attention to different

ways of the Participial "onstructions translation.

1. The beams *assing as they $o through a narro/ slit are $iffracte$. 2.

)i"ing as they $i$ so much information about the beha"iour of *lanets these

e,*eriments can be har$ly o"erestimate$. 3. :ertain reactions such as ra*i$

o,i$ation occurring as it $oes only at high tem*eratures may ta5e *lace at"ery lo/ tem*eratures in the organism. 4. The e,*lanations gi"en is by no

means e,hausti"e ignoring as it $oes the social factor. !. +s mentione$

*re"iously so$ium tarnishes /hen e,*ose$ to air. %. +s em*hasie$ abo"e

these elements are strongly ra$ioacti"e /hen isolate$ in a *ure state. &.

8oughly s*ea5ing collisions har$ly alter electrons energies. (. +s *ointe$

out in the *re"ious cha*ter astronomers are by no means of one min$ as tothis *henomenon. #. Turning to *ro*agation the most notable $ifference

bet/een light an$ ra$io/a"es so far utilie$ is the ability of ra$io/a"es to

*enetrate clou$s. 17. The ;uantum of energy is largest generally s*ea5ing

/hen it refers to light *articles.

Ex. 3. State the Participle as a predicati&e and translate the sentences

paying attention to the word order of the sentence.

. Sho/n near the bottom of the $ra/ing are the t/o right ascension /orms

an$ gears. 2. 9anging from this stic5 are se"eral little *en$ulums. 3. 'nserte$

in the circuit thus create$ is an instrument calle$ a gal"anometer. 4. 'nclu$e$

in this table are currents calculate$ on the su**osition that the entire effect is$ue to ioniation by collision of negati"e ions only. !. +llie$ to the conce*tion

of the atom is the i$ea of atomic /eight. %. Surroun$ing this nucleus are

3#


40/51

electrons the total number $e*en$ing u*on the atom being consi$ere$. &.

Follo/ing these $is*lacement la/s the location of any ra$ioacti"e element in

the Perio$ic Table can be $etermine$. (. Follo/ing out this scheme

re*lacement of the t/o remaining chlorine atoms gi"es rise to *ositi"elycharge$ ion com*le,es.

Ex. 49. Translate the sentences paying attention to the ways of

translating the bjecti&e Participial "onstructions and Subjecti&e

Participial "onstructions

1. Kn$er these con$itions /e may treat the cor*uscle as consisting of a

grou* of /a"es ha"ing nearly i$entical fre;uencies. 2. +t the $ate too remote

to be fi,e$ /ith any certainty /e fin$ the gy*tians /ell ac;uainte$ /ith the

manufacture of glass. 3. We consi$er each hy$rogen atom as ha"ing a unit

*ositi"e charge


41/51

finally recognise$ that labour la/s ten$ to increase rather than re$uce

unem*loyment stress ho/ mil$ these measures are com*are$ /ith those once

en"isage$. 3. Kn$er the *ro*ose$ ta, each of the uro*ean Knion member

countries /oul$ be re;uire$ to im*ose a 27N /ithhol$ing ta, on all interest*ayments ma$e to an in$i"i$ual /ho resi$es in another K state... 4. + false

sense of security has been a$$e$ to the $angers face$ by +sias ne/ nuclear

*o/ers an$ their neighbours. !. arring further shar* increases in the *rice of

cru$e oil G a $e"elo*ment /hich seems highly unli5ely in the short run G

there is room to belie"e that the Ha*anese economy /ill soon emerge from its

current $ol$rums. %. 9e sai$ that the stri5e mo"ement may turn into a national

stri5e bringing about the $o/nfall of the $ictatorshi*. &. eing mono*oly

$ominate$ the most *o/erful of all in$ustrial countries the Knite$ States

*ushe$ ine"itably ahea$ for /orl$ mastery /ith e"ery a"ailable means at its

comman$. (. Ta5en in the early stages these $rugs *re"ent infirmity. Kse$

systematically they slo/ly but surely lea$ to cure. #. These criminal ste*s

/oul$ be a menace to the ritish security they /oul$ be *re*aration for

aggression /hich if not halte$ coul$ only bring $isaster. 17. +lmost $aily

The Washington Post an$ other ne/s*a*ers ha"e their a$"ertising re"enues

increase$ by full6*age a$s in /hich one cor*oration or another is telling

:ongress to ;uit $allying an$ *ass the *rogram.

Ex. 42. State the 0bsolute Participial "onstructions and translate the

sentences paying attention to the ways of their translation.

1. With the economy booming an$ incomes finally beginning to climb for

those on the mi$$le an$ lo/er rungs of the la$$er a national culture of

u*scale s*en$ing has emerge$. 2. Their /orst fears about the national

election realie$ lea$ers of the tra$e union mo"ement no/ e,*ect an assault

against many of organie$ labors most cherishe$ *rograms an$ interests. 3.

41


42/51

'ts economy crumbling +merica struggle$ to esca*e the global @e*ression

an$ fin$ its *lace in a "iolently changing /orl$. 4. The uro*ean Parliament

is coming un$er shar* criticism /ith allegations ma$e by members of inflate$

e,*enses G too much money s*ent on o"erseas tri*s e,*ensi"e ;uarters an$office cleaners. !. The 'talian me$ia ha"e carrie$ re*orts of trage$y as

ma5eshift boats ca*sie /ith many /oul$6be immigrants from =orth +frica

+sia an$ +lbania $ro/ning before they can reach shore. %. 9e is li5ely

though not yet certain to continue as *rime minister /ith Finlan$ continuing

on its course of gra$ual liberalisation on the economic front an$ faster

integration into the rest of uro*e in foreign affairs. &. nglan$ emerge$ from

the /ar only a formal J"ictor its economy sha5en an$ entering a *erio$ of

*ermanent stagnation an$ $ecline. (. )o"ernment can be un$erstoo$ to

inclu$e any mechanism through /hich or$ere$ rule is maintaine$ its central

features being the ability to ma5e collecti"e $ecisions an$ the ca*acity to

enforce them. #. Polan$s ruling coalition has run into trouble o"er health

ser"ice reforms /ith *arties both insi$e an$ outsi$e the coalition calling for

the health minister to resign.

Ex. 43. 0nalye the conjunctions and prepositions expressed by ?ing

for!s and translate the sentences.

1. To$ay most *eo*le in rich societies assume that *ro"i$e$ they obey the

la/ they ha"e a right to enjoy *ri"acy /hene"er it suits them. 2. >bjections

to this *lan su**osing there are any shoul$ be re*orte$ to the committee at

once. 3. 't cannot be $enie$ that granting the $ifficulty of the un$erta5ing

she has $one her /or5 /ith great s5ill. 4. Failing agreement by the Knite$

States to ste*s of this 5in$ serious consi$eration shoul$ be gi"en to the

*ossibilities an$ sco*e for concerte$ action by the in$ustrialie$ countries of

42


43/51

Western uro*e to maintain high le"els of out*ut an$ tra$e in the

international economy outsi$e the Knite$ States. !. Pros*ects are bright for a

big e,*ansion of tra$e bet/een these t/o countries follo/ing the singing of a

ne/ three6year tra$e agreement. %. rail /ill allo/ the real


44/51

simultaneous colla*se3 of the uni"ersitys claims to moral an$ intellectual

legitimacy. 'nstea$ of offering a roun$e$ *rogram of humane learning the

uni"ersity no/ fran5ly ser"e$ as a cafeteria from /hich stu$ents ha$ to select

so many cre$its. 'nstea$ of $iffusing *eace an$ enlightenment it allie$itself /ith the /ar machine. "entually e"e its claim to *ro"i$e better jobs

became sus*ectQ

+t the same time the stu$ent mo"ement embo$ie$ a militant anti6

intellectualism of its o/n /hich corru*te$ an$ e"entually absorbe$ it.

@eman$ for the abolition of gra$es although $efen$e$ on groun$s of high

*e$agogical *rinci*le turne$ out in *ractice G as re"eale$ by e,*eriments

/ith ungra$e$ courses an$ *ass6fail o*tions G to reflect a $esire for less /or5

an$ a /ish to a"oi$ ju$gment on its ;uality. The $eman$ for more rele"ant

courses often boile$ $o/n to a $esire for an intellectually un$eman$ing

curriculum in /hich stu$ents coul$ /in aca$emic cre$its for *olitical

acti"ism self6e,*ression transcen$ental me$itation encounter thera*y an$

the stu$y an$ *ractice of /itchcraft. "en /hen seriously a$"ance$ in

o**osition to sterile aca$emic *e$antry the slogan of rele"ance embo$ie$ an

un$erlying antagonism to e$ucation itself 6Gan inability to ta5e an interest in

anything beyon$ imme$iate e,*erienceQ

'n the se"enties the most common criticism of higher e$ucation

re"ol"es aroun$ the charge of cultural elitismQ T/o contributors to a:arnegie :ommission re*ort on e$ucation con$emn the i$ea that there are

certain /or5s that shoul$ be familiar to all e$ucate$ men as inherently an

elitist notion.Q The :arnegie :ommission contributors argue that since

the Knite$ States is a *luralist society a$herence e,clusi"ely to the

$octrines of any one schoolQ /oul$ cause higher e$ucation to be in great

$issonance /ith society.

44


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)i"en the *re"alence of these attitu$es among teachers an$ e$ucators it is

not sur*rising that stu$ents at all le"els of the e$ucational system ha"e so

little 5no/le$ge of the classics of /orl$ literatureQ

Those /ho teach college to$ay see at first han$ the effect of these *ractices

not merely in the stu$ents re$uce$ ability to rea$ an$ /rite but in the

$iminishe$ store of their 5no/le$ge about the cultural tra$itions they are

su**ose$ to inherit. With the colla*se of religion biblical references /hich

formerly *enetrate$ $ee* into e"ery$ay a/areness ha"e become

incom*rehensible an$ the same thing is no/ ha**ening to the literature an$

mythology of anti;uity G in$ee$ to the entire literary tra$ition of the West

/hich has al/ays $ra/n so hea"ily on biblical an$ classical sources. 'n the

s*ace of t/o or three generations enormous stretches of the Hu$eo6:hristian

tra$ition so often in"o5e$ by e$ucators but so sel$om taught in any form

ha"e *asse$ into obli"ion. The effecti"e loss of cultural tra$itions on such a

scale ma5es tal5 of a ne/ @ar5 +ge far from fri"olous. 0et this loss coinci$es

/ith an information glut /ith the reco"ery of the *ast by s*ecialists an$ /ith

an un*rece$ente$ e,*losion of 5no/le$ge G none of /hich ho/e"er

im*inges on e"ery$ay e,*erience or sha*es *o*ular culture.

The resulting s*lit bet/een general 5no/le$ge an$ the s*ecialie$

5no/le$ge of the e,*erts embe$$e$ in obscure journals an$ /ritten in

language or mathematical symbols unintelligible to the layman has gi"en riseto a gro/ing bo$y of criticism an$ e,hortation. The i$eal of general e$ucation

in the uni"ersity ho/e"er has suffere$ the same fate as basic e$ucation in the

lo/er schools. "en those college teachers /ho *raise general e$ucation in

theory fin$ that its *ractice $rains energy from their s*ecialie$ research an$

thus interferes /ith aca$emic a$"ancement. +$ministrators ha"e little use for

general e$ucation since it $oes not attract foun$ation grants an$ large6scalego"ernment su**ort. Stu$ents object to the reintro$uction of re;uirements in

4!


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general e$ucation because the /or5 $eman$s too much of them an$ sel$om

lea$s to lucrati"e em*loyment.

Kn$er these con$itions the uni"ersity remains a $iffuse sha*eless an$

*ermissi"e institution that has absorbe$ the major currents of cultural

mo$ernism an$ re$uce$ them to a /atery blen$ a min$6 em*tying i$eology

of cultural re"olution *ersonal fulfillment an$ alienation.

4%


47/51

+**en#i, 1

9:;?@BC < D:>FH;I J:KLFNB.

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kd_ÛZ_XZ ^X_d^Z it one they you /e.

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OL>


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dZ]UX Ûd^Z ] Yd_d\| dU^`^^ G Xk^X_]_Ûd^

dd[``^^ ^^_. v` kXXY Z[\Y _`Yd^ dU^`^^ ^^]d_XZ

dX_dZ_ÛX_]d ^X_ . v`^ The roa$s /ill be sli**ery. G v`

dd`| k^_ XYdU[Yd.

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]\dUZ^_ U`Z qd` U`dU ]d_ Y ^XdqY`p

^dk^]U^\| ^^_d].

@ABCDFGF 2. HFBFIFJGKF C BOOGN QR% GOAUMVRQ ABGFW

AFBOUGXGCYGG AUJMFDCZFU.

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k`X_]d]`_ ] Xd^]d]`Z|. !. ^` d X_kU Y `Ù[k

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4? XdX_`]UZ_ `]Z_XZC

!? X_d_C

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&? dX^`_ \]`_.

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be' I OUOKCIF OCRFWUU.

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YdU^Ù`X. 4. ` \U` d`^` ^ ]Û` _dk. !. ^^

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dk. (. ` \U` XYU_Ûd `_``. #. ^^ ^Y`X\^ X]Z[.

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PFQ: to have

U dU to ha"e d^_ ^_ [`^^ YdX_kYp there is.

v`^ Some houses ha$ ;uite /i$e grass roun$ them. There /as ;uite

/i$e grass roun$ some houses.

Xd^_`Z| to ha"e a tal5C to ha"e a ;uarrelC to ha"e a rest U`dU

_^Z^_ X]d^ [`^^ dd[``^_ ddd^_d^ U d`^d^ ]d

]^^ ^X_]^.

zd^_`Z U`dU` to ha"e X U``_Û\ `X_Z

Xk^X_]_Û\ ^^]dZ_XZ U`dU` ^X_]Z.

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CMGNOGN% GOAUMVRQ MCUM #to ha&e'.

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1. ` ^Y`Xd ]U`^^_ ÙXY Z[\Yd. 2. Û` ` |ddd

d]^X_ ]^Z. 3. xk X_`d |d_ÛdX Yk_. 4. dk]X_]d]Ù

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d X\XUd]d d__^dY ] ^Yd_dd X_^^ d^_ \_ d_`^

qdÙd. v`^ ] kXXYd Z[\Y^ ]d[]`_\^


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\ YdX_kYpZ UZ `UXYdd Z[\Y` Z]UZ_XZ _^ ]

Yd_d\| ^^^|d\ U dU X_`d]_XZ ^^|d\ ] Y`k[`_]d

[`^ [`X_`]_ Ydd6_d ^U`_ _d6_d

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